There are some techniques provided in HIP for developers to trace and debug codes during execution, this section describes some details and practical suggestions on debugging.
ltrace is a standard linux tool which provides a message to stderr on every dynamic library call. Since ROCr and the ROCt (the ROC thunk, which is the thin user-space interface to the ROC kernel driver) are both dynamic libraries, this provides an easy way to trace the activity in these libraries. Tracing can be a powerful way to quickly observe the flow of the application before diving into the details with a command-line debugger. ltrace is a helpful tool to visualize the runtime behavior of the entire ROCm software stack. The trace can also show performance issues related to accidental calls to expensive API calls on the critical path.
Here's a simple sample with command-line to trace hip APIs and output:
$ ltrace -C -e "hip*" ./hipGetChanDesc
hipGetChanDesc->hipCreateChannelDesc(0x7ffdc4b66860, 32, 0, 0) = 0x7ffdc4b66860
hipGetChanDesc->hipMallocArray(0x7ffdc4b66840, 0x7ffdc4b66860, 8, 8) = 0
hipGetChanDesc->hipGetChannelDesc(0x7ffdc4b66848, 0xa63990, 5, 1) = 0
hipGetChanDesc->hipFreeArray(0xa63990, 0, 0x7f8c7fe13778, 0x7ffdc4b66848) = 0
PASSED!
+++ exited (status 0) +++Another sample below with command-line only trace hsa APIs and output:
$ ltrace -C -e "hsa*" ./hipGetChanDesc
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_init(0, 0x7fff325a69d0, 0x9c80e0, 0 <unfinished ...>
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtOpenKFD(0x7fff325a6590, 0x9c38c0, 0, 1) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtGetVersion(0x7fff325a6608, 0, 0, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtReleaseSystemProperties(3, 0x80084b01, 0, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtAcquireSystemProperties(0x7fff325a6610, 0, 0, 1) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtGetNodeProperties(0, 0x7fff325a66a0, 0, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtGetNodeMemoryProperties(0, 1, 0x9c42b0, 0x936012) = 0
...
<... hsaKmtCreateEvent resumed> ) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtAllocMemory(0, 4096, 64, 0x7fff325a6690) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPUNodes(0x7f1202749000, 4096, 0x7fff325a6690, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtCreateEvent(0x7fff325a6700, 0, 0, 0x7fff325a66f0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtAllocMemory(1, 0x100000000, 576, 0x7fff325a67d8) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtAllocMemory(0, 8192, 64, 0x7fff325a6790) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPUNodes(0x7f120273c000, 8192, 0x7fff325a6790, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtAllocMemory(0, 4096, 4160, 0x7fff325a6450) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPUNodes(0x7f120273a000, 4096, 0x7fff325a6450, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtSetTrapHandler(1, 0x7f120273a000, 4096, 0x7f120273c000) = 0
<... hsa_init resumed> ) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_system_get_major_extension_table(513, 1, 24, 0x7f1202597930) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_iterate_agents(0x7f120171f050, 0, 0x7fff325a67f8, 0 <unfinished ...>
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_agent_get_info(0x94f110, 17, 0x7fff325a67e8, 0) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_amd_agent_iterate_memory_pools(0x94f110, 0x7f1201722816, 0x7fff325a67f0, 0x7f1201722816 <unfinished ...>
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_amd_memory_pool_get_info(0x9c7fb0, 0, 0x7fff325a6744, 0x7fff325a67f0) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_amd_memory_pool_get_info(0x9c7fb0, 1, 0x7fff325a6748, 0x7f1200d82df4) = 0
...
<... hsa_amd_agent_iterate_memory_pools resumed> ) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_agent_get_info(0x9dbf30, 17, 0x7fff325a67e8, 0) = 0
<... hsa_iterate_agents resumed> ) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_agent_get_info(0x9dbf30, 0, 0x7fff325a6850, 3) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_agent_get_info(0x9dbf30, 0xa000, 0x9e7cd8, 0) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_agent_iterate_isas(0x9dbf30, 0x7f1201720411, 0x7fff325a6760, 0x7f1201720411) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_isa_get_info_alt(0x94e7c8, 0, 0x7fff325a6728, 1) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_isa_get_info_alt(0x94e7c8, 1, 0x9e7f90, 0) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_agent_get_info(0x9dbf30, 4, 0x9e7ce8, 0) = 0
...
<... hsa_amd_memory_pool_allocate resumed> ) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_ext_image_create(0x9dbf30, 0xa1c4c8, 0x7f10f2800000, 3 <unfinished ...>
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtAllocMemory(0, 4096, 64, 0x7fff325a6740) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtQueryPointerInfo(0x7f1202736000, 0x7fff325a65e0, 0, 0) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtMapMemoryToGPUNodes(0x7f1202736000, 4096, 0x7fff325a66e8, 0) = 0
<... hsa_ext_image_create resumed> ) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_ext_image_destroy(0x9dbf30, 0x7f1202736000, 0x9dbf30, 0 <unfinished ...>
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtUnmapMemoryToGPU(0x7f1202736000, 0x7f1202736000, 4096, 0x9c8050) = 0
libhsa-runtime64.so.1->hsaKmtFreeMemory(0x7f1202736000, 4096, 0, 0) = 0
<... hsa_ext_image_destroy resumed> ) = 0
libamdhip64.so.4->hsa_amd_memory_pool_free(0x7f10f2800000, 0x7f10f2800000, 256, 0x9e76f0) = 0
PASSED!HIP developers on ROCm can use AMD's ROCgdb for debugging and profiling. ROCgdb is the ROCm source-level debugger for Linux, based on GDB, the GNU source-level debugger, equivalent of cuda-gdb, can be used with debugger frontends, such as eclipse, vscode, or gdb-dashboard. For details, see (https://github.com/ROCm/ROCgdb).
Below is a sample how to use ROCgdb run and debug HIP application, rocgdb is installed with ROCM package in the folder /opt/rocm/bin.
$ export PATH=$PATH:/opt/rocm/bin
$ rocgdb ./hipTexObjPitch
GNU gdb (rocm-dkms-no-npi-hipclang-6549) 10.1
Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
...
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<https://github.com/ROCm/ROCgdb/issues>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
...
Reading symbols from ./hipTexObjPitch...
(gdb) break main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x4013d1: file /home/<your_awesome_name>/hip-tests/samples/2_Cookbook/0_MatrixTranspose/MatrixTranspose.cpp, line 56.
(gdb) run
Starting program: MatrixTranspose
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
Breakpoint 1, main ()
at MatrixTranspose.cpp:56
56 int main() {
(gdb) c
There are also other debugging tools available online developers can google and choose the one best suits the debugging requirements. For example, Microsoft Visual Studio and Windgb tools are options on Windows.
Below is an example on Linux to show how to get useful information from the debugger while running a simple hip application, which caused an issue of segmentation fault.
Simple HIP Program:
#include <hip/hip_runtime.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
__global__ void kernel_add(int* a, int b) {
int i = threadIdx.x;
a[i] += b;
}
int main() {
constexpr size_t size = 1024;
int* ptr;
hipMalloc(&ptr, sizeof(int) * size);
hipMemset(ptr, 0, sizeof(int) * size);
std::vector<int> input(size, 0);
size_t i = 100;
std::for_each(input.begin(), input.end(), [&](int& a) { a = i; });
hipMemcpy(ptr, input.data(), sizeof(int) * size, hipMemcpyHostToDevice);
kernel_add<<<1, size>>>(ptr, 10);
std::vector<int> output = input;
hipMemcpy(output.data(), ptr, sizeof(int) * size, hipMemcpyDeviceToHost);
std::cout << ((std::all_of(output.begin(), output.end(), [&](int a) { return a == (i + 10); }))
? "passed"
: "failed")
<< std::endl;
hipFree(ptr);
}Compile and run command:
hipcc app.cpp -ggdb -o app
rocgdb ./app(gdb) b main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x21275e: file app.cpp, line 14.
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/<your_awesome_name>/app
warning: os_agent_id 31475: `Device 1002:164e' architecture not supported.
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
Breakpoint 1, hipMalloc<int> (devPtr=0x7fffffffe098, size=4096) at /opt/rocm/include/hip/hip_runtime_api.h:8487
8487 return hipMalloc((void**)devPtr, size);
(gdb) bt
#0 hipMalloc<int> (devPtr=0x7fffffffe098, size=4096) at /opt/rocm/include/hip/hip_runtime_api.h:8487
#1 main () at app.cpp:14
(gdb) n
[New Thread 0x7fffeb7ff640 (LWP 1524879)]
[New Thread 0x7fffeaffe640 (LWP 1524880)]
[Thread 0x7fffeaffe640 (LWP 1524880) exited]
main () at app.cpp:15
15 hipMemset(ptr, 0, sizeof(int) * size);
(gdb) info threads
Id Target Id Frame
* 1 Thread 0x7ffff7e6ba80 (LWP 1524135) "app" main () at app.cpp:15
2 Thread 0x7fffeb7ff640 (LWP 1524879) "app" __GI___ioctl (fd=3, request=3222817548) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ioctl.c:36
(gdb) thread 2
[Switching to thread 2 (Thread 0x7fffeb7ff640 (LWP 1524879))]
#0 __GI___ioctl (fd=3, request=3222817548) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ioctl.c:36
36 ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ioctl.c: No such file or directory.
(gdb) bt
#0 __GI___ioctl (fd=3, request=3222817548) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/ioctl.c:36
#1 0x00007fffeb8fda80 in ?? () from /opt/rocm/lib/libhsa-runtime64.so.1
#2 0x00007fffeb8f6912 in ?? () from /opt/rocm/lib/libhsa-runtime64.so.1
#3 0x00007fffeb883021 in ?? () from /opt/rocm/lib/libhsa-runtime64.so.1
#4 0x00007fffeb85e026 in ?? () from /opt/rocm/lib/libhsa-runtime64.so.1
#5 0x00007fffeb874b6a in ?? () from /opt/rocm/lib/libhsa-runtime64.so.1
#6 0x00007fffeb828fdb in ?? () from /opt/rocm/lib/libhsa-runtime64.so.1
#7 0x00007ffff5c94b43 in start_thread (arg=<optimised out>) at ./nptl/pthread_create.c:442
#8 0x00007ffff5d26a00 in clone3 () at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone3.S:81
...A complete guide to rocgdb can be found here.
On Windows, debugging HIP applications on IDE like Microsoft Visual Studio tools, are more informative and visible to debug codes, inspect variables, watch multiple details and examine the call stacks.
HIP provides some environment variables which allow HIP, hip-clang, or HSA driver on Linux to disable some feature or optimization. These are not intended for production but can be useful diagnose synchronization problems in the application (or driver).
Some of the most useful environment variables are described here. They are supported on the ROCm path on Linux and Windows as well.
Developers can control kernel command serialization from the host using the environment variable,
AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL, for serializing kernel enqueue. AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL = 1, Wait for completion before enqueue, AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL = 2, Wait for completion after enqueue, AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL = 3, Both.
Or AMD_SERIALIZE_COPY, for serializing copies.
AMD_SERIALIZE_COPY = 1, Wait for completion before enqueue, AMD_SERIALIZE_COPY = 2, Wait for completion after enqueue, AMD_SERIALIZE_COPY = 3, Both.
So HIP runtime can wait for GPU idle before/after any GPU command depending on the environment setting.
For system with multiple devices, it's possible to make only certain device(s) visible to HIP via setting environment variable, HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES(or CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES on Nvidia platform), only devices whose index is present in the sequence are visible to HIP.
For example,
$ HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1or in the application,
if (totalDeviceNum > 2) {
setenv("HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES", "0,1,2", 1);
assert(getDeviceNumber(false) == 3);
... ...
}Developers can dump code object to analyze compiler related issues via setting environment variable, GPU_DUMP_CODE_OBJECT
On Linux with open source, HSA provides some environment variables help to analyze issues in driver or hardware, for example,
HSA_ENABLE_SDMA=0 It causes host-to-device and device-to-host copies to use compute shader blit kernels rather than the dedicated DMA copy engines. Compute shader copies have low latency (typically < 5us) and can achieve approximately 80% of the bandwidth of the DMA copy engine. This environment variable is useful to isolate issues with the hardware copy engines.
HSA_ENABLE_INTERRUPT=0 Causes completion signals to be detected with memory-based polling rather than interrupts. This environment variable can be useful to diagnose interrupt storm issues in the driver.
The following is the summary of the most useful environment variables in HIP.
| Environment variable | Default value | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| AMD_LOG_LEVEL Enable HIP log on different Level. |
0 | 0: Disable log. 1: Enable log on error level. 2: Enable log on warning and below levels. 0x3: Enable log on information and below levels. 0x4: Decode and display AQL packets. |
| AMD_LOG_MASK Enable HIP log on different Level. |
0x7FFFFFFF | 0x1: Log API calls. 0x02: Kernel and Copy Commands and Barriers. 0x4: Synchronization and waiting for commands to finish. 0x8: Enable log on information and below levels. 0x20: Queue commands and queue contents. 0x40:Signal creation, allocation, pool. 0x80: Locks and thread-safety code. 0x100: Copy debug. 0x200: Detailed copy debug. 0x400: Resource allocation, performance-impacting events. 0x800: Initialization and shutdown. 0x1000: Misc debug, not yet classified. 0x2000: Show raw bytes of AQL packet. 0x4000: Show code creation debug. 0x8000: More detailed command info, including barrier commands. 0x10000: Log message location. 0xFFFFFFFF: Log always even mask flag is zero. |
| HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES(or CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES) Only devices whose index is present in the sequence are visible to HIP. |
0,1,2: Depending on the number of devices on the system. | |
| GPU_DUMP_CODE_OBJECT Dump code object. |
0 | 0: Disable. 1: Enable. |
| AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL Serialize kernel enqueue. |
0 | 1: Wait for completion before enqueue. 2: Wait for completion after enqueue. 3: Both. |
| AMD_SERIALIZE_COPY Serialize copies. |
0 | 1: Wait for completion before enqueue. 2: Wait for completion after enqueue. 3: Both. |
| HIP_HOST_COHERENT Coherent memory in hipHostMalloc. |
0 | 0: memory is not coherent between host and GPU. 1: memory is coherent with host. |
| AMD_DIRECT_DISPATCH Enable direct kernel dispatch (Currently for Linux, under development on Windows). |
1 | 0: Disable. 1: Enable. |
| GPU_MAX_HW_QUEUES The maximum number of hardware queues allocated per device. |
4 | The variable controls how many independent hardware queues HIP runtime can create per process, per device. If application allocates more HIP streams than this number, then HIP runtime will reuse the same hardware queues for the new streams in round robin manner. Please note, this maximum number does not apply to either hardware queues that are created for CU masked HIP streams, or cooperative queue for HIP Cooperative Groups (there is only one single queue per device). |
| HIP_LAUNCH_BLOCKING Used for serialization on kernel execution. |
0 | 0: Disable. Kernel executes normally. 1: Enable. Serializes kernel enqueue, behaves the same as AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL. |
- 'gdb --args' can be used to conveniently pass the executable and arguments to gdb.
- From inside GDB on Linux, you can set environment variables "set env". Note the command does not use an '=' sign:
(gdb) set env AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL 3
- The fault will be caught by the runtime but was actually generated by an asynchronous command running on the GPU. So, the GDB backtrace will show a path in the runtime.
- To determine the true location of the fault, force the kernels to execute synchronously by seeing the environment variables AMD_SERIALIZE_KERNEL=3 AMD_SERIALIZE_COPY=3. This will force HIP runtime to wait for the kernel to finish executing before retuning. If the fault occurs during the execution of a kernel, you can see the code which launched the kernel inside the backtrace. A bit of guesswork is required to determine which thread is actually causing the issue - typically it will the thread which is waiting inside the
libhsa-runtime64.so. - VM faults inside kernels can be caused by:
- incorrect code (ie a for loop which extends past array boundaries),
- memory issues - kernel arguments which are invalid (null pointers, unregistered host pointers, bad pointers),
- synchronization issues,
- compiler issues (incorrect code generation from the compiler),
- runtime issues.