* This test applies only to **English texts**.
Devereux Readability Index ([Smith, 1961](#ref-smith-1961))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/devereux_readability_index.svg)
-Fernández Huerta's Readability Score1 ([Fernández Huerta, 1959](#ref-fernandez-huerta-1959); [Law, 2011](#ref-law-2011))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/fernandez_huertas_readability_score.svg)
* This test has multiple variants for some languages, which you could select via **Menu → Preferences → Settings → Measures → Readability → Flesch Reading Ease**.
Flesch Reading Ease (Simplified)1 ([Farr et al., 1951](#ref-farr-et-al-1951))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/re_simplified.svg)
-FORCAST Grade Level1 ([Caylor et al., 1973](#ref-caylor-et-al-1973))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rgl.svg) * A sample of 150 words is taken randomly from the text, thus the text should be **at least 150 words long**.
+FORCAST Grade Level1 ([Caylor et al., 1973](#ref-caylor-et-al-1973))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rgl.svg)
* A sample of 150 words is taken randomly from the text, thus the text should be **at least 150 words long**.
Fórmula de comprensibilidad de Gutiérrez de Polini ([Gutiérrez de Polini, 1972](#ref-gutierrez-de-polini-1972))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/cp.svg)
* This test applies only to **Spanish texts**.
Fórmula de Crawford1 ([Crawford, 1985](#ref-crawford-1985))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/formula_de_crawford.svg)
* This test applies only to **Spanish texts**.
Gulpease Index ([Lucisano & Emanuela Piemontese, 1988](#ref-lucisano-emanuela-piemontese-1988))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/gulpease_index.svg)
* This test applies only to **Italian texts**.
-Gunning Fog Index1 (English: [Gunning, 1968](#ref-gunning-1968); Polish: [Pisarek, 1969](#ref-pisarek-1969))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/fog_index.svg) where **NumHardWords** is the number of words with 3 or more syllables excluding all proper nouns and words with 3 syllables ending with *-ed* or *-es* for **English texts**, and the number of words with 4 or more syllables for **Polish texts**.
* This test applies only to **English texts** and **Polish texts**.
+Gunning Fog Index1 (English: [Gunning, 1968](#ref-gunning-1968) Polish: [Pisarek, 1969](#ref-pisarek-1969))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/fog_index.svg) where **NumHardWords** is the number of words with 3 or more syllables excluding all proper nouns and words with 3 syllables ending with *-ed* or *-es* for **English texts**, and the number of words with 4 or more syllables for **Polish texts**.
* This test applies only to **English texts** and **Polish texts**.
Legibilidad µ ([Muñoz Baquedano, 2006](#ref-munoz-baquedano-2006))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/mu.svg) where **LenWordsAvg** is the average word length in letters, and **LenWordsVar** is the variance of word lengths in letters.
* This test applies only to **Spanish texts**. * The text should be **at least 2 words long**.
Lensear Write1 ([O’Hayre, 1966](#ref-o-hayre-1966))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/lensear_write.svg) where **NumWordsMonosyllabic** is the number of monosyllabic words excluding *the*, *is*, *are*, *was*, *were*, and **NumSentences** is the number of sentences to the nearest period.
* This test applies only to **English texts**. * A sample of 100 words is taken randomly from the text. If the text is **shorter than 100 words**, **NumWordsMonosyllabic** and **NumSentences** need to be multiplied by 100 and then divided by the number of text.
Lix ([Björnsson, 1968](#ref-bjornsson-1968))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/lix.svg) where **NumLongWords** is the number of words with 7 or more letters.
@@ -1028,7 +1022,6 @@ Measure of Readability|Formula
Rix ([Anderson, 1983](#ref-anderson-1983))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rix.svg) where **NumLongWords** is the number of words with 7 or more letters.
SMOG Grade1 ([McLaughlin, 1969](#ref-mclaughlin-1969))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/smog_grade.svg) where **NumWordsPolysyllabic** is the number of words with 3 or more syllables.
* A sample consisting of the first 10 sentences of the text, the last 10 sentences of the text, and 10 sentences at the middle of the text is taken from the text, thus the text should be **at least 30 sentences long**.
Spache Grade Level ([Spache, 1953](#ref-spache-1953))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/spache_grade_level.svg) where **NumDifficultWords** is the number of words outside the Dale list of 769 easy words ([Dale, 1931](#ref-dale-1931)).
* Three samples each of 100 words are taken randomly from the text and the mean of the three scores is calculated, thus the text should be **at least 100 words long**.
-Szigriszt's Perspicuity Index1 ([Szigriszt Pazos, 1993](#ref-szigrisze-pazos-1993))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/szigriszts_perspicuity_index.svg)
* This test applies only to **Spanish texts**.
Wiener Sachtextformel1 ([Bamberger & Vanecek, 1984](#ref-bamberger-vanecek-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/wstf.svg) where **NumWordsPolysyllabic** is the number of words with 3 or more syllables and **NumLongWords** is the numbers of words with 7 or more letters.
* This test applies only to **German texts**. * This test has 4 variants, which you could select via **Menu → Preferences → Settings → Measures → Readability → Wiener Sachtextformel → Variant**.
**Notes:**
@@ -1358,7 +1351,6 @@ Cubic Association Ratio ([Daille, 1994](#ref-daille-1994), [1995](#ref-daille
## [5 References](#doc)
-
[1] [**^**](#ref-aari) Al-Tamimi, A., Jaradat M., Aljarrah, N., & Ghanim, S. (2013). AARI: Automatic Arabic readability index. *The International Arab Journal of Information Technology*, *11*(4), pp. 370–378.
@@ -1412,7 +1404,7 @@ Cubic Association Ratio ([Daille, 1994](#ref-daille-1994), [1995](#ref-daille
[26] [**^**](#ref-re-simplified) Farr, J. N., Jenkins, J. J., & Paterson, D. G. (1951). Simplification of Flesch reading ease formula. *Journal of Applied Psychology*, *35*(5), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062427
-[27] [**^**](#ref-fernandez-huertas-readability-score) Fernández Huerta, J. (1959). Medidas sencillas de lecturabilidad. *Consigna*, *214*, 29–32.
+[27] [**^**](#ref-re) Fernández Huerta, J. (1959). Medidas sencillas de lecturabilidad. *Consigna*, *214*, 29–32.
[28] [**^**](#ref-re) Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. *Journal of Applied Psychology*, *32*(3), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057532
@@ -1435,7 +1427,6 @@ Cubic Association Ratio ([Daille, 1994](#ref-daille-1994), [1995](#ref-daille
[37] [**^**](#ref-juillands-d)[**^**](#ref-juillands-u) Juilland, A., & Chang-Rodriguez, E. (1964). *Frequency dictionary of Spanish words*. Mouton.
[38] [**^**](#ref-re) Kandel, L., & Moles A. (1958). Application de l’indice de flesch la langue francaise [applying flesch index to french language]. *The Journal of Educational Research*, *21*, 283–287.
-
[39] [**^**](#ref-mann-whiteney-u-test) Kilgarriff, A. (2001). Comparing corpora. *International Journal of Corpus Linguistics*, *6*(1), 232–263. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.6.1.05kil
@@ -1446,59 +1437,57 @@ Cubic Association Ratio ([Daille, 1994](#ref-daille-1994), [1995](#ref-daille
[42] [**^**](#ref-flesch-kincaid-grade-level) Kincaid, J. P., Fishburne, R. P., Rogers, R. L., & Chissom, B. S. (1975). *Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count, and Flesch reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel*. Naval Air Station Memphis.
[43] [**^**](#ref-kromers-ur) Kromer, V. (2003). A usage measure based on psychophysical relations. *Journal of Quantitative Linguistics*, *10*(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1076/jqul.10.2.177.16718
-
-[44] [**^**](#ref-fernandez-huertas-readability-score) Law, Gwillim. (2011, May 27). *Error in the Fernandez Huerta readability formula*. LINGUIST List. https://linguistlist.org/issues/22/22-2332/
-[45] [**^**](#ref-mi-log-f) Lexical Computing. (2015, July 8). *Statistics used in Sketch Engine*. Sketch Engine. https://www.sketchengine.eu/documentation/statistics-used-in-sketch-engine/
+[44] [**^**](#ref-mi-log-f) Lexical Computing. (2015, July 8). *Statistics used in Sketch Engine*. Sketch Engine. https://www.sketchengine.eu/documentation/statistics-used-in-sketch-engine/
-[46] [**^**](#ref-griess-dp-norm) Lijffijt, J., & Gries, S. T. (2012). Correction to Stefan Th. Gries’ “dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora”. *International Journal of Corpus Linguistics*, *17*(1), 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17.1.08lij
+[45] [**^**](#ref-griess-dp-norm) Lijffijt, J., & Gries, S. T. (2012). Correction to Stefan Th. Gries’ “dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora”. *International Journal of Corpus Linguistics*, *17*(1), 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17.1.08lij
-[47] [**^**](#ref-gulpease-index) Lucisano, P., & Emanuela Piemontese, M. (1988). GULPEASE: A formula for the prediction of the difficulty of texts in Italian. *Scuola e Città*, *39*(3), pp. 110–124.
+[46] [**^**](#ref-gulpease-index) Lucisano, P., & Emanuela Piemontese, M. (1988). GULPEASE: A formula for the prediction of the difficulty of texts in Italian. *Scuola e Città*, *39*(3), pp. 110–124.
-[48] [**^**](#ref-lynes-d3) Lyne, A. A. (1985). Dispersion. In *The vocabulary of French business correspondence: Word frequencies, collocations, and problems of lexicometric method* (pp. 101–124). Slatkine/Champion.
+[47] [**^**](#ref-lynes-d3) Lyne, A. A. (1985). Dispersion. In *The vocabulary of French business correspondence: Word frequencies, collocations, and problems of lexicometric method* (pp. 101–124). Slatkine/Champion.
-[49] [**^**](#ref-smog-grade) McLaughlin, G. H. (1969). SMOG grading: A new readability formula. *Journal of Reading*, *12*(8), pp. 639–646.
+[48] [**^**](#ref-smog-grade) McLaughlin, G. H. (1969). SMOG grading: A new readability formula. *Journal of Reading*, *12*(8), pp. 639–646.
-[50] [**^**](#ref-legibilidad-mu) Muñoz Baquedano, M. (2006). Legibilidad y variabilidad de los textos. *Boletín de Investigación Educacional, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile*, *21*(2), 13–26.
+[49] [**^**](#ref-legibilidad-mu) Muñoz Baquedano, M. (2006). Legibilidad y variabilidad de los textos. *Boletín de Investigación Educacional, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile*, *21*(2), 13–26.
-[51] [**^**](#ref-eflaw) Nirmaldasan. (2009, April 30). *McAlpine EFLAW readability score*. Readability Monitor. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://strainindex.wordpress.com/2009/04/30/mcalpine-eflaw-readability-score/
+[50] [**^**](#ref-eflaw) Nirmaldasan. (2009, April 30). *McAlpine EFLAW readability score*. Readability Monitor. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://strainindex.wordpress.com/2009/04/30/mcalpine-eflaw-readability-score/
-[52] [**^**](#ref-pearsons-chi-squared-test) Oakes, M. P. (1998). *Statistics for Corpus Linguistics*. Edinburgh University Press.
+[51] [**^**](#ref-pearsons-chi-squared-test) Oakes, M. P. (1998). *Statistics for Corpus Linguistics*. Edinburgh University Press.
-[53] [**^**](#ref-re) Oborneva, I. V. (2006). *Автоматизированная оценка сложности учебных текстов на основе статистических параметров* [Doctoral dissertation, Institute for Strategy of Education Development of the Russian Academy of Education]. Freereferats.ru. https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01002881899.pdf?ver=3
+[52] [**^**](#ref-re) Oborneva, I. V. (2006). *Автоматизированная оценка сложности учебных текстов на основе статистических параметров* [Doctoral dissertation, Institute for Strategy of Education Development of the Russian Academy of Education]. Freereferats.ru. https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01002881899.pdf?ver=3
-[54] [**^**](#ref-lensear-write) O’Hayre, J. (1966). *Gobbledygook has gotta go*. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.governmentattic.org/15docs/Gobbledygook_Has_Gotta_Go_1966.pdf
+[53] [**^**](#ref-lensear-write) O’Hayre, J. (1966). *Gobbledygook has gotta go*. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.governmentattic.org/15docs/Gobbledygook_Has_Gotta_Go_1966.pdf
-[55] [**^**](#ref-students-t-test-2-sample) Paquot, M., & Bestgen, Y. (2009). Distinctive words in academic writing: A comparison of three statistical tests for keyword extraction. *Language and Computers*, *68*, 247–269.
+[54] [**^**](#ref-students-t-test-2-sample) Paquot, M., & Bestgen, Y. (2009). Distinctive words in academic writing: A comparison of three statistical tests for keyword extraction. *Language and Computers*, *68*, 247–269.
-[56] [**^**](#ref-fishers-exact-test) Pedersen, T. (1996). Fishing for exactness. In T. Winn (Ed.), *Proceedings of the Sixth Annual South-Central Regional SAS Users' Group Conference* (pp. 188–200). The South–Central Regional SAS Users' Group.
+[55] [**^**](#ref-fishers-exact-test) Pedersen, T. (1996). Fishing for exactness. In T. Winn (Ed.), *Proceedings of the Sixth Annual South-Central Regional SAS Users' Group Conference* (pp. 188–200). The South–Central Regional SAS Users' Group.
-[57] [**^**](#ref-min-sensitivity) Pedersen, T. (1998). Dependent bigram identification. In *Proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence* (p. 1197). AAAI Press.
+[56] [**^**](#ref-min-sensitivity) Pedersen, T. (1998). Dependent bigram identification. In *Proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence* (p. 1197). AAAI Press.
-[58] [**^**](#ref-fog-index) Pisarek, W. (1969). Jak mierzyć zrozumiałość tekstu?. *Zeszyty Prasoznawcze*, *4*(42), 35–48.
+[57] [**^**](#ref-fog-index) Pisarek, W. (1969). Jak mierzyć zrozumiałość tekstu?. *Zeszyty Prasoznawcze*, *4*(42), 35–48.
-[59] [**^**](#ref-odds-ratio) Pojanapunya, P., & Todd, R. W. (2016). Log-likelihood and odds ratio keyness statistics for different purposes of keyword analysis. *Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory*, *15*(1), pp. 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2015-0030
+[58] [**^**](#ref-odds-ratio) Pojanapunya, P., & Todd, R. W. (2016). Log-likelihood and odds ratio keyness statistics for different purposes of keyword analysis. *Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory*, *15*(1), pp. 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2015-0030
-[60] [**^**](#ref-poisson-collocation-measure) Quasthoff, U., & Wolff, C. (2002). The poisson collocation measure and its applications. *Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Collocations*. IEEE.
+[59] [**^**](#ref-poisson-collocation-measure) Quasthoff, U., & Wolff, C. (2002). The poisson collocation measure and its applications. *Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Collocations*. IEEE.
-[61] [**^**](#ref-rosengrens-s)[**^**](#ref-rosengrens-kf) Rosengren, I. (1971). The quantitative concept of language and its relation to the structure of frequency dictionaries. *Études de linguistique appliquée*, *1*, 103–127.
+[60] [**^**](#ref-rosengrens-s)[**^**](#ref-rosengrens-kf) Rosengren, I. (1971). The quantitative concept of language and its relation to the structure of frequency dictionaries. *Études de linguistique appliquée*, *1*, 103–127.
-[62] [**^**](#ref-log-dice) Rychlý, P. (2008). A lexicographyer-friendly association score. In P. Sojka & A. Horák (Eds.), *Proceedings of Second Workshop on Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Languages Processing*. Masaryk University
+[61] [**^**](#ref-log-dice) Rychlý, P. (2008). A lexicographyer-friendly association score. In P. Sojka & A. Horák (Eds.), *Proceedings of Second Workshop on Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Languages Processing*. Masaryk University
-[63] [**^**](#ref-ald) [**^**](#ref-fald) [**^**](#ref-arf) [**^**](#ref-farf) [**^**](#ref-awt) [**^**](#ref-fawt) Savický, P., & Hlaváčová, J. (2002). Measures of word commonness. *Journal of Quantitative Linguistics*, *9*(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1076/jqul.9.3.215.14124
+[62] [**^**](#ref-ald) [**^**](#ref-fald) [**^**](#ref-arf) [**^**](#ref-farf) [**^**](#ref-awt) [**^**](#ref-fawt) Savický, P., & Hlaváčová, J. (2002). Measures of word commonness. *Journal of Quantitative Linguistics*, *9*(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1076/jqul.9.3.215.14124
-[64] [**^**](#ref-dices-coeff) Smadja, F., McKeown, K. R., & Hatzivassiloglou, V. (1996). Translating collocations for bilingual lexicons: A statistical approach. *Computational Linguistics*, *22*(1), pp. 1–38.
+[63] [**^**](#ref-dices-coeff) Smadja, F., McKeown, K. R., & Hatzivassiloglou, V. (1996). Translating collocations for bilingual lexicons: A statistical approach. *Computational Linguistics*, *22*(1), pp. 1–38.
-[65] [**^**](#ref-devereux-readability-index) Smith, E. A. (1961). Devereaux readability index. *Journal of Educational Research*, *54*(8), 298–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1961.10882728
+[64] [**^**](#ref-devereux-readability-index) Smith, E. A. (1961). Devereaux readability index. *Journal of Educational Research*, *54*(8), 298–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1961.10882728
-[66] [**^**](#ref-ari) Smith, E. A., & Senter, R. J. (1967). *Automated readability index*. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0667273.pdf
+[65] [**^**](#ref-ari) Smith, E. A., & Senter, R. J. (1967). *Automated readability index*. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0667273.pdf
-[67] [**^**](#ref-spache-grade-level) Spache, G. (1953). A new readability formula for primary-grade reading materials. *Elementary School Journal*, *53*(7), 410–413. https://doi.org/10.1086/458513
+[66] [**^**](#ref-spache-grade-level) Spache, G. (1953). A new readability formula for primary-grade reading materials. *Elementary School Journal*, *53*(7), 410–413. https://doi.org/10.1086/458513
-[68] [**^**](#ref-szigriszts-perspicuity_index) Szigriszt Pazos, F. (1993). *Sistemas predictivos de legibilidad del mensaje escrito: Formula de perspicuidad* [Doctoral dissertation, Complutense University of Madrid]. Biblos-e Archivo. https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/2488/3907_barrio_cantalejo_ines_maria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
+[67] [**^**](#ref-re) Szigriszt Pazos, F. (1993). *Sistemas predictivos de legibilidad del mensaje escrito: Formula de perspicuidad* [Doctoral dissertation, Complutense University of Madrid]. Biblos-e Archivo. https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/2488/3907_barrio_cantalejo_ines_maria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
-[69] [**^**](#ref-lfmd)[**^**](#ref-md) Thanopoulos, A., Fakotakis, N., & Kokkinakis, G. (2002). Comparative evaluation of collocation extraction metrics. In M. G. González & C. P. S. Araujo (Eds.), *Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation* (pp. 620–625). European Language Resources Association.
+[68] [**^**](#ref-lfmd)[**^**](#ref-md) Thanopoulos, A., Fakotakis, N., & Kokkinakis, G. (2002). Comparative evaluation of collocation extraction metrics. In M. G. González & C. P. S. Araujo (Eds.), *Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation* (pp. 620–625). European Language Resources Association.
-[70] [**^**](#ref-log-likehood-ratio-test-bayes-factor)[**^**](#ref-students-t-test-2-sample-bayes-factor) Wilson, A. (2013). Embracing Bayes Factors for key item analysis in corpus linguistics. In M. Bieswanger & A. Koll-Stobbe (Eds.), *New Approaches to the Study of Linguistic Variability* (pp. 3–11). Peter Lang.
+[69] [**^**](#ref-log-likehood-ratio-test-bayes-factor)[**^**](#ref-students-t-test-2-sample-bayes-factor) Wilson, A. (2013). Embracing Bayes Factors for key item analysis in corpus linguistics. In M. Bieswanger & A. Koll-Stobbe (Eds.), *New Approaches to the Study of Linguistic Variability* (pp. 3–11). Peter Lang.
-[71] [**^**](#ref-zhangs-distributional-consistency) Zhang, H., Huang, C., & Yu, S. (2004). Distributional consistency: As a general method for defining a core lexicon. In M. T. Lino, M. F. Xavier, F. Ferreira, R. Costa, & R. Silva (Eds.), *Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation* (pp. 1119–1122). European Language Resources Association.
+[70] [**^**](#ref-zhangs-distributional-consistency) Zhang, H., Huang, C., & Yu, S. (2004). Distributional consistency: As a general method for defining a core lexicon. In M. T. Lino, M. F. Xavier, F. Ferreira, R. Costa, & R. Silva (Eds.), *Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation* (pp. 1119–1122). European Language Resources Association.
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