Contributing to OpenEXR

Thank you for your interest in contributing to OpenEXR. This document explains our contribution process and procedures:

Getting Information
Legal Requirements
Development Workflow
Coding Style
Versioning Policy
Contributing to the Website
Creating a Patch Release
Creating a Major/Minor Release

For a description of the roles and responsibilities of the various members of the OpenEXR community, see GOVERNANCE, and for further details, see the OpenEXR project's Technical Charter. Briefly, a "contributor" is anyone who submits content to the project, a "committer" reviews and approves such submissions, and the "Technical Steering Committee" provides general project oversight and governance.

Getting Information

There are two primary ways to connect with the OpenEXR project:

The openexr-dev mail list: This is a development focused mail list with a deep history of technical conversations and decisions that have shaped the project.
GitHub Issues: GitHub Issues are used both to track bugs and to discuss feature requests.

How to Ask for Help

If you have trouble installing, building, or using the library, but there's not yet reason to suspect you've encountered a genuine bug, start by posting a question to the openexr-dev mailing list. This is the place for question such has "How do I...".

How to Report a Bug

OpenEXR use GitHub's issue tracking system for bugs and enhancements: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/issues

If you are submitting a bug report, please be sure to note which version of OpenEXR you are using, on what platform (OS/version, which compiler you used, and any special build flags or other unusual environmental issues). Please give a specific account of

what you tried
what happened
what you expected to happen instead

with enough detail that others can reproduce the problem.

How to Request a Change

Open a GitHub issue: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openexr/issues.

Describe the situation and the objective in as much detail as possible. Feature requests will almost certainly spawn a discussion among the project community.

How to Report a Security Vulnerability

If you think you've found a potential vulnerability in OpenEXR, please refer to SECURITY.md to responsibly disclose it.

How to Contribute a Bug Fix or Change

To contribute code to the project, first read over the GOVERNANCE page to understand the roles involved. You'll need:

A good knowledge of git.
A fork of the GitHub repo.
An understanding of the project's development workflow.
Legal authorization, that is, you need to have signed a contributor License Agreement. See below for details.

Legal Requirements

OpenEXR is a project of the Academy Software Foundation and follows the open source software best practice policies of the Linux Foundation.

License

OpenEXR is licensed under the BSD-3-Clause license. Contributions to the library should abide by that standard license.

Contributor License Agreements

Developers who wish to contribute code to be considered for inclusion in the OpenEXR distribution must first complete a Contributor License Agreement.

To contribute to OpenEXR, you must sign a CLA through the EasyCLA system, which is integrated with GitHub as a pull request check.

Sign the form through this link prior to submitting a pull request. If you submit a pull request before the form is signed, the "linux-foundation-easycla" check will fail and a red "NOT COVERED" button will appear in the PR comments. Click that link to sign the form.

If you are an individual writing the code on your own time and you're sure you are the sole owner of any intellectual property you contribute, you can sign the CLA as an Individual Contributor.
If you are writing the code as part of your job, or if your employer retains ownership to intellectual property you create, no matter how small, then your company's legal affairs representatives should sign a Corporate Contributor Licence Agreement. If your company already has a signed CCLA on file, ask your local CLA manager to add you (via your GitHub account name/email address) to your company's "approved" list.

The downloadable PDF's on the EasyCLA page are provided for reference only. To execute the signature, sign the form online through the relevant links.

The OpenEXR CLAs are the standard forms used by Linux Foundation projects and recommended by the ASWF TAC.

Commit Sign-Off

Every commit must be signed off. That is, every commit log message must include a “Signed-off-by” line (generated, for example, with “git commit --signoff”), indicating that the committer wrote the code and has the right to release it under the BSD-3-Clause license. See https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/tac/blob/main/process/contributing.md#contribution-sign-off for more information on this requirement.

Development Workflow

Git Basics

Working with OpenEXR requires understanding a significant amount of Git and GitHub based terminology. If you’re unfamiliar with these tools or their lingo, please look at the GitHub Glossary or browse GitHub Help.

To contribute, you need a GitHub account. This is needed in order to push changes to the upstream repository, via a pull request.

You will also need Git installed on your local development machine. If you need setup assistance, please see the official Git Documentation.

Repository Structure and Commit Policy

The OpenEXR repository uses a simple branching and merging strategy.

All development work is done directly on the main branch. The main branch represents the bleeding-edge of the project and most contributions should be done on top of it.

After sufficient work is done on the main branch and the OpenEXR leadership determines that a release is due, we will bump the relevant internal versioning and tag a commit with the corresponding version number, e.g. v2.0.1. Each minor version also has its own “Release Branch”, e.g. RB-1.1. This marks a branch of code dedicated to that major.minor version, which allows upstream bug fixes to be cherry-picked to a given version while still allowing the main branch to continue forward onto higher versions. This basic repository structure keeps maintenance low, while remaining simple to understand.

To reiterate, the main branch represents the latest development version, so beware that it may include untested features and is not generally stable enough for release. To retrieve a stable version of the source code, use one of the release branches.

The Git Workflow

This development workflow is sometimes referred to as OneFlow. It leads to a simple, clean, linear edit history in the repo.

The OpenEXR GitHub repo allows rebase merging and disallows merge commits and squash merging. This ensures that the repo edit history remains linear, avoiding the "bubbles" characteristic of the GitFlow workflow.

Use the Fork, Luke.

In a typical workflow, you should fork the OpenEXR repository to your account. This creates a copy of the repository under your user namespace and serves as the “home base” for your development branches, from which you will submit pull requests to the upstream repository to be merged.

Once your Git environment is operational, the next step is to locally clone your forked OpenEXR repository, and add a remote pointing to the upstream OpenEXR repository. These topics are covered in the GitHub documentation Cloning a repository and Configuring a remote for a fork, but again, if you need assistance feel free to reach out on the openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io mail list.

Pull Requests

Contributions should be submitted as GitHub pull requests. See Creating a pull request if you're unfamiliar with this concept.

The development cycle for a code change should follow this protocol:

Create a topic branch in your local repository, following the naming format "feature/" or "bugfix/".
Make changes, compile, and test thoroughly. Code style should match existing style and conventions, and changes should be focused on the topic the pull request will be addressing. Make unrelated changes in a separate topic branch with a separate pull request.
Push commits to your fork.
Create a GitHub pull request from your topic branch.
Pull requests will be reviewed by project committers and contributors, who may discuss, offer constructive feedback, request changes, or approve the work.
Upon receiving the required number of committer approvals (as outlined in Required Approvals), a committer other than the PR contributor may merge changes into the main branch.

Code Review and Required Approvals

Modifications of the contents of the OpenEXR repository are made on a collaborative basis. Anyone with a GitHub account may propose a modification via pull request and it will be considered by the project committers.

Pull requests must meet a minimum number of committer approvals prior to being merged. Rather than having a hard rule for all PRs, the requirement is based on the complexity and risk of the proposed changes, factoring in the length of time the PR has been open to discussion. The following guidelines outline the project's established approval rules for merging:

Core design decisions, large new features, or anything that might be perceived as changing the overall direction of the project should be discussed at length in the mail list or TSC meetings before any PR is submitted, in order to solicit feedback, try to get as much consensus as possible, and alert all the stakeholders to be on the lookout for the eventual PR when it appears.
Trivial changes that don't affect functionality (typos, tests, website) can be approved by the committer without review, after waiting at least 48 hours.
Big changes that can alter behavior, add major features, or present a high degree of risk should be signed off by TWO committers, ideally one of whom should be the "owner" for that section of the codebase (if a specific owner has been designated). If the person submitting the PR is him/herself the "owner" of that section of the codebase, then only one additional committer approval is sufficient. But in either case, a 48 hour minimum is helpful to give everybody a chance to see it, unless it's a critical emergency fix (which would probably put it in the previous "small fix" category, rather than a "big feature").
Escape valve: big changes can nonetheless be merged by a single committer if the PR has been open for over two weeks without any unaddressed objections from other committers. At some point, we have to assume that the people who know and care are monitoring the PRs and that an extended period without objections is really assent.

Approval must be from committers who are not authors of the change. If one or more committers oppose a proposed change, then the change cannot be accepted unless:

Discussions and/or additional changes result in no committers objecting to the change. Previously-objecting committers do not necessarily have to sign-off on the change, but they should not be opposed to it.
The change is escalated to the TSC and the TSC votes to approve the change. This should only happen if disagreements between committers cannot be resolved through discussion.

Committers may opt to elevate significant or controversial modifications to the TSC by assigning the tsc-review label to a pull request or issue. The TSC should serve as the final arbiter where required.

Test Policy

All functionality in the library must be covered by an automated test. Each library has a companion Test project, e.g. OpenEXRTest, OpenEXRCoreTest, OpenEXRUtilTest, etc. This test suite is collectively expected to validate the behavior of very part of the library.

All new functionality should be accompanied by a test that validates its behavior.
Any change to existing functionality should have tests added if they don't already exist.

The test should should be run, via:

make test

before submitting a pull request.

In addition, the OpenEXRFuzzTest project validates the library by feeding it corrupted input data. This test is time-consuming (possible over 24 hours), so it will only be run occasionally, but it must succeed before a release is made.

Coding Style

Formatting

The coding style of the library source code is enforced via Clang format, with the configuration defined in .clang-format.

When modifying existing code, follow the surrounding formatting conventions so that new or modified code blends in with the current code.

Indent with spaces, never tabs. Each indent level should be 4 spaces.

Function return types go on a separate line:

  const float &	
  Header::pixelAspectRatio () const
  {
      ...
  }

Use a space between function names and the following parentheses (although you can eliminate the space for functions with no arguments):
```
  void
  Header::insert (const string& name, const Attribute& attribute)
  {
      insert (name.c_str(), attribute);
  }
```

Place curly braces on their own lines:

  void
  RgbaOutputFile::ToYca::padTmpBuf ()
  {
      for (int i = 0; i < N2; ++i)
      {
          _tmpBuf[i] = _tmpBuf[N2];
          _tmpBuf[_width + N2 + i] = _tmpBuf[_width + N2 - 2];
      }
  }

Naming Conventions

In general, classes and template type names should start with upper case and capitalize new words: class CustomerList;
In general, local variables should use camelCase. Macros and constants should use ALL_CAPS.
Member fields in a class should start with an underscore. No other variables should begin with underscore.

File conventions

C++ implementation should be named *.cpp. Headers should be named .h.

All headers should contain:

#pragma once

Type Conventions

Because OpenEXR must deal properly with large images, whose width and/or height approach the maximum allowable in 32-bit signed integers, take special care that integer arithmetic doesn't overflow, and make it as clear as possible exactly what the code is doing, especially in the edge cases.

To clarify the intention, prefer to cast between types using static_cast<>() rather than the basic C-style () notation:

// good:
size_t x = static_cast <size_t> (y);

// bad:
x = (size_t) y;
x = size_t (y);

Prefer to use std::numeric_limits<> instead of preprocessor define's such as INT_MAX:

// good:
if (x > std::numeric_limits<int>::max())
    std::cout << "That's too freakin' high.\n";

// bad:
if (x > INT_MAX)

Copyright Notices

All new source files should begin with a copyright and license stating:

//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
// Copyright (c) Contributors to the OpenEXR Project. 
//

Third-party libraries

Prefer C++11 std over boost where possible. Use boost classes you already see in the code base, but check with the project leadership before adding new boost usage.

Comments and Doxygen

Comment philosophy: try to be clear, try to help teach the reader what's going on in your code.

Prefer C++ comments (starting line with //) rather than C comments (/* ... */).

For public APIs, use Doxygen-style comments (start with ///), such as:

/// Explanation of a class.  Note THREE slashes!
/// Also, you need at least two lines like this.  If you don't have enough
/// for two lines, make one line blank like this:
///
class myclass {
    ....
    float foo;  ///< Doxygen comments on same line look like this
}

Versioning Policy

OpenEXR uses semantic versioning, which labels each version with three numbers: major.minor.patch, where:

major - indicates incompatible API changes
minor - indicates functionality added in a backwards-compatible manner
patch - indicates backwards-compatible bug fixes

Contributing to the Website

The https://openexr.com website is generated via Sphinx with the Breathe extension, using the sphinx-press-theme, and is hosted by readthedocs. The website source is in restructured text in the website directory.

To build the website locally from the source .rst files, set the CMake option BUILD_WEBSITE=ON. This adds the website CMake target. Generation is off by default.

Building the website requires that sphinx, breathe, and doxygen are installed. It further requires the [sphinx-press-theme] (https://pypi.org/project/sphinx-press-theme). Complete dependencies are described in the requirements.txt file.

On Debian/Ubuntu Linux:

.. code-block::

% apt-get install doxygen python3-sphinx
% pip3 install breathe
% pip3 install sphinx_press_theme

% mkdir _build
% cd _build
% cmake .. -DBUILD_WEBSITE=ON
% cmake --build . --target website

Testing a Website Build

When you have configured cmake with BUILD_WEBSITE=ON and done a build, you should find a file website/sphinx/index.html in the build directory which is the website source. Load this file in a browser to preview the resulting website, that is, load file://<build-directory>/website/sphinx/index.html into your web browser.

Once you submit a PR, a check labled docs/readthedocs.org:openexr will validate the build. Click on the Details link to preview. Also, a link to this preview will be added automatically to the PR description.

Test Images

To contribute a new test image, commit it to the openexr-images repo, along with an associated .jpg file for display on the website.

The website/scripts/test_images.py utility processes images from openexr-images to produce .rst files for input to Sphinx. It runs exrheader on the .exr to generate the image description. It also processes README files in the image repo for additional website content, useful for describing a collection of images. Once the new image is in the openexr-images repo, run website/scripts/test_images.py, then commit the new/modified .rst files to git and submit a PR.

Creating a Patch Release

Making a patch release typically involves merging changes from the main branch into the release branch, since all development generally takes place on the main branch. The usual workflow is to group these changes together and merge them all just prior to a release, rather than merging one-by-one as the changes go into main, although merging along the way is acceptable as well. For OpenEXR and Imath, a patch release typically involves under a dozen commits, so it's not a huge amount of work to organize them all at once.

A patch release must be ABI-compatible with preceding minor releases and should be validated with an ABI-checker tool such as abipkgdiff.

These instructions are for project administrators who have "push" access on the GitHub repo.

The preferred workflow is:

Make a PR that merges appropriate changes from the main branch to the release branch:

a. In a forked clone, create a branch to hold the patch commits, e.g. v3.1.9-fixes.

b. Cherry-pick the appropriate commits from main, resolving any merge conflicts.

c. Increment OPENEXR_VERSION_PATCH in src/lib/OpenEXRCore/openexr_version.h

d. Update the IMATH_TAG setting in cmake/OpenEXRSetup.cmake to correspond to the proper Imath release.

e. Add release notes to CHANGES.md:
- Generate a list of links to merged pull requests.
  
  Use git log to identify the merged commits, and for each commit, and add a link in the notes to the corresponding PR that merged it to main. Citing PR's in the release notes is preferable to citing raw commits because the PR's often have helpful information and discussion missing from the commit descriptions, and the commit history is readily accessible via git log anyway.
  
  The typical OpenEXR project workflow uses "squash and merge" to merge PR's into main, so the changes involved in each PR end up on main as a single commit. This is preferable because a raw PR often includes numerous commits that address comments and feedback or fix typos or mistakes, intermediate steps not helpful to the preserved history of the main development thread. Note that GitHub's "squash and merge" helpfully appends the PR number to the commit subject line.
  
  Note that when this PR is merged to the release branch, it should go in via "rebase and merge" that the release branch retains the granular changes, described below.
- Generate a list of OSS-Fuzz issues addressed.
  
  These are security concerns, so they deserve special attention. Provide a link in the notes to the issue at https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz, including the issue id number and description.
- If there are any public CVE's, mention them explicitly with a link to the CVE registry item.
- Provide an executive summary of the patch changes, in a few sentences as well as bullet points if appropriate.
- Choose a proposed release date at least several days in advance.
f. If there are any public CVE's, reference them in SECURITY.md.

g. Submit the PR for others to review. The PR should go to the release branch, not main, obviously.

h. After others have had a chance to sanity-check the changes, merge the PR with "rebase and merge". Unlike with the usual PR's merged to main, it is essential to retain the individual commits on the release branch. That way, the release branch commit history retains the details of the changes.

i. If further fixes come in that need to go into the release, push them to the PR branch. It's not absolutely essential that all changes to the release branch go in via a PR. The PR is simply a convient forum for publicly discussing and reviewing the composition of the release.
Tag the release with a -rc "release candidate" tag, e.g. v3.1.9-rc.
Validate ABI compatibility. Build at the release candidate tag and run abipkgdiff against a build of the previous patch release to confirm that no ABI changes have leaked in. Additions to the ABI are acceptable for a patch release, but there should be no symbol changes and no symbols removed. If there are, back up and fix them before proceeding.
Send mail to openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io announcing the staging of the release with link to the release candidate tag. Include the release notes from CHANGES.md for review.
Draft the release on the GitHub Releases page. Include the summary from the notes in CHANGES.md, but don't include the list of PR's.

Create the release from the latest --rc tag, and give it a name that begins with v, i.e. v3.1.9.

Save the release as a "draft".
Wait at least 48 hours, to give the community time to discover and report any obvious problems. Avoid the temptation to rush changes into a release and publish it immediately, as that is uncomfortably error prone.

If additional fixes need to go in before release:

a. Merge commits to the release branch. Push them directly, no need for a pull request.

b. Update the release notes in a separate commit.

c. Re-tag with a incremented "release candidate" number, e.g. v3.1.9-rc2.

d. Send an email update to openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io notifying the community of the addition and the new tag.
Create a signed release tag

a. Make sure you have a GPG key and it is registered with your GitHub account and git config.

b. Create a signed tag with the release name via git tag -s v3.1.9.

c. Push the tag via git push --tags
Publish the release

a. Click the "Publish release" button on the GitHub release draft

b. Send an email to openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io officially annoucing the release.
Update the release branch, which should always point to the most recent patch of the most recent minor release, i.e. the most preferred release.

From a clone of the main repo:
```
% git checkout release
% git merge RB-3.1
% git push
```
Submit a PR that adds the release notes to CHANGES.md on the main branch. Cherry-pick the release notes commit from the release branch.
- If any changes have gone into SECURITY.md, cherry-pick the associated commit as well.
- Also include in this PR edits to docs/news.rst that add an announcment of the release.
After review/merge of the updates to docs/news.rst, build the website at https://readthedocs.org/projects/openexr.
If the release has resolved any OSS-Fuzz issues, update the associated pages at https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz with a reference to the release.
If the release has resolved any public CVE's, request an update from the registry service providing the release and a link to the release notes.

Creating a Major/Minor Release

A major/minor release is created from the main branch, assuming there are no changes on main that should not go into the release. We don't generally allow experimental changes onto main. Anything accepted onto main should be intended for the next release.

The overall workflow is similar to a patch release, as described above, but it's simpler because there is no cherry-picking and merging of commits. The major/minor release is simply a snapshot of main.

To create a new release from the main branch:

Confirm that the OPENEXR_VERSION_MAJOR, OPENEXR_VERSION_MINOR, and OPENEXR_VERSION_PATCH value in src/lib/OpenEXRCore/openexr_version.h are correct. The OpenEXR project policy is that the values on the main branch, which is the bleeding edge of development, correspond to the next minor release, with the patch set to 0.
Update the release notes in CHANGES.md:
- Write a high-level summary of the features and improvements.
- Include the log of all PR's that have not been merged into the previous minor release.
- Mention any OSS-Fuzz issues. Provide a link in the notes to the issue at https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz, including the issue id number and description.
- If there are any public CVE's, mention them explicitly with a link to the CVE registry item.
- Submit this change as a separate PR.
Add a mention of the release to docs/news.rst
- Submit this change as a separate PR.
Increment the OPENEXR_LIB_SOVERSION setting in CMakeLists.txt.
- The SO version increases whenever, and only when, the ABI changes in non-backwards-compatible ways. Consistent with the semantic versioning policy, this usually happens at major and minor releases, but never on a patch release.
- Submit this change as a separate PR for review.
Once the above PR's are merged, create the release branch with the RB prefix, e.g. RB-3.2.
Update the IMATH_TAG setting in cmake/OpenEXRSetup.cmake to correspond to the proper Imath release.
Tag the release with a -rc "release candidate" tag, e.g. v3.2.0-rc.
Send mail to openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io announcing the staging of the release with link to the release candidate tag. Include the release notes from CHANGES.md for review.
If additonal fixes need to go in before release:

a. Merge commits to the release branch. Push them directly, no need for a pull request.

b. Update the release notes in a separate commit.

c. Re-tag with a incremented "release candidate" number, e.g. v3.2.0-rc2.

d. Send a email update to openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io notifying the community of the addition.
Draft the release on the GitHub Releases page. Include the summary from the notes in CHANGES.md, but don't include the list of PR's.
- Create the release from the latest --rc tag, and give it a name that begins with v and ends in 0, e.g. v3.2.0.
- Save the release as a "draft".
Wait at least 48 hours after the email announcement.
Publish the release

a. Click the "Publish release" button on the GitHub release draft

b. Send an email to openexr-dev@lists.aswf.io officially annoucing the release.
Update the release branch, which should always point to the most recent release.

From a clone of the main repo:
```
% git checkout release
% git merge RB-3.1
% git push
```
Increment OPENEXR_VERSION_MINOR in src/lib/OpenEXRCore/openexr_version.h on the main branch
- Submit a PR for this. This leaves the release version on the main branch pointing to the next minor release, as described in Step #1.
Build the website at https://readthedocs.org/projects/openexr.
If the release has resolved any OSS-Fuzz issues, update the associated pages at https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz with a reference to the release.
If the release has resolved any public CVE's, request an update from the registry service providing the release and a link to the release notes.

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CONTRIBUTING.md

CONTRIBUTING.md

Contributing to OpenEXR

Getting Information

How to Ask for Help

How to Report a Bug

How to Request a Change

How to Report a Security Vulnerability

How to Contribute a Bug Fix or Change

Legal Requirements

License

Contributor License Agreements

Commit Sign-Off

Development Workflow

Git Basics

Repository Structure and Commit Policy

The Git Workflow

Use the Fork, Luke.

Pull Requests

Code Review and Required Approvals

Test Policy

Coding Style

Formatting

Naming Conventions

File conventions

Type Conventions

Copyright Notices

Third-party libraries

Comments and Doxygen

Versioning Policy

Contributing to the Website

Testing a Website Build

Test Images

Creating a Patch Release

Creating a Major/Minor Release

Files

CONTRIBUTING.md

Latest commit

History

CONTRIBUTING.md

File metadata and controls

Contributing to OpenEXR

Getting Information

How to Ask for Help

How to Report a Bug

How to Request a Change

How to Report a Security Vulnerability

How to Contribute a Bug Fix or Change

Legal Requirements

License

Contributor License Agreements

Commit Sign-Off

Development Workflow

Git Basics

Repository Structure and Commit Policy

The Git Workflow

Use the Fork, Luke.

Pull Requests

Code Review and Required Approvals

Test Policy

Coding Style

Formatting

Naming Conventions

File conventions

Type Conventions

Copyright Notices

Third-party libraries

Comments and Doxygen

Versioning Policy

Contributing to the Website

Testing a Website Build

Test Images

Creating a Patch Release

Creating a Major/Minor Release