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Merge branch 'training-one_day' into 'master'
Minor formatting tweaks and some content updates Closes #153 See merge request feng/training/material!179
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‎marketing/README.md‎

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# Overview
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This folder is a collection of Ada/SPARK overviews culled from the
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*fundamentals_of_ada* and *spark_for_ada_programmers* folder in courses.
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The folder name will be a blunt description of the content within.
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We're starting with "ada_8_hours" which will be an overview of Ada using
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content culled from from *fundamentals_of_ada*.
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Going forward, we can add other modules (we need "ada_4_hours"), in
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addition to things like demos

‎marketing/ada_8_hours/010_overview.rst‎

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**********
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Overview
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**********
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..
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Coding language
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.. role:: ada(code)
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:language: Ada
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.. role:: C(code)
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:language: C
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.. role:: cpp(code)
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:language: C++
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..
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Math symbols
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.. |rightarrow| replace:: :math:`\rightarrow`
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.. |forall| replace:: :math:`\forall`
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.. |exists| replace:: :math:`\exists`
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.. |equivalent| replace:: :math:`\iff`
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.. |le| replace:: :math:`\le`
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.. |ge| replace:: :math:`\ge`
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.. |lt| replace:: :math:`<`
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.. |gt| replace:: :math:`>`
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..
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Miscellaneous symbols
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.. |checkmark| replace:: :math:`\checkmark`
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===================
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About This Course
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===================
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--------
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Styles
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--------
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* :dfn:`This` is a definition
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* :filename:`this/is/a.path`
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* :ada:`code is highlighted`
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* :command:`commands are emphasised --like-this`
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==============
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Introduction
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==============
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-------------------------
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*Core* Language Content
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-------------------------
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* Ada is a **compiled**, **multi-paradigm** language
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- Exceptions
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- Generic units
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- Dynamic memory management
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- Low-level programming
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- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
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- Concurrent programming
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- Contract-Based Programming
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* With a **static** and **strong** type model
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=======
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Setup
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=======
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-------------------------
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Canonical First Program
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-------------------------
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.. code:: Ada
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1 with Ada.Text_IO;
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2 -- Everyone's first program
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3 procedure Say_Hello is
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4 begin
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5 Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Hello, World!");
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6 end Say_Hello;
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* Line 1 - :ada:`with` - Package dependency
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* Line 2 - :ada:`--` - Comment
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* Line 3 - :ada:`Say_Hello` - Subprogram name
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* Line 4 - :ada:`begin` - Begin executable code
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* Line 5 - :ada:`Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ()` - Subprogram call
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* (cont) - :ada:`"Hello, World!"` - String literal (type-checked)
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----------------------------------
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"Hello World" Lab - Command Line
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----------------------------------
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* Use an editor to enter the program shown on the previous slide
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- Use your favorite editor or just gedit/notepad/etc.
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* Save and name the file :filename:`say_hello.adb` exactly
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- In a command prompt shell, go to where the new file is located and issue the following command:
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+ :command:`gprbuild say_hello`
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* In the same shell, invoke the resulting executable:
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- :command:`say_hello` (Windows)
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- :command:`./say_hello` (Linux/Unix)
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---------------------------------------------
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"Hello World" Lab - :toolname:`GNAT Studio`
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---------------------------------------------
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* Start :toolname:`GNAT Studio` from the command-line (:command:`gnatstudio`) or Start Menu
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* :menu:`Create new project`
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- Select :menu:`Simple Ada Project` and click :menu:`Next`
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- Fill in a location to to deploy the project
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- Set **main name** to *say_hello* and click :menu:`Apply`
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* Expand the **src** level in the Project View and double-click :filename:`say_hello.adb`
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- Replace the code in the file with the program shown on the previous slide
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* Execute the program by selecting :menu:`Build` :math:`\rightarrow` :menu:`Project` :math:`\rightarrow` :menu:`Build & Run` :math:`\rightarrow` :menu:`say_hello.adb`
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- Shortcut is the :math:`\blacktriangleright` in the icons bar
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* Result should appear in the bottom pane labeled *Run: say_hello.exe*

‎marketing/ada_8_hours/020_declarations.rst‎

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**************
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Declarations
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**************
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..
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Coding language
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.. role:: ada(code)
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:language: Ada
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.. role:: C(code)
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:language: C
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.. role:: cpp(code)
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:language: C++
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..
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Math symbols
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.. |rightarrow| replace:: :math:`\rightarrow`
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.. |forall| replace:: :math:`\forall`
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.. |exists| replace:: :math:`\exists`
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.. |equivalent| replace:: :math:`\iff`
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.. |le| replace:: :math:`\le`
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.. |ge| replace:: :math:`\ge`
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.. |lt| replace:: :math:`<`
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.. |gt| replace:: :math:`>`
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..
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Miscellaneous symbols
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.. |checkmark| replace:: :math:`\checkmark`
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====================================
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Identifiers, Comments, and Pragmas
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====================================
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-------------
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Identifiers
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-------------
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* Syntax
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.. code::
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identifier ::= letter {[underline] letter_or_digit}
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* Character set **Unicode** 4.0
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- 8, 16, 32 bit-wide characters
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* Case **not significant**
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- `SpacePerson` |equivalent| `SPACEPERSON`
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- but **different** from `Space_Person`
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* Reserved words are **forbidden**
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----------
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Comments
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----------
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* Terminate at end of line (i.e., no comment terminator sequence)
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.. code:: Ada
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-- This is a multi-
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-- line comment
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A : B; -- this is an end-of-line comment
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---------
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Pragmas
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---------
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* Compiler directives
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- Compiler action
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- Serve various roles
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- May suggest or modify compiler behavior
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- May restrict feature usage
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- May generate specfic code
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- Either standard or implementation-defined
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* Unrecognized pragmas
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- **No effect**
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- Cause **warning** (standard mode)
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* Malformed pragmas are **illegal**
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.. code:: Ada
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pragma Page;
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pragma Optimize (Off);
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==================
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Numeric Literals
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==================
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--------------------------
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Decimal Numeric Literals
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--------------------------
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* Syntax
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.. code::
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decimal_literal ::=
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numeral [.num] E [+numeral|-numeral]
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numeral ::= digit {[underline] digit}
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* Underscore is not significant
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* **E** (exponent) must always be integer
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* Examples
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.. code:: Ada
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12 0 1E6 123_456
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12.0 0.0 3.14159_26 2.3E-4
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------------------------
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Based Numeric Literals
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------------------------
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.. code::
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based_literal ::= base # numeral [.numeral] # exponent
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numeral ::= base_digit { '_' base_digit }
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* Base can be 2 .. 16
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* Exponent is always a base 10 integer
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::
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16#FFF# => 4095
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2#1111_1111_1111# => 4095 -- With underline
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16#F.FF#E+2 => 4095.0
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8#10#E+3 => 4096 (8 * 8**3)
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=====================
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Object Declarations
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=====================
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--------------
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Declarations
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--------------
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* Associate a :dfn:`name` to an :dfn:`entity`
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- Objects
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- Types
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- Subprograms
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- et cetera
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* Declaration **must precede** use
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* **Some** implicit declarations
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- **Standard** types and operations
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- **Implementation**-defined
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---------------------
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Object Declarations
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---------------------
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* Variables and constants
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* Basic Syntax
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.. code:: Ada
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<name> : subtype_indication [:= <initial value>];
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* Examples
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.. code:: Ada
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Z, Phase : Analog;
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Max : constant Integer := 200;
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-- variable with a constraint
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Count : Integer range 0 .. Max := 0;
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-- dynamic initial value via function call
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Root : Tree := F(X);
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-- Will call G(X) twice, once per variable
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A, B : Integer := G(X);

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