From 207f4120085c64908f510e311741ca76db84b467 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Varsa Gupta <125072517+VarsaGupta@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 16:01:30 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] pubmed script added

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+1. Nutrients. 2024 Apr 28;16(9):1324. doi: 10.3390/nu16091324.
+
+Effects of a Low Dose of Orally Administered Creatine Monohydrate on 
+Post-Fatigue Muscle Power in Young Soccer Players.
+
+Huerta Ojeda Á(1), Jofré-Saldía E(2), Torres-Banduc M(1), Galdames Maliqueo 
+S(3), Barahona-Fuentes G(1)(4), Cofré Acevedo C(1), Lizana Romero G(1), de Villa 
+Garduño R(1), Riquelme Vera G(1), Vera Paredes P(1), Barrios Ávalos B(1), 
+Morales Serey T(1), Yeomans-Cabrera MM(5), Jorquera-Aguilera C(6).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, 
+Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile.
+(2)Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, 
+Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Santiago 7550000, Chile.
+(3)Facultad Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de Playa 
+Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
+(4)Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del 
+Mar 2520000, Chile.
+(5)Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Las Américas, Viña del 
+Mar 2531098, Chile.
+(6)Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Mayor, 
+Santiago 8580745, Chile.
+
+The use of creatine monohydrate (Cr) in professional soccer is widely 
+documented. However, the effect of low doses of Cr on the physical performance 
+of young soccer players is unknown. This study determined the effect of a low 
+dose of orally administered Cr on muscle power after acute intra-session fatigue 
+in young soccer players. Twenty-eight young soccer players (mean age = 17.1 ± 
+0.9 years) were randomly assigned to either a Cr (n = 14, 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 for 
+14 days) or placebo group (n = 14), using a two-group matched, double-blind, 
+placebo-controlled design. Before and after supplementation, participants 
+performed 21 repetitions of 30 m (fatigue induction), and then, to measure 
+muscle power, they performed four repetitions in half back squat (HBS) at 65% of 
+1RM. Statistical analysis included a two-factor ANOVA (p ˂ 0.05). Bar velocity 
+at HBS, time: p = 0.0006, ŋp2 = 0.22; group: p = 0.0431, ŋp2 = 0.12, time × 
+group p = 0.0744, ŋp2 = 0.02. Power at HBS, time: p = 0.0006, ŋp2 = 0.12; group: 
+p = 0.16, ŋp2 = 0.06, time × group: p = 0.17, ŋp2 = 0.009. At the end of the 
+study, it was found that, after the induction of acute intra-session fatigue, a 
+low dose of Cr administered orally increases muscle power in young soccer 
+players.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu16091324
+PMCID: PMC11085131
+PMID: 38732571 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2024 May 7. doi:
+10.1152/ajplung.00241.2023.  Online ahead of print.
+
+Antenatal creatine supplementation reduces persistent fetal lung inflammation 
+and oxidative stress in an ovine model of chorioamnionitis.
+
+Choi YJ(1), Williams E(1), Dahl MJ(2), Amos SE(1), James C(3), Bautista AP(3), 
+Kurup V(1), Musk GC(4), Kershaw H(4), Arthur PG(5), Kicic A(6), Choi YS(1), 
+Terrill JR(5), Pillow JJ(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 
+Australia.
+(2)Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United 
+States.
+(3)School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 
+Australia.
+(4)Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
+(5)School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, 
+WA, Australia.
+(6)Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, 
+Australia.
+
+Background Chorioamnionitis is a common antecedent of preterm birth and induces 
+inflammation and oxidative stress in the fetal lungs. Reducing inflammation and 
+oxidative stress in the fetal lungs may improve respiratory outcomes in preterm 
+infants. Creatine is an organic acid with known anti-inflammatory and 
+antioxidant properties. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of direct fetal 
+creatine supplementation to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in fetal 
+lungs arising from an in utero pro-inflammatory stimulus. Methods Fetal lambs 
+(n=51) were instrumented at 90 days gestation to receive a continuous infusion 
+of creatine monohydrate (6 mgkg-1h-1) or saline for 17 days. Maternal 
+chorioamnionitis was induced with intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg, 
+O55:H6) or saline seven days before delivery at 110 days gestation. Tissue 
+creatine content was assessed with capillary electrophoresis, and inflammatory 
+markers were analyzed with Luminex Magpix and immunohistochemistry. Oxidative 
+stress was measured as the level of protein thiol oxidation. The effects of LPS 
+and creatine were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA. Results Fetal creatine 
+supplementation increased lung creatine content by 149% (PCr<0.0001) and had no 
+adverse effects on lung morphology. LPS-exposed groups showed increased levels 
+of interleukin-8 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (PLPS<0.0001) and increased 
+levels of CD45+ leukocytes (PLPS<0.0001) and MPO+ (PLPS<0.0001) cells in the 
+lung parenchyma. Creatine supplementation significantly reduced the levels of 
+CD45+ (PCr=0.045) and MPO+ cells (PCr=0.012) in the lungs and reduced thiol 
+oxidation in plasma (PCr<0.01) and lung tissue (PCr=0.02). Conclusion Fetal 
+creatine supplementation reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in 
+the fetal lungs arising from chorioamnionitis.
+
+DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00241.2023
+PMID: 38712443
+
+
+3. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 29;14(1):9798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59884-w.
+
+Comparing the efficacy of concomitant treatment of resistance exercise and 
+creatine monohydrate versus multiple individual therapies in age related 
+sarcopenia.
+
+Elgizawy EI(1), Amer GS(2), Ali EA(3), Alqalashy FS(4), Ibrahim MM(5), Latif 
+AAA(6), Shaban AM(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, 
+Yassin Abd El Ghafar St., Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt. 
+eman.elgizawi@med.menofia.edu.eg.
+(2)Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, 
+Yassin Abd El Ghafar St., Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
+(3)Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, 
+Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
+(4)Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El 
+Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
+(5)Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 
+Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
+(6)Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 
+Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
+
+Aging-related sarcopenia is a degenerative loss of strength and skeletal muscle 
+mass that impairs quality of life. Evaluating NUDT3 gene and myogenin expression 
+as new diagnostic tools in sarcopenia. Also, comparing the concomitant treatment 
+of resistance exercise (EX) and creatine monohydrate (CrM) versus single therapy 
+by EX, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and CrM using aged rats. Sixty male rats were 
+equally divided into groups. The control group, aging group, EX-treated group, 
+the CoQ10 group were administered (500 mg/kg) of CoQ10, the CrM group supplied 
+(0.3 mg/kg of CrM), and a group of CrM concomitant with resistance exercise. 
+Serum lipid profiles, certain antioxidant markers, electromyography (EMG), nudix 
+hydrolase 3 (NUDT3) expression, creatine kinase (CK), and sarcopenic index 
+markers were measured after 12 weeks. The gastrocnemius muscle was stained with 
+hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and myogenin. The EX-CrM combination showed significant 
+improvement in serum lipid profile, antioxidant markers, EMG, NUDT3 gene, 
+myogenin expression, CK, and sarcopenic index markers from other groups. The 
+NUDT3 gene and myogenin expression have proven efficient as diagnostic tools for 
+sarcopenia. Concomitant treatment of CrM and EX is preferable to individual 
+therapy because it reduces inflammation, improves the lipid serum profile, 
+promotes muscle regeneration, and thus has the potential to improve sarcopenia.
+
+© 2024. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59884-w
+PMCID: PMC11058861
+PMID: 38684784 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing interests.
+
+
+4. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2024;70(2):174-178. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.70.174.
+
+Eight-Week Creatine-Glucose Supplementation Alleviates Clinical Features of Long 
+COVID.
+
+Slankamenac J(1), Ranisavljev M(1), Todorovic N(1), Ostojic J(1)(2), Stajer 
+V(1), Candow DG(3), Ratgeber L(4), Betlehem J(4), Acs P(4), Ostojic SM(1)(4)(5).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad.
+(2)Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad.
+(3)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina.
+(4)Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs.
+(5)Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder.
+
+Preliminary studies demonstrated beneficial effects of dietary creatine across 
+different post-viral fatigue syndromes. Creatine is often co-administered with 
+glucose to improve its potency yet whether glucose boost the efficacy of 
+creatine in long COVID remains currently unknown. In this report, we investigate 
+the effects of 8-wk creatine intake with and without glucose on patient-reported 
+outcomes, exercise tolerance, and tissue creatine levels in patients with long 
+COVID. Fifteen male and female long COVID adult patients (age 39.7±16.0 y; 9 
+women) with moderate fatigue and at least one of additional long COVID-related 
+symptoms volunteered to participate in this randomized controlled parallel-group 
+interventional trial. All patients were allocated in a double-blind 
+parallel-group design (1 : 1 : 1) to receive creatine (8 g of creatine 
+monohydrate per day), a mixture of creatine and glucose (8 g of creatine 
+monohydrate and 3 g of glucose per day), or placebo (3 g of glucose per day) 
+t.i.d. during an 8-wk intervention interval. Two-way ANOVA with repeated 
+measures (treatment vs. time interaction) revealed significant differences in 
+changes in total creatine levels between the groups, showing an interaction 
+effect at two brain locations (right precentral white matter F=34.740, p=0.008; 
+partial η2=0.72; left paracentral grey matter F=19.243, p=0.019; partial 
+η2=0.88), with creatine and creatine-glucose outcompeted placebo to elevate 
+creatine levels at these two locations. Several long COVID symptoms (including 
+body aches, breathing problems, difficulties concentrating, headache, and 
+general malaise) were significantly reduced in creatine-glucose group at 8-wk 
+follow-up (p≤0.05); the effect sizes for reducing body aches, difficulties 
+concentrating, and headache were 1.33, 0.80, and 1.12, respectively, suggesting 
+a large effect of creatine-glucose mixture for these outcomes. Our preliminary 
+findings suggest that supplying exogenous creatine with glucose could be 
+recommended as an effective procedure in replenishing brain creatine pool and 
+alleviating long COVID features in this prevalent condition.
+
+DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.174
+PMID: 38684388 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+5. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024 Apr;34(4):e14629. doi: 10.1111/sms.14629.
+
+No additive effect of creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate on intense 
+exercise performance in endurance-trained individuals.
+
+Moesgaard L(1), Jessen S(1), Christensen PM(2), Bangsbo J(1), Hostrup M(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, 
+Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
+(2)Team Danmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
+
+BACKGROUND: Athletes commonly use creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate for 
+performance enhancement. While their isolated effects are well-described, less 
+is known about their potential additive effects.
+METHODS: Following a baseline trial, we randomized 12 endurance-trained males 
+(age: 25 ± 5 years, VO2max: 56.7 ± 4.6 mL kg-1 min-1; mean ± SD) and 11 females 
+(age: 25 ± 3 years, VO2max: 50.2 ± 3.4 mL kg-1 min-1) to 5 days of creatine 
+monohydrate (0.3 g kg-1 per day) or placebo loading, followed by a daily 
+maintenance dose (0.04 g kg-1) throughout the study. After the loading period, 
+subjects completed four trials in randomized order where they ingested caffeine 
+(3 mg kg-1), sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g kg-1), placebo, or both caffeine and 
+sodium bicarbonate before a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 15-s sprint, 
+and 6-min time trial.
+RESULTS: Compared to placebo, mean power output during 15-s sprint was higher 
+following loading with creatine than placebo (+34 W, 95% CI: 10 to 58, 
+p = 0.008), but with no additional effect of caffeine (+10 W, 95% CI: -7 to 24, 
+p = 0.156) or sodium bicarbonate (+5 W, 95% CI: -4 to 13, p = 0.397). Mean power 
+output during 6-min time trial was higher with caffeine (+12 W, 95% CI: 5 to 18, 
+p = 0.001) and caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (+8 W, 95% CI: 0 to 15, p = 0.038), 
+whereas sodium bicarbonate (-1 W, 95% CI: -7 to 6, p = 0.851) and creatine 
+(-6 W, 95% CI: -15 to 4, p = 0.250) had no effects.
+CONCLUSION: While creatine and caffeine can enhance sprint- and time trial 
+performance, respectively, these effects do not seem additive. Therefore, 
+supplementing with either creatine or caffeine appears sufficient to enhance 
+sprint or short intense exercise performance.
+
+© 2024 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports 
+published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
+
+DOI: 10.1111/sms.14629
+PMID: 38646853 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+6. BMC Cancer. 2024 Apr 18;24(1):493. doi: 10.1186/s12885-024-12260-3.
+
+Creatine supplementation and resistance training to preserve muscle mass and 
+attenuate cancer progression (CREATINE-52): a protocol for a double-blind 
+randomized controlled trial.
+
+Coletta AM(1)(2), Simon LH(3), Maslana K(4), Taylor S(5), Larson K(5), Hansen 
+PA(5)(6), Thomas VM(7)(8), Ulrich CM(3)(9), Kohli M(7)(8), Chipman J(3)(9), 
+Swami U(7)(8), Gupta S(7)(8)(10), Maughan BL(7)(8), Agarwal N(7)(8).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 
+USA. adriana.coletta@hci.utah.edu.
+(2)Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 
+University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. adriana.coletta@hci.utah.edu.
+(3)Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 
+University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
+(4)Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 
+USA.
+(5)The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
+(6)Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
+(7)Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
+(8)Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 
+Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
+(9)Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 
+UT, USA.
+(10)George E Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake 
+City, UT, USA.
+
+BACKGROUND: Muscle mass is important for metastatic prostate cancer survival and 
+quality of life (QoL). The backbone of treatment for men with metastatic 
+castration sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) is androgen deprivation therapy 
+(ADT) with an androgen signaling inhibitor. ADT is an effective cancer 
+treatment, but it facilitates significant declines in muscle mass and adverse 
+health outcomes important to mCSPC survivors, such as fatigue, and reductions in 
+physical function, independence, insulin sensitivity, and QoL. In non-metastatic 
+CSPC survivors, resistance training (RT) preserves muscle mass and improves 
+these related health outcomes, but the biggest barrier to RT in CSPC survivors 
+of all stages is fatigue. Creatine monohydrate supplementation coupled with RT 
+(Cr + RT) may address this barrier since creatine plays a critical role in 
+energy metabolism. Cr + RT in cancer-free older adults and other clinical 
+populations improves muscle mass and related health outcomes. Evidence also 
+suggests that creatine supplementation can complement cancer treatment. Thus, 
+Cr + RT is a strategy that addresses gaps in survivorship needs of people with 
+mCSPC. The purpose of this parallel, double-blind randomized controlled trial is 
+to test the effects of 52-weeks of Cr + RT compared with placebo (PLA) and RT 
+(PLA + RT) on muscle mass, other related health outcomes, and markers of cancer 
+progression.
+METHODS: We will carry out this trial with our team's established, effective, 
+home-based, telehealth RT program in 200 mCSPC survivors receiving ADT, and 
+evaluate outcomes at baseline, 24-, and 52-weeks. RT will occur twice weekly 
+with elastic resistance bands, and an established creatine supplementation 
+protocol will be used for supplementation delivery. Our approach addresses a 
+major facilitator to RT in mCSPC survivors, a home-based RT program, while 
+utilizing a supervised model for safety.
+DISCUSSION: Findings will improve delivery of comprehensive survivorship care by 
+providing a multicomponent, patient-centered lifestyle strategy to preserve 
+muscle mass, improve health outcomes, and complement cancer treatment 
+(NCT06112990).
+
+© 2024. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12260-3
+PMCID: PMC11025211
+PMID: 38637770 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: NA (lifetime disclosures): No personal COIs 
+since April 15, 2021. Consultancy to Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Aveo, Bayer, 
+Bristol Myers Squibb, Calithera, Clovis, Eisai, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Exelixis, 
+Foundation Medicine, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, MEI Pharma, Nektar, 
+Novartis, Pfizer, Pharmacyclics, and Seattle Genetics. Research funding to NA’s 
+institution (lifetime): Arnivas, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bavarian Nordic, Bayer, 
+Bristol Myers Squibb, Calithera, Celldex, Clovis, Crispr, Eisai, Eli Lilly, EMD 
+Serono, Exelixis, Genentech, Gilead, Glaxo Smith Kline, Immunomedics, Janssen, 
+Lava, Medivation, Merck, Nektar, Neoleukin, New Link Genetics, Novartis, Oric, 
+Pfizer, Prometheus, Rexahn, Roche, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Takeda, and Tracon. 
+US reports consultancy to Astellas, Exelixis, Seattle Genetics, Imvax, Sanofi, 
+Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Gilead and research funding to institute from Janssen, 
+Exelixis and Astellas/Seattle Genetics. BLM received financial compensation as a 
+paid consultant/advisor to Abbive, Pfizer, AVEO oncology, Janssen, Astellas, 
+Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clovis, Tempus, Merck, Exelixis, Bayer Oncology, Lilly, 
+Sanofi, Telix and Peloton Therapeutics; Huntsman Cancer Institute has received 
+research funding from Exelixis, Bavarian-Nordic, Clovis and Bristol-Myers Squibb 
+on my behalf. SG reports research funding to institution from Mirati 
+Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Viralytics, Hoosier Cancer Research Network, 
+Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Five Prime Therapeutics, Incyte, MedImmune, Merck, 
+Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis Oncology, LSK BioPharma, QED Therapeutics, Daiichi 
+Sankyo/Lilly, Immunocore, Seattle Genetics, Astellas, Acrotech and Astra Zeneca.
+
+
+7. Nutrients. 2024 Mar 20;16(6):896. doi: 10.3390/nu16060896.
+
+The Effect of Prior Creatine Intake for 28 Days on Accelerated Recovery from 
+Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled 
+Trial.
+
+Yamaguchi S(1), Inami T(1), Ishida H(2), Morito A(3), Yamada S(3), Nagata N(1), 
+Murayama M(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan.
+(2)Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan.
+(3)Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
+
+Despite the known beneficial effects of creatine in treating exercise-induced 
+muscle damage (EIMD), its effectiveness remains unclear. This study investigates 
+the recovery effect of creatine monohydrate (CrM) on EIMD. Twenty healthy men 
+(21-36 years) were subjected to stratified, randomized, double-blind 
+assignments. The creatine (CRE) and placebo (PLA) groups ingested creatine and 
+crystalline cellulose, respectively, for 28 days. They subsequently performed 
+dumbbell exercises while emphasizing eccentric contraction of the elbow flexors. 
+The EIMD was evaluated before and after exercise. The range of motion was 
+significantly higher in the CRE group than in the PLA group 24 h (h) post 
+exercise. A similar difference was detected in maximum voluntary contraction at 
+0, 48, 96, and 168 h post exercise (p = 0.017-0.047). The upper arm 
+circumference was significantly lower in the CRE group than in the PLA group at 
+48, 72, 96, and 168 h post exercise (p = 0.002-0.030). Similar variation was 
+observed in the shear modulus of the biceps brachii muscle at 96 and 168 h post 
+exercise (p = 0.003-0.021) and in muscle fatigue at 0 and 168 h post exercise (p 
+= 0.012-0.032). These findings demonstrate CrM-mediated accelerated recovery 
+from EIMD, suggesting that CrM is an effective supplement for EIMD recovery.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu16060896
+PMCID: PMC10975653
+PMID: 38542807 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that this study received 
+funding from Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The funder was not involved in the 
+study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this 
+article or the decision to submit it for publication.
+
+
+8. Nutrients. 2024 Feb 23;16(5):615. doi: 10.3390/nu16050615.
+
+Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition and 
+Malnutrition-Inflammation Score in Hemodialysis Patients: An Exploratory 1-Year, 
+Balanced, Double-Blind Design.
+
+Marini ACB(1), Schincaglia RM(1), Candow DG(2), Pimentel GD(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 227, Quadra 68 s/n°, 
+Setor Leste Universitário, Goiania 74605080, Brazil.
+(2)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK 
+S4S 0A2, Canada.
+
+Hemodialysis has a detrimental effect on fat-free mass (FFM) and muscle strength 
+over time. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of creatine supplementation on 
+the body composition and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) in patients with 
+chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis. An exploratory 1-year 
+balanced, placebo-controlled, and double-blind design was conducted with 
+hemodialysis patients (≥18 years). The creatine group (CG) received 5 g of 
+creatine monohydrate and 5 g of maltodextrin per day and the placebo group (PG) 
+received 10 g of maltodextrin per day. MIS and body composition were analyzed at 
+three time points: pre, intermediate (after 6 months), and post (after 12 
+months). After 6 months, 60% of patients on creatine experienced an increase in 
+FFM compared to a 36.8% increase for those on placebo. Moreover, 65% of patients 
+on creatine increased their skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) compared to only 
+15.8% for those on placebo. Creatine increased intracellular water (ICW) in 60% 
+of patients. MIS did not change after the intervention. In the CG, there was an 
+increase in body weight (p = 0.018), FFM (p = 0.010), SMMI (p = 0.022). CG also 
+increased total body water (pre 35.4 L, post 36.1 L; p = 0.008), mainly due to 
+ICW (pre 20.2 L, intermediate 20.7 L, post 21.0 L; p = 0.016). Long-term 
+creatine supplementation in hemodialysis patients did not attenuate the MIS, but 
+enhanced FFM and SMMI, which was likely triggered by an increase in ICW.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu16050615
+PMCID: PMC10934827
+PMID: 38474743 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Authors declare that they have no conflicts of 
+interest.
+
+
+9. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2024 Feb 27;10(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s40814-024-01469-5.
+
+Protocol for a single-arm, pilot trial of creatine monohydrate supplementation 
+in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
+
+Taylor MK(1)(2), Burns JM(3)(4), Choi IY(4)(5)(6), Herda TJ(7), Lee P(5)(6), 
+Smith AN(8), Sullivan DK(8)(3), Swerdlow RH(3)(4)(9)(10), Wilkins HM(3)(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, 
+Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. mtaylor3@kumc.edu.
+(2)Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS, 
+66205, USA. mtaylor3@kumc.edu.
+(3)Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas, Fairway, KS, 
+66205, USA.
+(4)Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 
+KS, 66160, USA.
+(5)Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 
+Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
+(6)Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 
+KS, 66160, USA.
+(7)Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, 
+Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
+(8)Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, 
+Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
+(9)Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical 
+Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
+(10)Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas 
+Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
+
+BACKGROUND: Impaired brain bioenergetics is a pathological hallmark of 
+Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is a compelling target for AD treatment. Patients 
+with AD exhibit dysfunction in the brain creatine (Cr) system, which is integral 
+in maintaining bioenergetic flux. Recent studies in AD mouse models suggest Cr 
+supplementation improves brain mitochondrial function and may be protective of 
+AD peptide pathology and cognition.
+AIMS: The Creatine to Augment Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease (CABA) study 
+is designed to primarily assess the feasibility of supplementation with 20 g/day 
+of creatine monohydrate (CrM) in patients with cognitive impairment due to AD. 
+Secondary aims are designed to generate preliminary data investigating changes 
+in brain Cr levels, cognition, peripheral and brain mitochondrial function, and 
+muscle strength and size.
+METHODS: CABA is an 8-week, single-arm pilot study that will recruit 20 patients 
+with cognitive impairment due to AD. Participants attend five in-person study 
+visits: two visits at baseline to conduct screening and baseline assessments, a 
+4-week visit, and two 8-week visits. Outcomes assessment includes recruitment, 
+retention, and compliance, cognitive testing, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 
+brain metabolites, platelet and lymphocyte mitochondrial function, and muscle 
+strength and morphology at baseline and 8 weeks.
+DISCUSSION: CABA is the first study to investigate CrM as a potential treatment 
+in patients with AD. The pilot data generated by this study are pertinent to 
+inform the design of future large-scale efficacy trials.
+TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05383833 , registered on 20 May 2022.
+
+© 2024. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1186/s40814-024-01469-5
+PMCID: PMC10898014
+PMID: 38414003
+
+Conflict of interest statement: M. K. T. receives research support from the 
+National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Alzheimer’s Association. In the past 
+2 years, J. M. B. has received research support from the NIH; research support 
+to conduct clinical trials (paid to institution) from Eli Lilly, Amylyx 
+Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, AbbVie, Astra-Zeneca, and Roche; and has served as a 
+consultant for Renew Research, Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, and Eli Lilly. I. 
+Y. C. receives research support from the NIH and the US Highbush Blueberry 
+Council. T. J. H. receives support from the National Strength and Conditioning 
+Association. P. L. receives research support from the NIH. A. N. S. declares no 
+competing interests. D. K. S. receives research support from the NIH, the Egg 
+Nutrition Center, and the US Highbush Blueberry Council. R. H. S. receives 
+research support from the NIH. H. M. W. receives research support from the NIH 
+and the Alzheimer’s Association.
+
+
+10. Nutrients. 2024 Jan 20;16(2):315. doi: 10.3390/nu16020315.
+
+Pattern of Consumption of Sports Supplements of Spanish Handball Players: 
+Differences According to Gender and Competitive Level.
+
+Romero-García D(1), Martínez-Sanz JM(1), Sebastiá-Rico J(2)(3), Manchado C(4), 
+Vaquero-Cristóbal R(5).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 
+Alicante, Spain.
+(2)Area of Nutrition, University Clinic of Nutrition, Physical Activity and 
+Physiotherapy (CUNAFF), Lluís Alcanyís Foundation-Universiy of Valencia, 46020 
+Valencia, Spain.
+(3)Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 
+46980 Valencia, Spain.
+(4)General Didactics and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of 
+Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
+(5)Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport 
+Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain.
+
+(1) Background: Given the physiological characteristics of handball, players may 
+require the use of certain sports supplements (SS). However, very few studies 
+have investigated the consumption of SS in handball. The aims were to determine 
+the number of handball players who consume SS, to analyze their SS consumption 
+pattern according to gender and competitive level, and to assess whether the SS 
+they consume are supported by scientific evidence, and to which group they 
+belong according to the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport 
+(AIS). (2) Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out on the 
+habitual consumption of SS in 360 federated Spanish players by using a 
+self-administered and validated questionnaire. (3) Results: These showed 65.8% 
+of the sample consumed SS. According to the total number of participants, the 
+most consumed supplements were from Group A: sports drinks (30.8%) and whey 
+protein (30.4%). When analyzing the data by gender, the men's consumption was 
+significantly higher for whey protein (p < 0.001), caffeine (p = 0.009), and 
+creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001). When analyzed by competitive level, the 
+provincial category players group showed a significantly lower consumption than 
+the rest of the groups for protein bars (p = 0.038), whey protein (p = 0.005) 
+and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001), while the honor division group showed a 
+significantly higher intake of creatine monohydrate than the remaining groups (p 
+< 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The handball players showed a moderate consumption of 
+SS, without using substances that were not supported by scientific evidence and 
+opting in most cases for supplements belonging to group A from the AIS 
+classification. Men tended to consume more SS, and SS consumption increased 
+based on competitive level.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu16020315
+PMCID: PMC10820419
+PMID: 38276553 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The 
+funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or 
+interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to 
+publish the results.
+
+
+11. Front Physiol. 2023 Dec 14;14:1296342. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1296342. 
+eCollection 2023.
+
+In-ovo feeding with creatine monohydrate: implications for chicken energy 
+reserves and breast muscle development during the pre-post hatching period.
+
+Dayan J(1), Melkman-Zehavi T(1), Goldman N(2), Soglia F(3), Zampiga M(3), 
+Petracci M(3), Sirri F(3), Braun U(4), Inhuber V(4), Halevy O(1), Uni Z(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, 
+Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
+(2)Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of 
+Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 
+Israel.
+(3)Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University 
+of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
+(4)Alzchem Trostberg GmbH, Trostberg, Germany.
+
+The most dynamic period throughout the lifespan of broiler chickens is the 
+pre-post-hatching period, entailing profound effects on their energy status, 
+survival rate, body weight, and muscle growth. Given the significance of this 
+pivotal period, we evaluated the effect of in-ovo feeding (IOF) with creatine 
+monohydrate on late-term embryos' and hatchlings' energy reserves and post-hatch 
+breast muscle development. The results demonstrate that IOF with creatine 
+elevates the levels of high-energy-value molecules (creatine and glycogen) in 
+the liver, breast muscle and yolk sac tissues 48 h post IOF, on embryonic day 19 
+(p < 0.03). Despite this evidence, using a novel automated image analysis tool 
+on day 14 post-hatch, we found a significantly higher number of myofibers with 
+lower diameter and area in the IOF creatine group compared to the control and 
+IOF NaCl groups (p < 0.004). Gene expression analysis, at hatch, revealed that 
+IOF creatine group had significantly higher expression levels of myogenin (MYOG) 
+and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), related to differentiation of myogenic 
+cells (p < 0.01), and lower expression of myogenic differentiation protein 1 
+(MyoD), related to their proliferation (p < 0.04). These results imply a 
+possible effect of IOF with creatine on breast muscle development through 
+differential expression of genes involved in myogenic proliferation and 
+differentiation. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential of 
+pre-hatch enrichment with creatine in modulating post-hatch muscle growth and 
+development.
+
+Copyright © 2023 Dayan, Melkman-Zehavi, Goldman, Soglia, Zampiga, Petracci, 
+Sirri, Braun, Inhuber, Halevy and Uni.
+
+DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1296342
+PMCID: PMC10752974
+PMID: 38156069
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Authors UB and VI were employed by Alzchem 
+Trostberg GmbH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in 
+the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed 
+as a potential conflict of interest.
+
+
+12. Nutrition. 2024 Feb;118:112239. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112239. Epub 2023 Sep
+ 27.
+
+Prevalence of sports supplements consumption and its association with food 
+choices among female elite football players.
+
+Molina-López J(1), Pérez AB(2), Gamarra-Morales Y(3), Vázquez-Lorente H(4), 
+Herrera-Quintana L(4), Sánchez-Oliver AJ(5), Planells E(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, 
+Huelva, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of 
+Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, 
+Spain. Electronic address: jorge.molina@ddi.uhu.es.
+(2)Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, 
+Huelva, Spain.
+(3)Clinical Analysis Unit, Valle de los Pedroches Hospital, Pozoblanco, Córdoba, 
+Spain.
+(4)Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food 
+Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
+(5)Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de 
+Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
+
+OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to 1) investigate the consumption of Sports 
+Supplements (SSs) among female elite football players, 2) evaluate the influence 
+of age on SS consumption, and 3) determine the relationship between the 
+consumption of SSs and dietary choices among elite football players.
+METHODS: A total of 126 female football players of Primera Iberdrola and Reto 
+Iberdrola who participated in this descriptive, observational, and 
+cross-sectional study completed a self-administered questionnaire on SSs and the 
+Athletes' Food Choices Questionnaire.
+RESULTS: Overall, 84.1% of participants consumed supplements, mainly for 
+improved sports performance (68.3%) and health (34.1%). The main sources of 
+purchase were the Internet (34.9%) and specialized shops (23.8%), and players 
+were commonly advised by a dietitian-nutritionist to use SSs (56.3%). The SSs 
+most often consumed included whey protein (30.2%), sports drinks (28.6%), 
+creatine monohydrate (28.6%), sports bars (27.8%), and caffeine (27.8%). Older 
+players consumed more supplements at the time of data compilation. Players 
+predominantly acquired these supplements by using the Internet and reported 
+benefits from their use (all P ≤ 0.036). Additionally, players who consumed SSs 
+conveyed more concern about their food choices.
+CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of female football players consumed SSs, 
+particularly SSs supported by robust scientific evidence. Older players had 
+higher supplement consumption rates. The use of SSs was related to food choices 
+through nutritional characteristics of foods, knowledge about health and 
+nutrition, weight control with the help of food, and the performance benefits 
+players could acquire.
+
+Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112239
+PMID: 38071936 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors 
+declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+13. Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Sep 20;11(11):6899-6906. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3597.
+eCollection  2023 Nov.
+
+Effects of six-month creatine supplementation on patient- and clinician-reported 
+outcomes, and tissue creatine levels in patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue 
+syndrome.
+
+Slankamenac J(1), Ranisavljev M(1), Todorovic N(1), Ostojic J(1)(2), Stajer 
+V(1), Ostojic SM(1)(3)(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE University of Novi Sad 
+Novi Sad Serbia.
+(2)Faculty of Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia.
+(3)Department of Nutrition and Public Health University of Agder Kristiansand 
+Norway.
+(4)Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pecs Pecs Hungary.
+
+Dietary creatine has been recently put forward as a possible intervention 
+strategy to reduce post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome yet no clinical study so far 
+evaluated its efficacy and safety for this perplexing condition. In this 
+parallel-group, randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial, we analyzed 
+the effects of 6-month creatine supplementation (4 g of creatine monohydrate per 
+day) on various patient- and clinician-reported outcomes, and tissue creatine 
+levels in 12 patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome. Creatine intake 
+induced a significant increase in tissue creatine levels in vastus medialis 
+muscle and right parietal white matter compared to the baseline values at both 
+3-month and 6-month follow-ups (p < .05). Two-way analysis of variance with 
+repeated measures revealed a significant difference (treatment vs. time 
+interaction) between interventions in tissue creatine levels (p < .05), with the 
+creatine group was superior to placebo to augment creatine levels at vastus 
+medialis muscle, left frontal white matter, and right parietal white matter. 
+Creatine supplementation induced a significant reduction in general fatigue 
+after 3 months of intake compared to baseline values (p = .04), and 
+significantly improved scores for several post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome-related 
+symptoms (e.g., ageusia, breathing difficulties, body aches, headache, and 
+difficulties concentrating) at 6-month follow-up (p < .05). Taking creatine for 
+6 months appears to improve tissue bioenergetics and attenuate clinical features 
+of post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome; additional studies are warranted to confirm 
+our findings in various post-COVID-19 cohorts.
+
+© 2023 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
+
+DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3597
+PMCID: PMC10630839
+PMID: 37970399
+
+Conflict of interest statement: SMO serves as a member of the Scientific 
+Advisory Board on creatine in health and medicine (AlzChem LLC). SMO co‐owns 
+patent “Supplements Based on Liquid Creatine” at European Patent Office 
+(WO2019150323 A1). SMO has received research support related to creatine during 
+the past 36 months from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science, and 
+Technological Development; Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and 
+Scientific Research; Alzchem GmbH; ThermoLife International; and Hueston 
+Hennigan LLP. SMO does not own stocks and shares in any organization. JS, MR, 
+NT, JO, and VS declare no known competing financial interests or personal 
+relationships that could have appeared to influence the authorship of this 
+paper.
+
+
+14. Poult Sci. 2024 Jan;103(1):103166. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103166. Epub 2023
+Oct  10.
+
+The antioxidative influence of dietary creatine monohydrate and L-carnitine on 
+laying performance, egg quality, ileal microbiota, blood biochemistry, and redox 
+status of stressed laying quails.
+
+Al-Shammari KIA(1), Zamil SJ(1), Batkowska J(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Animal Production Techniques, Al-Musaib Technical College, 
+Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq.
+(2)Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Production, University of Life 
+Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: 
+justyna.batkowska@up.lublin.pl.
+
+The experiment was implemented to assess the influence of dietary 
+supplementation of laying quails with creatine monohydrate (CrM), L-carnitine 
+(CAR) and their mixture (CrMCAR) as antioxidants against oxidative stress (OS) 
+induced by 2.5 ppm lead acetate (LA) in drinking water on productive, 
+physiological and microbial aspects. In total, 400 laying quail females at 10 wk 
+of age were divided into a randomized design with 5 groups and 4 replicates of 
+20 birds each. Birds were fed ad libitum with a balanced diet for 8 wk. The 
+control group was kept under no-stress conditions and was given fresh water 
+without any additives (G1). While birds in other groups were exposed to OS 
+induced experimentally by 2.5 ppm LA in drinking water with no feed additive 
+(G2) or supplemented with 500 mg/kg CrM (G3) or 500 mg/kg CAR (G4) or 
+combination of 250 mg/kg each of CrM and CAR (CrMCAR, G5) to feed mixture. 
+Compared to G2, G5 demonstrated the reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of feed conversion 
+ratio, feed intake, mortality and ileal total coliform, as well as serum and egg 
+malondialdehyde and serum lipid hydroperoxide, uric acid, glucose, cholesterol, 
+enzymatic activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline 
+phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, γ-glutamyl transferase), and 
+heterophils/lymphocytes ratio. In the meanwhile, there was an increase (P ≤ 
+0.05) in egg production, egg mass, and weight with the improvement of egg 
+quality, serum sex hormones level and ileal lactic acid bacteria for G5 followed 
+by G4 and G3. Moreover, G5 enhanced (P ≤ 0.05), the total antioxidant capacity 
+of egg and serum glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione 
+peroxidase, protein and calcium levels. Therefore, dietary CrMCAR, CAR and CrM 
+have analogous influence to control by improving the antioxidant and 
+physiological parameters which resulted in better productive performance and egg 
+characteristics of stressed quails. These antioxidants, especially in their 
+equal combination, are beneficial to alleviate oxidative stress incidence and 
+can be recommended for poultry feeding under various aspects of environmental 
+stresses.
+
+Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103166
+PMCID: PMC10665932
+PMID: 37939584 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: DISCLOSURES The authors declare that they have 
+no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have 
+appeared to influence the work reported in the present study.
+
+
+15. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2023 Nov;63(11):1188-1193. doi: 
+10.23736/S0022-4707.23.15058-4. Epub 2023 Sep 7.
+
+Body composition measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance following 
+creatine supplementation.
+
+Buck EA(1), Saunders MJ(1), Edwards ES(1), Womack CJ(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Human Performance Laboratory, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 
+USA.
+(2)Human Performance Laboratory, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA 
+- womackcx@jmu.edu.
+
+BACKGROUND: Acute fluid ingestion increases estimated body fat percentage (BF%) 
+measurements by single frequency (SF-BIA) and multi-frequency bioelectrical 
+impedance (MF-BIA). It is unknown if MF-BIA accurately measures total BF% and 
+total body water (TBW) after creatine supplementation, which causes fluid 
+retention, and resultant increases in fat-free mass and TBW. The purpose of this 
+study was to analyze the effect of creatine supplementation on body composition 
+and TBW measured through a popular MF-BIA device (InBody 770).
+METHODS: Thirteen male and 14 female subjects (18-22 years) completed one week 
+of creatine monohydrate (0.3 g/kg body weight) or maltodextrin. Pre- and 
+post-supplementation body composition measurements included dual-energy X-ray 
+absorptiometry (DEXA), SF-BIA measured by an Omron HBF-306C device, and MF-BIA 
+measured by an InBody 770 device to measure BF%, fat free mass (FFM), and fat 
+mass (FM). Additionally, intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), 
+and TBW were estimated by MF- BIA.
+RESULTS: FFM increased more in the creatine group than the placebo group 
+measured by all body composition modes (1.2 kg, 1.9 kg, and 1.1 kg increase for 
+SF-BIA, MF-BIA, and DEXA respectively, P<0.05). Creatine supplementation 
+resulted in a 2% increase (P<0.05) in TBW measured by MF-BIA (40.4±9.5 to 
+41.2±9.6 kg).
+CONCLUSIONS: One week of creatine supplementation increased TBW as detected by 
+the InBody 770 device. Changes in body composition that occurred due to the 
+increase in TBW were detected as an increase in FFM measured by SF-BIA, MF-BIA, 
+and DEXA.
+
+DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.23.15058-4
+PMID: 37675500 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+16. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2023 Nov 1;26(6):514-520. doi: 
+10.1097/MCO.0000000000000975. Epub 2023 Aug 29.
+
+Evidence-based nutritional approaches to enhance exercise adaptations.
+
+Roberts MD(1), Moulding B(2), Forbes SC(3), Candow DG(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
+(2)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, 
+Canada.
+(3)Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon 
+University, Brandon, MB, Canada.
+
+PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this opinion paper is to provide current-day 
+and evidence-based information regarding dietary supplements that support 
+resistance training adaptations or acutely enhance strength-power or endurance 
+performance.
+RECENT FINDINGS: Several independent lines of evidence support that higher 
+protein diets, which can be readily achieved through animal-based protein 
+supplements, optimize muscle mass during periods of resistance training, and 
+this likely facilitates strength increases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation 
+and peri-exercise caffeine consumption also enhance strength and power through 
+distinct mechanisms. Supplements that favorably affect aspects of endurance 
+performance include peri-exercise caffeine, nitrate-containing supplements 
+(e.g., beet root juice), and sodium bicarbonate consumption. Further, 
+beta-alanine supplementation can enhance high-intensity endurance exercise 
+efforts.
+SUMMARY: Select dietary supplements can enhance strength and endurance outcomes, 
+and take-home recommendations will be provided for athletes and practitioners 
+aiming to adopt these strategies.
+
+Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000975
+PMID: 37650704
+
+
+17. Nutrients. 2023 Aug 13;15(16):3567. doi: 10.3390/nu15163567.
+
+The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Exercise Recovery in Active Women 
+throughout the Menstrual Cycle.
+
+Gordon AN(1), Moore SR(1)(2), Patterson ND(1), Hostetter ME(1), Cabre HE(1)(2), 
+Hirsch KR(3), Hackney AC(1), Smith-Ryan AE(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, 
+University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
+(2)Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University 
+of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
+(3)Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of 
+South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
+
+Creatine supplementation improves anaerobic performance and recovery; however, 
+to date, these outcomes have not been well explored in females. This study 
+evaluated the effect of creatine monohydrate loading on exercise recovery, 
+measured by heart rate variability (HRV) and repeated sprint performance, in 
+women across the menstrual cycle. In this randomized, double-blind, cross-over 
+study, 39 women (mean ± standard deviation: age: 24.6 ± 5.9 years, height: 172.5 
+± 42.3 cm, weight: 65.1 ± 8.1 kg, BF: 27.4 ± 5.8%) were randomized to a creatine 
+monohydrate (n = 19; 20 g per day in 4 × 5 g doses) or non-caloric PL group (n = 
+20). HRV was measured at rest and after participants completed a repeated sprint 
+cycling test (10 × 6 s maximal sprints). Measurements were conducted before and 
+after supplementation in the follicular/low hormone and luteal/high hormone 
+phases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation did not influence HRV values, as no 
+significant differences were seen in HRV values at rest or postexercise. For 
+repeated sprint outcomes, there was a significant phase × supplement interaction 
+(p = 0.048) for fatigue index, with the greatest improvement seen in high 
+hormone in the creatine monohydrate group (-5.8 ± 19.0%) compared to changes in 
+the PL group (0.1 ± 8.1%). Sprint performance and recovery were reduced by the 
+high hormone for both groups. Though not statistically significant, the data 
+suggests that creatine monohydrate could help counteract performance decrements 
+caused by the high hormone. This data can help inform creatine monohydrate 
+loading strategies for females, demonstrating potential benefits in the high 
+hormone phase.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu15163567
+PMCID: PMC10459976
+PMID: 37630756 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: A.E.S.-R. serves as a scientific advisor for 
+AlzChem. All other authors have no conflict to disclose.
+
+
+18. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023 Sep;17(9):102835. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102835. 
+Epub 2023 Aug 1.
+
+Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic 
+lifestyle interventions.
+
+Marcotte-Chénard A(1), Oliveira B(2), Little JP(2), Candow DG(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 
+QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
+(2)School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 
+Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
+(3)Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, 
+S4S 0A2, Canada. Electronic address: darren.candow@uregina.ca.
+
+AIMS: Sarcopenia generally refers to the age-related reduction in muscle 
+strength, functional ability, and muscle mass. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial 
+condition associated with poor glucose disposal, insulin resistance, and 
+subsequently type 2 diabetes (T2D). The pathophysiological connection between 
+sarcopenia and T2D is complex but likely involves glycemic control, 
+inflammation, oxidative stress, and adiposity.
+METHODS AND RESULTS: Resistance exercise and aerobic training are two lifestyle 
+interventions that may improve glycemic control in older adults with T2D and 
+counteract sarcopenia. Further, there is evidence that dietary protein, Omega-3 
+fatty acids, creatine monohydrate, and Vitamin D hold potential to augment some 
+of these benefits from exercise.
+CONCLUSIONS: The purpose of this narrative review is: (1) discuss the 
+pathophysiological link between age-related sarcopenia and T2D, and (2) discuss 
+lifestyle interventions involving physical activity and nutrition that may 
+counteract sarcopenia and T2D.
+
+Copyright © 2023 Research Trust of DiabetesIndia (DiabetesIndia) and National 
+Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC). Published by Elsevier Ltd. 
+All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102835
+PMID: 37542749
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest D.G.C. has 
+conducted industry-sponsored research involving creatine supplementation and 
+received creatine donations for scientific studies and travel support for 
+presentations involving creatine supplementation at scientific conferences. In 
+addition, D.G.C. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company 
+that manufactures creatine) and as an expert witness/consultant in legal cases 
+involving creatine supplementation.
+
+
+19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023 Jul;27(14):6709-6717. doi: 
+10.26355/eurrev_202307_33141.
+
+Nitrosative stress-based specific evaluation of creatine use in combination with 
+aerobic running exercise at different speeds: a preclinical study in mice.
+
+Taskin A(1), Celik H, Taskin S.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Harran 
+University, Sanliurfa, Turkey. abdullahtaskin52@yahoo.com.
+
+OBJECTIVE: In acute and chronic aerobic exercise, skeletal muscle and liver are 
+the main organs that adapt and regulate metabolic activity. The levels of 
+nitrosative stress caused by exercise in these organs are extremely important in 
+the continuity of exercise, its health-promoting benefits, and the evaluation of 
+therapeutic efficacy. In this study, nitrosative stress levels were investigated 
+in musculus quadriceps femoris tissue and liver tissue of mice that were given 
+low and high-speed aerobic running exercise and also received Cr 
+supplementation.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, nitrosative stress levels were 
+investigated in the muscle/liver tissue of 42 BALB/c mice that were given low 
+and high-speed aerobic running exercise and creatine monohydrate (Cr) (40 mg/kg 
+of diet daily) supplementation with exercise. The study included six groups with 
+and without Cr supplementation, low-speed aerobic running, high-speed aerobic 
+running, and no exercise. The mice in groups with low-speed and high-speed 
+aerobic exercise with and without Cr supplementation were run on the treadmill 
+for 8 weeks. Then, nitric oxide (NO·), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and 
+peroxynitrite (ONOO-) levels in muscle/liver tissue were measured by 
+spectrophotometric method.
+RESULTS: It was found that the nitrosative stress level in the groups that did 
+low and high-speed aerobic running exercises increased compared to the group 
+that did not exercise. It was found that NO· decreased NOS activity and ONOO- 
+level increased in muscle tissues of low and high-speed aerobic exercise groups 
+that received Cr supplementation compared to those that did not. However, NO· 
+and ONOO- levels in liver tissue decreased while NOS activity did not change. 
+The lowest level of nitrosative stress in both muscle and liver tissue was found 
+in the low-speed exercise group receiving Cr supplementation.
+CONCLUSIONS: Although supplements in exercise are an important component, the 
+simultaneously measured nitrosative stress level is critical in determining the 
+optimal exercise.
+
+DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202307_33141
+PMID: 37522682 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+20. Front Neurol. 2023 Jul 5;14:1209548. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1209548. 
+eCollection 2023.
+
+Pilot study protocol of a randomized controlled trial for the potential effects 
+of creatine monohydrate on persistent post-concussive symptoms.
+
+Bødker RL(1)(2), Marcussen M(2)(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Commotio Denmark, Køge, Denmark.
+(2)Department of Public Health, University of Southern, Odense, Denmark.
+(3)Research unit of Psychiatry, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark.
+
+BACKGROUND: Mild traumatic brain injury or concussion is a global public 
+concern, with an estimated annual incidence between 48 million and 96 million 
+worldwide. It is a socioeconomical problem, and almost one-third of individuals 
+with concussion suffer from severe persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS), 
+with an increased risk of unemployment or terminating their studies. To date, no 
+single treatment is available with guaranteed success. Creatine monohydrate 
+(CrM) has shown potential as a treatment for post-concussive symptoms, having a 
+positive impact on cognitive function, chronic fatigue, depression, and anxiety. 
+The aim of this study is to examine the effect of CrM on PPCS assessed using the 
+Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ).
+METHODS: The study is designed as a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. 
+Study participants are found through neurological outpatient clinics in Denmark 
+or through social media. They will be between 25 and 35 years of age, will have 
+suffered from PPCS for 6-12 months prior to inclusion, and will have no 
+comorbidities. The participants will be randomly allocated to either an 
+intervention group (INT), placebo group (PLA), or control group (CG). Baseline 
+data will be collected immediately after inclusion, and the study period will be 
+7 weeks. Follow-up data will be collected 1 week after the end of the study 
+period. The primary outcome of the study is changes in RPQ score. Changes in 
+weight and training status will be adjusted for as potential confounders.
+ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol is approved by the National Committee on 
+Health Research (97508) and by the Danish Data Protection Agency 11.651. The 
+investigators intend to submit their study findings for publication in 
+peer-reviewed journals and disseminate the findings via presentation at academic 
+meetings/conferences.Clinical Trial registration: NCT05562232, registered 
+September 30, 2022.
+
+Copyright © 2023 Bødker and Marcussen.
+
+DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1209548
+PMCID: PMC10354866
+PMID: 37475743
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
+conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
+be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
+
+
+21. Sports Med. 2023 Dec;53(Suppl 1):49-65. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9. Epub
+ 2023 Jun 27.
+
+"Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain 
+Health and Function.
+
+Candow DG(1), Forbes SC(2), Ostojic SM(3), Prokopidis K(4), Stock MS(5), Harmon 
+KK(6), Faulkner P(7).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health 
+Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, 
+Canada. Darren.Candow@uregina.ca.
+(2)Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, 
+Canada.
+(3)Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, 
+Norway.
+(4)Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 
+UK.
+(5)School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central 
+Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
+(6)Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA.
+(7)Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
+
+Erratum in
+    Sports Med. 2023 Jul 10;:
+
+There is emerging interest regarding the potential beneficial effects of 
+creatine supplementation on indices of brain health and function. Creatine 
+supplementation can increase brain creatine stores, which may help explain some 
+of the positive effects on measures of cognition and memory, especially in aging 
+adults or during times of metabolic stress (i.e., sleep deprivation). 
+Furthermore, creatine has shown promise for improving health outcome measures 
+associated with muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury (including 
+concussions in children), depression, and anxiety. However, whether any sex- or 
+age-related differences exist in regard to creatine and indices of brain health 
+and function is relatively unknown. The purpose of this narrative review is to: 
+(1) provide an up-to-date summary and discussion of the current body of research 
+focusing on creatine and indices of brain health and function and (2) discuss 
+possible sex- and age-related differences in response to creatine 
+supplementation on brain bioenergetics, measures of brain health and function, 
+and neurological diseases.
+
+© 2023. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9
+PMCID: PMC10721691
+PMID: 37368234 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: DGC has conducted industry-sponsored research 
+involving creatine supplementation and received creatine donations for 
+scientific studies and travel support for presentations involving creatine 
+supplementation at scientific conferences. In addition, DGC serves on the 
+Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company that manufactures creatine) and 
+as an expert witness/consultant in legal cases involving creatine 
+supplementation. SCF has previously served as a scientific advisor for a company 
+that sold creatine monohydrate and has received industry-sponsored research 
+involving creatine supplementation and received creatine donations for 
+scientific studies. SMO serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a 
+company that manufactures creatine). SMO owns patent “Sports Supplements Based 
+on Liquid Creatine” at European Patent Office (WO2019150323 A1), and active 
+patent application “Synergistic Creatine” at UK Intellectual Property Office 
+(GB2012773.4). SMO has served as a speaker at Abbott Nutrition, a consultant of 
+Allied Beverages Adriatic and IMLEK, and has received research funding related 
+to creatine from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological 
+Development, Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific 
+Research, AlzChem GmbH, KW Pfannenschmidt GmbH, ThermoLife International LLC, 
+and Hueston Hennigan LLP. SMO does not own stocks and shares in any 
+organization. All other authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly 
+relevant to the content of this article.
+
+
+22. Clin Case Rep. 2023 Jun 20;11(6):e7592. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.7592. eCollection
+2023  Jun.
+
+Effective treatment of choreaballism due to an MT-CYB variant with haloperidol, 
+tetrabenazine, and antioxidants.
+
+Finsterer J(1), Ghosh R(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Neurology & Neurophysiology Center Vienna Austria.
+(2)Department of General Medicine Burdwan Medical College & Hospital Burdwan 
+West Bengal India.
+
+Hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders are a common phenotypic feature 
+of mitochondrial disorders. Choreaballism has been reported particularly in 
+patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like 
+episodes syndrome and in maternally inherited diabetes and deafness syndrome. 
+The pathophysiological basis of movement disorders in mitochondrial disorders is 
+the involvement of the basal ganglia or the midbrain. Haloperidol and 
+mitochondrial cocktails have proven beneficial in some of these cases. Here we 
+present another patient with mitochondrial choreaballism who benefited 
+significantly from symptomatic therapy. The patient is a 14-year-old male with a 
+history of hypoacusis, ptosis, and focal tonic-clonic seizures of the 
+upper/lower limbs on either side since childhood. Since this time he has also 
+developed occasional, abnormal involuntary limb movements, choreaballism, facial 
+grimacing, carpopedal spasms, and abnormal lip sensations. He was diagnosed with 
+a non-syndromic mitochondrial disorder after detection of the variant 
+m.15043G > A in MT-CYB. Seizures have been successfully treated with 
+lamotrigine. Hypocalcemia was treated with intravenous calcium. For 
+hypoparathyroidism calcitriol was given. Choreaballism was treated with 
+haloperidol and tetrabenazine. In addition, he received coenzyme Q10, 
+L-carnitine, thiamine, riboflavin, alpha-lipoic acid, biotin, vitamin-C, 
+vitamin-E, and creatine-monohydrate. With this therapy, the choreaballism 
+disappeared completely. This case shows that mitochondrial disorders can 
+manifest with cognitive impairment, seizures, movement disorder, hypoacusis, 
+endocrinopathy, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and myopathy, that choreaballism can 
+be a phenotypic feature of multisystem mitochondrial disorders, and that 
+choreaballism favorably responds to haloperidol, tetrabenazine, and possibly to 
+a cocktail of antioxidants, cofactors, and vitamins.
+
+© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
+
+DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7592
+PMCID: PMC10282112
+PMID: 37351357
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflict of interest to 
+declare.
+
+
+23. Nutrients. 2023 May 14;15(10):2304. doi: 10.3390/nu15102304.
+
+The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific 
+Performance of Well-Trained Athletes.
+
+Douligeris A(1), Methenitis S(1)(2)(3), Lazou A(4), Panayiotou G(5), Feidantsis 
+K(1), Voulgaridou G(1), Manios Y(6)(7), Jamurtas AZ(8), Giaginis C(9), 
+Papadopoulou SK(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, 
+International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
+(2)Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, 
+National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece.
+(3)Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, 17671 Athens, Greece.
+(4)Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of 
+Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK.
+(5)Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Applied Sport Science 
+Postgraduate Program, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European 
+University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
+(6)Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and 
+Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece.
+(7)Institute of Agri-food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University 
+Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece.
+(8)Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 
+42100 Trikala, Greece.
+(9)Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University 
+of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece.
+
+A pre-workout supplement's (PWS; 200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 
+3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate and 5 g branched chained amino acid 
+(BCAA) per dose) acute effects on the alactic (jumping, sprinting, agility), 
+lactic (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, RAST) and aerobic performance 
+(Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, Yo-Yo IRL1 VO2max) of well-trained 
+basketball players was investigated in this double-blind placebo-controlled 
+study. Thirty players (age 18-31 years, height 166-195 cm, weight 70.2-116.7 kg, 
+body fat 10.6-26.4%) were allocated to pre-workout (PWS, n = 15) or placebo (PL, 
+n = 15) groups. Half of the participants in each group performed the evaluations 
+without PWS or PL, while the rest consumed PWS or PL 30 min before the 
+assessments (1st trial) and vice versa (2nd trial). Significant improvements in 
+counter-movement jump (CMJ) (PWS: 4.3 ± 2.1%; PL: 1.2 ± 1.0%), agility (PWS: 
+-2.9 ± 1.8%; PL: 1.8 ± 1.7%), RAST average (PWS: 18.3 ± 9.1%; PL: -2.2 ± 2.0%), 
+minimum power (PWS: 13.7 ± 8.9%; PL: -7.5 ± 5.9%), and fatigue index (PWS: -25.0 
+± 0.9%; PL: -4.6 ± 0.6%) were observed in the PWS group vs. the PL group (p < 
+0.05). No differences were found regarding sprinting, aerobic performance, and 
+blood lactate concentrations. Thus, although players' alactic and lactic 
+anaerobic performance could be improved, peak power, sprinting and aerobic 
+performance are not.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu15102304
+PMCID: PMC10220844
+PMID: 37242187 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+24. Poult Sci. 2023 Jul;102(7):102778. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102778. Epub 2023
+May  18.
+
+Corrigendum to "Effect of in ovo creatine monohydrate on hatchability, posthatch 
+performance, breast muscle yield, and fiber size in chicks from young breeder 
+flocks" [Poult. Sci. 102 (3) (2023) 102447].
+
+Firman CB(1), Inhuber V(2), Cadogan DJ(3), Van Wettere WHEJ(1), Forder REA(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 
+Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia.
+(2)AlzChem Trostberg GmbH, 83308 Trostberg, Germany.
+(3)Feedworks Pty. Ltd., Romsey, Victoria 3434, Australia.
+(4)School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 
+Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia. Electronic 
+address: bec.forder@adelaide.edu.au.
+
+Erratum for
+    Poult Sci. 2023 Mar;102(3):102447.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102778
+PMCID: PMC10311170
+PMID: 37208227
+
+
+25. Front Public Health. 2023 May 2;11:1062832. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1062832. 
+eCollection 2023.
+
+The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative 
+stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older 
+adults.
+
+Amiri E(1), Sheikholeslami-Vatani D(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
+
+BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance 
+training (RT) with creatine monohydrate supplementation (CS) on serum levels of 
+8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase 
+(GPX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in older adults.
+OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of resistance training with creatine 
+monohydrate supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, muscle 
+strength and quality of life in older adults.
+METHODS: We examined 45 non-athlete volunteer older men and women (mean, 
+68.1 ± 7.2  years old), were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 
+15: RT with creatine supplementation (RT + CS), RT with placebo (RT + P) and 
+control group. RT protocol was performed for 10  weeks, three sessions per week. 
+Creatine supplement was taken daily at a dose of 0.1 g/kg of body weight, while 
+the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch. Fasting blood samples were 
+taken before the start of program and at the end of the RT period.
+RESULTS: In the training groups, after 10  weeks of RT, a significant decrease 
+in MDA and 8 - OHDG as well as a significant increase in serum levels of GPX and 
+TAC were observed (in all cases, p =  0.001). In addition, creatinine levels 
+were enhanced in the RT + CS (p =  0.014). Training intervention also improved 
+quality of life and muscle strength in the experimental groups (p =  0.001), 
+although muscle strength changes were more visible in the RT + CS group than in 
+the RT + P group (p <  0/05).
+CONCLUSION: Regular resistance training can be recommended as a very suitable 
+non-pharmacological approach to strengthen the body's antioxidant system, muscle 
+strength and quality of life in older adults. There are no definite findings on 
+the role of creatine on the antioxidant system and quality of life in older 
+adults, but the use of this supplement in addition to RT can double the amount 
+of strength gained from resistance training.
+
+Copyright © 2023 Amiri and Sheikholeslami-Vatani.
+
+DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1062832
+PMCID: PMC10189876
+PMID: 37206869 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
+conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
+be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
+
+
+26. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023 Oct 1;55(10):1750-1760. doi: 
+10.1249/MSS.0000000000003202. Epub 2023 May 5.
+
+A 2-yr Randomized Controlled Trial on Creatine Supplementation during Exercise 
+for Postmenopausal Bone Health.
+
+Chilibeck PD(1), Candow DG(2), Gordon JJ(1), Duff WRD(1), Mason R(1), Shaw K(1), 
+Taylor-Gjevre R(3), Nair B(3), Zello GA(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA.
+(2)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, 
+CANADA.
+(3)College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA.
+(4)College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 
+CANADA.
+
+PURPOSE: Our purpose was to examine the effects of 2 yr of creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation and exercise on bone health in postmenopausal women.
+METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-seven postmenopausal women (mean age, 59 yr) 
+were randomized to receive creatine (0.14 g·kg -1 ·d -1 ) or placebo during a 
+resistance training (3 d·wk -1 ) and walking (6 d·wk -1 ) program for 2 yr. Our 
+primary outcome was the femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), with lumbar 
+spine BMD and proximal femur geometric properties as the secondary outcomes.
+RESULTS: Compared with placebo, creatine supplementation had no effect on BMD of 
+the femoral neck (creatine: 0.725 ± 0.110 to 0.712 ± 0.100 g·cm -2 ; placebo: 
+0.721 ± 0.102 to 0.706 ± 0.097 g·cm -2 ), total hip (creatine: 0.879 ± 0.118 to 
+0.872 ± 0.114 g·cm -2 ; placebo: 0.881 ± 0.111 to 0.873 ± 0.109 g·cm -2 ), or 
+lumbar spine (creatine: 0.932 ± 0.133 to 0.925 ± 0.131 g·cm -2 ; placebo: 0.923 
+± 0.145 to 0.915 ± 0.143 g·cm -2 ). Creatine significantly maintained section 
+modulus (1.35 ± 0.29 to 1.34 ± 0.26 vs 1.34 ± 0.25 to 1.28 ± 0.23 cm 3 
+(placebo), P = 0.0011), predictive of bone bending strength, and buckling ratio 
+(10.8 ± 2.6 to 11.1 ± 2.2 vs 11.0 ± 2.6 to 11.6 ± 2.7 (placebo), P = 0.011), 
+predictive of reduced cortical bending under compressive loads, at the narrow 
+part of the femoral neck. Creatine reduced walking time over 80 m (48.6 ± 5.6 to 
+47.1 ± 5.4 vs 48.3 ± 4.5 to 48.2 ± 4.9 s (placebo), P = 0.0008) but had no 
+effect on muscular strength (i.e., one-repetition maximum) during bench press 
+(32.1 ± 12.7 to 42.6 ± 14.1 vs 30.6 ± 10.9 to 41.4 ± 14 kg (placebo)) and hack 
+squat (57.6 ± 21.6 to 84.4 ± 28.1 vs 56.6 ± 24.0 to 82.7 ± 25.0 kg (placebo)). 
+In the subanalysis of valid completers, creatine increased lean tissue mass 
+compared with placebo (40.8 ± 5.7 to 43.1 ± 5.9 vs 40.4 ± 5.3 to 42.0 ± 5.2 kg 
+(placebo), P = 0.046).
+CONCLUSIONS: Two years of creatine supplementation and exercise in 
+postmenopausal women had no effect on BMD; yet, it improved some bone geometric 
+properties at the proximal femur.
+
+Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on 
+behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.
+
+DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003202
+PMCID: PMC10487398
+PMID: 37144634 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+27. Eat Behav. 2023 Apr;49:101736. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101736. Epub 2023
+Apr  28.
+
+Associations between social media use, fitness- and weight-related online 
+content, and use of legal appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and 
+substances.
+
+Ganson KT(1), Nguyen L(2), Ali ARH(2), Hallward L(3), Jackson DB(4), Testa A(5), 
+Nagata JM(6).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, 
+Canada. Electronic address: kyle.ganson@utoronto.ca.
+(2)Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, 
+Canada.
+(3)School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
+(4)Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins 
+Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
+(5)Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas 
+Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
+(6)Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San 
+Francisco, CA, USA.
+
+Prior research has documented the connection between social media use and 
+engaging with fitspiration with body dissatisfaction, disordered eating 
+behaviors, and various health risk behaviors (e.g., substance use). However, 
+gaps remain in the knowledge base on whether social media use and engaging with 
+fitness- and weight-related online content are associated with the use of legal 
+appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and substances (APEDS; e.g., whey 
+protein), which was the aim of this study. Data from participants ages 
+16-30 years in Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2731) were 
+analyzed. Multiple modified Poisson regression analyses were conducted to 
+determine the associations between hours per day of social media use and any 
+engagement with fitness- and weight-related online content in the past 30 days 
+and use of 10 different legal APEDS in the past 30 days. Greater time on social 
+media was significantly associated with use of energy drinks and pre-workout 
+drinks or powders in the past 30 days. Engaging with fitness- and weight-related 
+online content was significantly associated with the use of caffeine, creatine 
+monohydrate, pre-workout drinks or powders, probiotics, protein bars, and whey 
+protein powders or shakes in the past 30 days. These findings expand prior 
+research on the correlates of social media use and engagement with fitness- and 
+weight-related online content among young people and have important implications 
+for healthcare and public health professionals, as well as technology companies.
+
+Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101736
+PMID: 37141803 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest All authors 
+report no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+28. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2023 Dec;20(1):2193556. doi: 
+10.1080/15502783.2023.2193556.
+
+Creatine monohydrate supplementation changes total body water and DXA lean mass 
+estimates in female collegiate dancers.
+
+Brooks SJ(1), Candow DG(2), Roe AJ(3), Fehrenkamp BD(4), Wilk VC(3), Bailey 
+JP(1), Krumpl L(1), Brown AF(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)University of Idaho, College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, 
+Department of Movement Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA.
+(2)University of Regina, Aging Muscle & Bone Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology 
+& Healthy Studies, Regina, SK, Canada.
+(3)University of Idaho, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Department of 
+Family and Consumer Sciences, Moscow, ID, USA.
+(4)University of Idaho, Idaho WWAMI Medical Education Program, Moscow, ID, USA.
+
+Collegiate dance is unique because it requires athletic and academic 
+performance; therefore, optimizing physical and mental function is crucial. 
+Research among athletic populations demonstrate improvements in body 
+composition, performance, and cognition following creatine monohydrate (CR) 
+supplementation, yet dancers have not been investigated. The purpose of this 
+study was to determine the effects of CR supplementation on body composition, 
+performance, and cognitive function in female collegiate dancers. Participants 
+were randomized to CR (CR; n = 7; 0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 CM +0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 
+corn-starch maltodextrin) or placebo (PL; n = 6; 0.2 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch 
+maltodextrin) for 42 days. Pre- and post-testing included body composition, 
+total body water (TBW), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Diet History 
+Questionnaire, the National Institute of Health Toolbox fluid cognition battery 
+and isokinetic strength, vertical jump, medicine ball throw, and Wingate 
+anaerobic power test. CR demonstrated a significant increase in TBW (pre, 
+32.2 ± 3.5 kg; post, 32.7 ± 3.6 kg; p = 0.024) and lean mass (LM; pre, 
+39.8 ± 3.6 kg; post, 41.5 ± 4.5 kg; p = 0.020). CR supplementation may be an 
+effective strategy to increase TBW and estimates of LM in female collegiate 
+dancers. Although this may optimize aesthetics, larger samples sizes with 
+resistance training are needed to determine if CR supplementation increases 
+muscle mass and translates to improved performance.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2193556
+PMCID: PMC10044149
+PMID: 36960692 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.G.C. has conducted industry-sponsored research 
+involving CR supplementation and received CR donations for scientific studies 
+and travel support for presentations involving CR supplementation at scientific 
+conferences. In addition, D.G.C. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for 
+Alzchem (a company that manufactures CR) and as an expert witness/consultant in 
+legal cases involving CR supplementation. All other authors declare no conflict 
+of interest.
+
+
+29. Sports Med. 2023 May;53(5):1017-1027. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01823-2. Epub
+2023  Mar 6.
+
+Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Endurance Performance in a Trained 
+Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
+
+Fernández-Landa J(1)(2), Santibañez-Gutierrez A(3)(4), Todorovic N(4), Stajer 
+V(4), Ostojic SM(4)(5).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, 
+University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain. 
+julenfdl@hotmail.com.
+(2)Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, 
+University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. julenfdl@hotmail.com.
+(3)Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, 
+University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain.
+(4)Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, 
+University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
+(5)Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, 
+Norway.
+
+BACKGROUND: There is robust evidence that creatine monohydrate supplementation 
+can enhance short-term high-intensity exercise in athletes. However, the effect 
+of creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic performance and its role 
+during aerobic activities is still controversial.
+OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to 
+evaluate the supplementation effects of creatine monohydrate on endurance 
+performance in a trained population.
+METHODS: The search strategy in this systematic review and meta-analysis was 
+designed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and 
+Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and 
+Scopus databases were explored from inception until 19 May, 2022. Only human 
+experimental trials, controlled with a placebo group, evaluating the effects of 
+creatine monohydrate supplementation on endurance performance in a trained 
+population were analyzed in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The 
+methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy 
+Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.
+RESULTS: A total of 13 studies satisfied all the eligibility criteria and were 
+included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results for the pooled 
+meta-analysis showed a non-significant change in endurance performance after 
+creatine monohydrate supplementation in a trained population (p = 0.47), with a 
+trivial negative effect (pooled standardized mean difference =  - 0.07 [95% 
+confidence interval - 0.32 to 0.18]; I2 = 34.75%). Further, after excluding the 
+studies not evenly distributed around the base of the funnel plot, the results 
+were similar (pooled standardized mean difference =  - 0.07 [95% confidence 
+interval - 0.27 to 0.13]; I2 = 0%; p = 0.49).
+CONCLUSIONS: Creatine monohydrate supplementation was shown to be ineffective on 
+endurance performance in a trained population.
+CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered in the 
+Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with the following 
+registration number: CRD42022327368.
+
+© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland 
+AG.
+
+DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01823-2
+PMID: 36877404 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+30. Nutrients. 2023 Feb 5;15(4):819. doi: 10.3390/nu15040819.
+
+Nutritional Strategies in the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in 
+Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review.
+
+Giraldo-Vallejo JE(1)(2), Cardona-Guzmán MÁ(1), Rodríguez-Alcivar EJ(1), Kočí 
+J(2)(3), Petro JL(2)(4), Kreider RB(5), Cannataro R(2)(6), Bonilla 
+DA(1)(2)(3)(7).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Grupo de Investigación NUTRAL, Facultad de Ciencias de Nutrición y Alimentos, 
+Universidad CES, Medellín 050021, Colombia.
+(2)Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International 
+SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.
+(3)Department of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, 11636 
+Prague, Czech Republic.
+(4)Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), 
+Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia.
+(5)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, 
+Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+(6)Galascreen Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional 
+Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
+(7)Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology 
+and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the 
+Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
+
+It is estimated that three to five million sports injuries occur worldwide each 
+year. The highest incidence is reported during competition periods with mainly 
+affectation of the musculoskeletal tissue. For appropriate nutritional 
+management and correct use of nutritional supplements, it is important to 
+individualize based on clinical effects and know the adaptive response during 
+the rehabilitation phase after a sports injury in athletes. Therefore, the aim 
+of this PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science 
+PERSiST-based systematic integrative review was to perform an update on 
+nutritional strategies during the rehabilitation phase of musculoskeletal 
+injuries in elite athletes. After searching the following databases: 
+PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar, a total of 18 studies met the 
+inclusion criteria (Price Index: 66.6%). The risk of bias assessment for 
+randomized controlled trials was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool while review 
+articles were evaluated using the AMSTAR 2.0 items. Based on the main findings 
+of the selected studies, nutritional strategies that benefit the rehabilitation 
+process in injured athletes include balanced energy intake, and a high-protein 
+and carbohydrate-rich diet. Supportive supervision should be provided to avoid 
+low energy availability. The potential of supplementation with collagen, 
+creatine monohydrate, omega-3 (fish oils), and vitamin D requires further 
+research although the effects are quite promising. It is worth noting the lack 
+of clinical research in injured athletes and the higher number of reviews in the 
+last 10 years. After analyzing the current quantitative and non-quantitative 
+evidence, we encourage researchers to conduct further clinical research studies 
+evaluating doses of the discussed nutrients during the rehabilitation process to 
+confirm findings, but also follow international guidelines at the time to review 
+scientific literature.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu15040819
+PMCID: PMC9965375
+PMID: 36839176 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.A.B. serves as science product manager for MTX 
+Corporation®, a company that produces, distributes, sells, and conducts research 
+on dietary supplements (including creatine) in Europe, has acted as a scientific 
+consultant for MET-Rx and Healthy Sports in Colombia, and has received honoraria 
+for speaking about creatine at international conferences. R.B.K. has conducted 
+industry-sponsored research, received financial support for presenting about 
+dietary supplements at industry-sponsored scientific conferences, and has served 
+as an expert witness on cases related to exercise physiology and nutrition. 
+Additionally, R.B.K. serves as chair of the “Creatine for Health” scientific 
+advisory board for Alzchem Group AG, while D.A.B. serves as member of this 
+board. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+
+31. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2023 Feb 22;33(3):169-172. doi: 
+10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0251. Print 2023 May 1.
+
+Comment on: "Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation, but not Creatyl-L-Leucine 
+Increased Muscle Creatine Content in Healthy Young Adults: A Double-Blind 
+Placebo-Controlled Trial".
+
+Escalante G(1), St Mart D(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Sciences, California State 
+University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA,USA.
+(2)Supplement Needs, Poole,United Kingdom.
+
+Comment in
+    Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2023 Feb 22;33(3):173.
+
+Comment on
+    Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2022 Aug 25;32(6):446-452.
+
+DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0251
+PMID: 36812920 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+32. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2023 Jun 1;48(6):417-426. doi:
+10.1139/apnm-2022-0209.  Epub 2023 Feb 22.
+
+Creatine supplementation combined with blood flow restriction training enhances 
+muscle thickness and performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and 
+double-blind study.
+
+Sousa-Silva R(1)(2), Cholewa JM(3), Pessôa KA(1)(2), Xia Z(4), Lauver JD(5), 
+Rossi FE(6), Zanchi NE(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Biology and Human Strength Performance 
+(LABFORCEH), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís-MA, Brazil.
+(2)Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, 
+Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís-MA, 65080-805, Brazil.
+(3)Lynchburg University, Lynchburg, VA, USA.
+(4)Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical 
+Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China.
+(5)Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA.
+(6)Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department 
+of Physical Education and Professor at Graduate Program in Science and Health, 
+Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil.
+
+This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week creatine (CR) or placebo 
+(PL) supplementation on muscle strength, thickness, endurance, and body 
+composition employing different training paradigms with blood flow restriction 
+(BFR) vs. traditional resistance training (TRAD). Seventeen healthy males were 
+randomized between the PL (n = 9) and CR (n = 8) groups. Participants were 
+trained unilaterally utilizing a within-between subject bicep curl exercise 
+where each arm was allocated to TRAD or BFR for 8 weeks. Muscular strength, 
+thickness, endurance, and body composition were evaluated. Creatine 
+supplementation promoted increases in muscle thickness in TRAD and BFR compared 
+with their placebo counterparts, however, without a significant difference 
+between treatments (p = 0.349). TRAD training increased maximum strength (1 
+repetition maximum (1RM)) compared with BFR after 8 weeks of training 
+(p = 0.021). Repetitions to failure at 30% of 1RM were increased in the BFR-CR 
+group compared with the TRAD-CR group (p = 0.004). Repetitions to failure at 70% 
+1RM were increased from weeks 0-4 (p < 0.05) and 4-8 (p < 0.05) in all groups. 
+Creatine supplementation exerted a hypertrophic effect when utilized with TRAD 
+and BFR paradigms and increased muscle performance at 30% 1RM when utilized in 
+conjunction with BFR. Therefore, creatine supplementation seems to amplify 
+muscle adaptation following a BFR program. Registered in the Brazilian Registry 
+of Clinical Trials (ReBEC), under the registration number: RBR-3vh8zgj.
+
+DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0209
+PMID: 36812477 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known 
+competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
+to influence the work reported in this paper.
+
+
+33. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 28;15(3):657. doi: 10.3390/nu15030657.
+
+Effects of Creatine Supplementation after 20 Minutes of Recovery in a Bench 
+Press Exercise Protocol in Moderately Physically Trained Men.
+
+Maicas-Pérez L(1), Hernández-Lougedo J(2), Heredia-Elvar JR(1), Pedauyé-Rueda 
+B(1), Cañuelo-Márquez AM(1), Barba-Ruiz M(1), Lozano-Estevan MDC(3), 
+García-Fernández P(4)(5), Maté-Muñoz JL(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio 
+University, 28691 Madrid, Spain.
+(2)Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela 
+University, 28692 Madrid, Spain.
+(3)Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 
+28040 Madrid, Spain.
+(4)Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense 
+University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
+(5)IdISSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 
+28040 Madrid, Spain.
+
+BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to analyse the effect of creatine 
+supplementation on the performance improvement in a bench pressing (BP) strength 
+test of muscle failure and to evaluate muscle fatigue and metabolic stress 20 
+min after the exercise.
+METHODS: Fifty young and healthy individuals were randomly assigned to a 
+creatine group (n = 25) or a placebo group (n = 25). Three exercise sessions 
+were carried out, with one week of rest between them. In the first week, a 
+progressive load BP test was performed until the individuals reached the one 
+repetition maximum (1RM) in order to for us obtain the load-to-velocity ratio of 
+each participant. In the second week, the participants conducted a three-set BP 
+exercise protocol against 70% 1RM, where they performed the maximum number of 
+repetitions (MNR) until muscle failure occurred, with two minutes of rest 
+between the sets. After one week, and following a supplementation period of 7 
+days, where half of the participants consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of creatine 
+monohydrate (CR) and the other half consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of placebo (PLA, 
+maltodextrin), the protocol from the second week was repeated. After each set, 
+and up to 20 min after finishing the exercise, the blood lactate concentrations 
+and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at 1 m·s-1 were measured.
+RESULTS: The CR group performed a significantly higher number of repetitions in 
+Set 1 (CR = 14.8 repetitions, PLA = 13.6 repetitions, p = 0.006) and Set 2 (CR = 
+8 repetitions, PLA = 6.7 repetitions, p = 0.006) after supplementation, whereas 
+no significant differences were seen in Set 3 (CR = 5.3 repetitions, PLA = 4.7 
+repetitions, p = 0.176). However, there was a significant increase in blood 
+lactate at minute 10 (p = 0.003), minute 15 (p = 0.020), and minute 20 (p = 
+0.015) after the exercise in the post-supplementation period. Similarly, a 
+significant increase was observed in the MPV at 1 m·s-1 in the CR group with 
+respect to the PLA group at 10, 15, and 20 min after the exercise.
+CONCLUSIONS: Although the creatine supplementation improved the performance in 
+the strength test of muscle failure, the metabolic stress and muscle fatigue 
+values were greater during the 20 min of recovery.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu15030657
+PMCID: PMC9919782
+PMID: 36771365 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest, or 
+interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to 
+publish the results.
+
+
+34. Poult Sci. 2023 Mar;102(3):102447. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102447. Epub 2022
+Dec  26.
+
+Effect of in ovo creatine monohydrate on hatchability, post-hatch performance, 
+breast muscle yield and fiber size in chicks from young breeder flocks.
+
+Firman CB(1), Inhuber V(2), Cadogan DJ(3), Van Wettere WHEJ(1), Forder REA(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 
+Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
+(2)AlzChem Trostberg GmbH, Dr.-Albert-Frank-Str. 32, 83308 Trostberg, Germany.
+(3)Feedworks Pty. Ltd. Romsey, Victoria, 3434, Australia.
+(4)School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 
+Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia. Electronic 
+address: bec.forder@adelaide.edu.au.
+
+Erratum in
+    Poult Sci. 2023 Jul;102(7):102778.
+
+Younger broiler breeder flocks produce smaller eggs containing smaller yolks, 
+with potentially lower energy reserves for the developing chick. Creatine is a 
+naturally occurring energy source and is abundant in metabolically active 
+tissues; providing this to chicks in ovo should provide additional energy to 
+improve hatchability and post-hatch growth. Thus, post-hatch performance of male 
+and female chicks hatched from younger breeder flocks supplemented with creatine 
+monohydrate (CrM) in ovo was investigated. Four hundred eggs from Ross 308 
+breeder hens aged 27 to 29 wk were collected and at d 14 assigned to a treatment 
+group and received 1) no injection, 2) 0.75% saline injection, or 3) 8.16 mg 
+creatine monohydrate in 0.75% saline. At hatch 72 birds (24/treatment) were 
+euthanized and BW, breast muscle, heart and liver weight were obtained, and 
+breast muscle tissue was placed in 10% buffered formalin. Birds were then placed 
+in raised metal pens (24 pens; 10-11 birds/pen; 8 replicates/treatment) and 
+grown to d 42 with BW and pen feed intake measured once a week. At d 42, 
+ninty-six birds were euthanized (2 male and 2 female/pen) and the process 
+occurred as at hatch. Body composition was obtained for 48 birds (2/pen; 1 
+male,1 female) with a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. Breast 
+muscle tissue was processed for histological analysis and breast muscle fiber 
+parameters were analyzed by ImageJ. While not statistically significant, the CrM 
+treatment group saw an improved hatch rate (CrM: 93.5%, Saline: 88.6%, Control: 
+88.8%) and reduced early post hatch mortality. Chicks given in ovo CrM had 
+significantly increased creatine concentrations in both liver and heart tissue 
+at hatch compared to those in the saline and control groups. BW, BW gain, and 
+final body composition parameters were not statistically different between 
+treatments and in ovo CrM did not affect breast muscle fiber number or area. The 
+creatine injection likely improved the energy status of the growing embryo 
+resulting in the improved hatch rate but leaving little reserves for post-hatch 
+growth.
+
+Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102447
+PMCID: PMC10014348
+PMID: 36680864 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+35. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 13;15(2):429. doi: 10.3390/nu15020429.
+
+A Randomized Controlled Trial of Changes in Fluid Distribution across Menstrual 
+Phases with Creatine Supplementation.
+
+Moore SR(1)(2), Gordon AN(1), Cabre HE(1)(2), Hackney AC(3), Smith-Ryan 
+AE(1)(2)(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, 
+University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
+(2)Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University 
+of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
+(3)Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University 
+of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
+
+This study examined the effects of creatine (Cr) loading on body mass (BM) and 
+fluid markers of total body water (TBW), extra-cellular fluid (ECF), and 
+intra-cellular fluid (ICF) across the menstrual cycle (MC). Thirty moderately 
+active females, either naturally-menstruating (NM) or using hormonal 
+contraceptives (HC), were randomized to Cr (Cr; 4 × 5 g/day of creatine 
+monohydrate for 5 days; n = 15) or a non-caloric placebo (PL; n = 15) using a 
+double-blind, placebo-controlled design, with a menstrual phase crossover. BM, 
+TBW, ECF, and ICF were measured at pre- and post-supplementation in randomized 
+order of follicular phase (FP; NM: MC days 0−8, HC: inactive pill days) or 
+luteal phase (LP; NM: ≤15 days from next projected cycle start date, HC: active 
+pill days) using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Acute hydration status 
+and salivary estrogen were used as covariates. Change in BM was not different 
+between groups across MC ([PL-Cr] Δ 0.40 ± 0.50 kg; p = 0.427) or between MC 
+phase across groups ([FP-LP] Δ 0.31 ± 0.48 kg; p = 0.528). TBW (p = 0.802), ECF 
+(p = 0.373), and ICF (p = 0.795) were not different between supplement groups at 
+pre-supplementation/FP time points. There were no significant differences 
+between the NM and HC subjects at any time point, for any outcome (p > 0.05). 
+Following LP supplementation, significant changes were observed in TBW (Cr: Δ 
+0.83 ± 0.38 L, PL: Δ −0.62 ± 0.38 L; p = 0.021), ECF (Cr: Δ 0.46 ± 0.15 L, PL: Δ 
+−0.19 ± 0.15 L; p = 0.013), and ICF (Cr: Δ 0.74 ± 0.23 L, PL: Δ −0.02 ± 0.23 L; 
+p = 0.041). These data demonstrate an increase in all fluid compartments in the 
+LP following Cr loading, without observed alterations in body weight for 
+females.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu15020429
+PMCID: PMC9865497
+PMID: 36678300 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: A.E.S.-R. serves as a scientific advisor for 
+AlzChem. All of the other authors have no conflicts to disclose.
+
+
+36. BMC Pediatr. 2023 Jan 2;23(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03810-4.
+
+An investigation into the relationship between nutritional status, dietary 
+intake, symptoms and health-related quality of life in children and young people 
+with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
+
+Zare N(1), Mansoubi M(2), Coe S(3)(4)(5), Najafi AA(6), Bailey K(7), Harrison 
+K(8), Sheehan J(9), Dawes H(10)(11), Barker K(12).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Paediatric Nursing, Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation 
+Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom. 
+18106168@brookes.ac.uk.
+(2)College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
+(3)Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford 
+Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes 
+University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
+(4)Oxford Clinical Allied Technology and Trial Services Unit (OxCATTS), Oxford, 
+United Kingdom.
+(5)Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, 
+Oxford, United Kingdom.
+(6)Health and Social Care, Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation 
+Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
+(7)Consultant Paediatric Rheumatology, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, 
+Oxford, United Kingdom.
+(8)Consultant Paediatric Rheumatology, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS 
+Foundation Trusts, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
+(9)BSc Physiotherapy Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist in Paediatric 
+Rheumatology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United 
+Kingdom.
+(10)Professor Of Clinical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine and Health, 
+University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
+(11)NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
+(12)Professor of Physiotherapy NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United 
+Kingdom.
+
+BACKGROUND: The association between diet, symptoms and health related quality of 
+life in children and young people with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is 
+not clearly understood. The objectives of this systematic review and 
+meta-analysis were to explore the evidence for a relationship between 
+nutritional status, dietary intake, arthritis symptoms, disease activity and 
+health-related quality of life in children and young people with JIA considering 
+both observational and interventional studies separately.
+METHOD: The databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cochrane were 
+searched in October 2019, updated in September 2020 and October 2021. Searches 
+were restricted to English language, human and age (2-18 years old). Studies 
+were included if they measured the effect of dietary supplements, vitamins or 
+minerals, or diet in general, on quality of life and/ or arthritis symptom 
+management. Two researchers independently screened titles and abstracts. Full 
+texts were sourced for relevant articles. PRISMA guidelines were used for 
+extracting data. For variables (vitamin D and disease activity), a 
+random-effects meta-analysis model was performed. Two authors using a 
+standardized data extraction form, extracted data independently.
+RESULTS: 11,793 papers were identified through database searching, 26 studies 
+met our inclusion criteria with 1621 participants. Overall studies quality were 
+fair to good. Results from controlled trial and case control studies with total 
+146 JIA patients, found that Ɯ-3 PUFA improved the mean active joint count 
+(p < 0.001), Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS-27) (p < 0.001) 
+and immune system (≤ 0.05). Furthermore, n-3 and n-6 PUFAs have a negative 
+correlation with CRP (C-reactive protein) and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation 
+rate) (p < 0.05). Improvement in JIA symptoms were observed in one case, one 
+pilot and one exploratory study with overall 9 JIA patients after receiving 
+Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) which contains protein and what is required 
+for a complete nutrition, A clinical trial study found Kre-Celazine nutrition 
+(composed of a proprietary alkali buffered, creatine monohydrate and fatty acids 
+mixture) in 16 JIA patients improved symptoms of JIA. No association was found 
+between vitamin D and disease activity from three studies. Height and weight 
+values in relation to healthy controls varied across studies (p = 0.029).
+CONCLUSIONS: We were only able to include small studies, of lower design 
+hierarchy, mainly pilot studies. We found some evidence of lower height and 
+weight across studies in JIA, but were unable to confirm an association between 
+diet, symptoms and health-related quality of life in children and young people 
+with JIA. Well-designed, carefully measured and controlled interventional 
+studies of dietary patterns in combination with important contributing factors 
+such as medication and lifestyle behaviours, including physical activity, are 
+required to determine the impact of diet in improving symptoms and growth 
+patterns in children and young people with JIA, with an aim to improve the 
+quality of their life.
+TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO [CRD42019145587].
+
+© 2022. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03810-4
+PMCID: PMC9806873
+PMID: 36593466 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The review authors have no competing interests.
+
+
+37. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(2):289-297. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2161318.
+Epub  2022 Dec 28.
+
+Use of Legal Appearance- and Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Substances: 
+Findings from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors.
+
+Ganson KT(1), Hallward L(1)(2), Cunningham ML(3), Murray SB(4), Nagata JM(5).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, 
+Canada.
+(2)School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Canada.
+(3)School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
+(4)Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern 
+California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
+(5)Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 
+San Francisco, California, USA.
+
+BACKGROUND: Use of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and substances 
+(APEDS) is common among adolescent and young adults. Many APEDS are legally sold 
+"over-the-counter," however research has documented contamination of legal APEDS 
+and many adverse effects of use. Despite this, little research has been 
+conducted on legal APEDS use in Canada, particularly regarding the prevalence 
+and sociodemographic predictors of use, which was the aim of this study.
+METHODS: Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2,731) 
+were analyzed. Prevalence and frequency of use of 10 common APEDS in the past 
+12 months were estimated overall and across genders. Multiple modified Poisson 
+regression analyses were conducted to determine the sociodemographic predictors 
+of APEDS use.
+RESULTS: Overall, use of caffeine was most common among the sample (71.3%), 
+along with protein bars (63.4%), and whey protein powders or protein shakes 
+(63.1%). Boys and men reported greater prevalence of use of eight of the 10 
+APEDS, with the exception of diuretics or water pills and probiotics, compared 
+to girls and women and transgender/gender non-confirming participants. Over 
+three quarters (82.5%) of boys and men reported use of whey protein powders or 
+protein shakes and 50.3% reported use of creatine monohydrate. Use of APEDS 
+varied based on several key sociodemographic identifiers.
+CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to document legal APEDS use among a sample 
+of Canadian adolescents and young adults, providing important implications for 
+health care and policymaking professionals. Further research is needed to gain 
+greater insight into APEDS use among Canadian young people.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2161318
+PMID: 36576273 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+38. Heliyon. 2022 Dec 6;8(12):e12113. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12113. 
+eCollection 2022 Dec.
+
+Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine 
+available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science?
+
+Escalante G(1), Gonzalez AM(2), St Mart D(3), Torres M(1), Echols J(1), Islas 
+M(1), Schoenfeld BJ(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)California State University San Bernardino, USA.
+(2)Hofstra University, USA.
+(3)Supplement Needs, United Kingdom.
+(4)CUNY Lehman College, USA.
+
+Creatine monohydrate (CM) is an established and effective dietary supplement, 
+but it is not the only form of creatine. We analyzed forms of creatine for sale 
+on Amazon.com" title = "http://Amazon.com">Amazon.com and evaluated if the 
+advertised claims are supported by the available scientific evidence. We also 
+analyzed the cost per gram of the forms of creatine. A total of 175 creatine 
+supplements were included and we reported the total creatine content per 
+serving, form(s) of creatine in products, product claims, and prevalence of 
+products third party certified. The identified products contained 16 forms of 
+creatine other than CM. The prevalence of products containing functional 
+ingredients with CM or forms of creatine was 29.7%, and the prevalence of 
+products containing blends of different forms of creatine was 21.7%. Only 8% of 
+products were third party certified. The products using only CM (n = 91) had a 
+mean price per gram of $0.12 ± 0.08, whereas products using only other forms of 
+creatine (n = 32) had a mean price per gram of $0.26 ± 0.17. Approximately 88% 
+of alternative creatine products in this study are classified as having limited 
+to no evidence to support bioavailability, efficacy, and safety.
+
+© 2022 The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12113
+PMCID: PMC9761713
+PMID: 36544833
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare the following conflict of 
+interests. GE serves as a scientific consultant to Bang and serves/has served as 
+an expert witness on current and past cases related to creatine. GE also serves 
+on the board of directors for Bang. AMG declares that he serves as a scientific 
+advisor for Shifted LLC, a manufacturer of sports supplements. BJS formerly 
+served on the scientific advisory board of Dymatize Nutrition, a manufacturer of 
+sports supplements. DSM is an employee of the UK supplement brand. Supplement 
+Needs and serves as the product formulator for the company; he does not have any 
+formulas or intellectual property with any novel forms of creatine and the 
+company only stocks a single ingredient source of creatine monohydrate. The 
+other authors report they have no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+39. Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Nov 16;4:1033842. doi:
+10.3389/fspor.2022.1033842.  eCollection 2022.
+
+Effects of creatine monohydrate timing on resistance training adaptations and 
+body composition after 8 weeks in male and female collegiate athletes.
+
+Dinan NE(1)(2), Hagele AM(3), Jagim AR(4), Miller MG(2)(5), Kerksick 
+CM(2)(3)(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)College of Health Professions, Midland University, Fremont, NE, United 
+States.
+(2)Graduate Program in Health Science, Rocky Mountain University of Health 
+Professions, Provo, UT, United States.
+(3)Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, 
+Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States.
+(4)Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States.
+(5)Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan 
+University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.
+
+BACKGROUND: Limited research is available on the potential impact of creatine 
+monohydrate administration before or after workouts among athletes. This study 
+aimed to investigate the effects of pre- vs. post-exercise creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation on resistance training adaptations and body composition.
+METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, 34 
+healthy resistance-trained male and female athletes were randomly assigned and 
+matched according to fat free mass to consume a placebo, or 5-g dose of creatine 
+monohydrate within 1 h before training, or within 1 h after training for 8 
+weeks, while completing a weekly resistance training program. Participants 
+co-ingested 25-gram doses of both whey protein isolate and maltodextrin along 
+with each assigned supplement dose. Body composition, muscular strength, and 
+endurance, along with isometric mid-thigh pull were assessed before and after 
+the 8-week supplementation period. A 3 × 2 mixed factorial (group x time) ANOVA 
+with repeated measures on time were used to evaluate differences.
+RESULTS: All groups experienced similar and statistically significant increases 
+in fat free mass (+1.34 ± 3.48 kg, p = 0.04), upper (+2.21 ± 5.69 kg, p = 0.04) 
+and lower body strength (+7.32 ± 10.01 kg, p < 0.001), and decreases in body 
+mass (-1.09 ± 2.71 kg, p = 0.03), fat mass (-2.64 ± 4.16 kg, p = 0.001), and 
+percent body fat (-2.85 ± 4.39 kg, p < 0.001).
+CONCLUSIONS: The timing of creatine monohydrate did not exert any additional 
+influence over the measured outcomes.
+
+Copyright © 2022 Dinan, Hagele, Jagim, Miller and Kerksick.
+
+DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1033842
+PMCID: PMC9708881
+PMID: 36465581
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
+conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
+be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
+
+
+40. Life Sci. 2022 Dec 1;310:121064. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121064. Epub 2022
+Oct  8.
+
+Creatine supplementation protects against diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver 
+but exacerbates alcoholic fatty liver.
+
+Marinello PC(1), Cella PS(2), Testa MTJ(2), Guirro PB(2), da Silva Brito WA(3), 
+Padilha CS(2), Cecchini AL(3), da Silva RP(4), Duarte JAR(5), Deminice R(6).
+
+Author information:
+(1)State University of Londrina, Department of Physical Education, Londrina, PR, 
+Brazil; State University of Londrina, Department of Pathological Sciences, 
+Londrina, PR, Brazil.
+(2)State University of Londrina, Department of Physical Education, Londrina, PR, 
+Brazil.
+(3)State University of Londrina, Department of Pathological Sciences, Londrina, 
+PR, Brazil.
+(4)University of Manitoba, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Winnipeg, 
+Canada.
+(5)University of Porto, CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, Porto, Portugal.
+(6)State University of Londrina, Department of Physical Education, Londrina, PR, 
+Brazil. Electronic address: rdeminice@uel.br.
+
+Erratum in
+    Life Sci. 2023 Feb 1;314:121342.
+
+AIMS: This work investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on 
+different pathways related to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver 
+disease and alcoholic liver disease.
+MAIN METHODS: To induce alcoholic liver disease, male Swiss mice were divided 
+into three groups: control, ethanol and ethanol supplemented with creatine. To 
+induce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, mice were divided into three groups: 
+control, high-fat diet and high-fat diet supplemented with creatine. Each group 
+consisted of eight animals. In both cases, creatine monohydrate was added to the 
+diets (1 %; weight/vol).
+KEY FINDINGS: Creatine supplementation prevented high-fat diet-induced 
+non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, demonstrated by attenuated liver 
+fat accumulation and liver damage. On the other hand, when combined with 
+ethanol, creatine supplementation up-regulated key genes related to ethanol 
+metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation and lipid synthesis, and exacerbated 
+ethanol-induced liver steatosis and damage, demonstrated by increased liver fat 
+accumulation and histopathological score, as well as elevated oxidative damage 
+markers and inflammatory mediators.
+SIGNIFICANCE: Our results clearly demonstrated creatine supplementation exerts 
+different outcomes in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 
+alcoholic liver disease, namely it protects against high-fat diet-induced 
+non-alcoholic fatty liver disease but exacerbates ethanol-induced alcoholic 
+liver disease. The exacerbating effects of the creatine and ethanol combination 
+appear to be related to oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated up-regulation 
+of ethanol metabolism.
+
+Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121064
+PMID: 36220368 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest None of the 
+authors have a potential conflict of interest to declare.
+
+
+41. Tunis Med. 2022 juin;100(6):477-480.
+
+Effect of creatine supplementation on kidney stones recurrence in an athlete: a 
+case report.
+
+Akbari HA, Ghram A, Knechtle B, Weiss K, Ben Saad H.
+
+INTRODUCTION: Several studies examined the effects of creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation on renal function, but no previous study has investigated its 
+effects on kidney stones in humans.
+OBSERVATION: A renal ultrasound in a healthy young athlete (without a known 
+renal morphological anomaly, normal kidney function, normal phospholipid and 
+uric acid data) revealed a kidney stone of 11 mm in the lower right calyx. 
+Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was applied in order to break the down 
+stone. Twentyone days later, a follow-up renal ultrasound showed the absence of 
+stones in the kidney. One week later, the athlete started creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation for two months. Fourteen months after stopping creatine 
+monohydrate supplementation, a third renal ultrasound confirmed the absence of 
+stones in the kidney.
+CONCLUSION: Two months of creatine monohydrate supplementation in an athlete 
+with a history of kidney stones could not be associated with kidney stone 
+recurrence in the long run.
+
+Introduction. Plusieurs études ont examiné les effets de la supplémentation en 
+créatine monohydrate sur la fonction rénale, mais aucune étude n'a évalué ses 
+effets sur les calculs rénaux chez l'homme. Observation. Une échographie rénale 
+chez un jeune athlète en bonne santé (sans anomalie morphologique rénale connue, 
+fonction rénale normale, bilan phospholipidique normal, acide urique normal) a 
+révélé un calcul rénal de 11 mm dans le calice inférieur droit. Une lithotripsie 
+extracorporelle par ondes de choc a été appliquée afin de briser le calcul. 
+Vingt et un jours plus tard, une échographie rénale de suivi a montré l'absence 
+de calculs dans le rein. Une semaine plus tard, l'athlète a commencé une 
+supplémentation en créatine monohydrate pendant deux mois. Quatorze mois après 
+l'arrêt de la supplémentation en créatine monohydrate, une troisième échographie 
+rénale a confirmé l'absence de calculs dans le rein. Conclusion. Deux mois de 
+supplémentation en créatine monohydrate chez un athlète ayant des antécédents de 
+calculs rénaux n'ont pas pu être associés à la récurrence des calculs rénaux à 
+long terme.
+
+PMCID: PMC9585689
+PMID: 36206067 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+42. Poult Sci. 2022 Dec;101(12):102177. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102177. Epub 2022
+ Sep 13.
+
+Research Note: Creatine monohydrate alleviates protein breakdown induced by 
+corticosterone via inhibiting ubiquitin proteasome pathway in chicken myotubes.
+
+Sun M(1), Jiao H(1), Zhao J(1), Wang X(1), Li H(2), Zhou Y(3), Lin H(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 
+Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and 
+Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
+(2)College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, 
+Shandong Province, 271018, China.
+(3)College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 
+Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
+(4)Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 
+Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and 
+Prevention, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China. Electronic address: 
+hailin@sdau.edu.cn.
+
+Stress is a common problem diminishing the muscle development of broilers. 
+Creatine (Cr), an energy buffer in skeletal muscle, plays a fundamental role in 
+muscle physiology. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cr monohydrate 
+(CMH) on protein breakdown in chicken myotubes challenged by corticosterone 
+(CORT) in vitro. The morphology of myotube was measured and the activation of 
+ubiquitin proteasome (UP) pathway was determined. The result showed that CORT 
+treatment decreased myotube diameter (P < 0.05), increased 3-methyl-histidine 
+(3M-His) content in medium, enhanced the mRNA expression levels of muscle ring 
+finger1(MuRF1) and Atrogin1 (P < 0.001), and Atrogin1 protein level (P < 0.05) 
+compared with control. By contrast, CMH increased myotube diameter (P < 0.05) 
+and myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression (P < 0.001), whereas decreased 3M-His 
+and the mRNA and protein levels of Atrogin1 (P < 0.05), compared to control. In 
+the present of CMH, the decreased myotube diameter and increased 3M-His, mRNA 
+levels of MuRF1 and Atrogin1, and Atrogin1 protein level by CORT were partially 
+relieved (P < 0.05). Hence, the result suggests that CMH alleviates CORT-induced 
+protein breakdown by suppressing Atrogin1 expression in chicken myotubes. The 
+result highlights the potential application of CMH in regulating muscle protein 
+catabolism in chickens under stress.
+
+Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102177
+PMCID: PMC9530949
+PMID: 36194918 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+43. J Strength Cond Res. 2023 May 1;37(5):1079-1088. doi: 
+10.1519/JSC.0000000000004356. Epub 2022 Sep 22.
+
+Self-Reported Training and Supplementation Practices Between 
+Performance-Enhancing Drug-User Bodybuilders Compared with Natural Bodybuilders.
+
+Li J(1), Davies TB, Hackett DA.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, 
+Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 
+Australia.
+
+Li, J, Davies, TB, and Hackett, DA. Self-reported training and supplementation 
+practices between performance-enhancing drug-user bodybuilders compared with 
+natural bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): 1079-1088, 2023-This study 
+aimed to examine whether the training and supplementation practices differ 
+between performance-enhancing drug (PED)-using bodybuilders (BB) and natural BB. 
+One hundred eighty-seven competitive male bodybuilders with a median age of 27.0 
+years completed an online survey. Of this sample, 40 respondents reported using 
+PED (PED-user) and 147 respondents reported to be natural. Compared with natural 
+BB, PED-user BB reported greater off-season body weight ( p < 0.001) and weight 
+loss before a competition ( p < 0.001). In the off-season, PED-user BB performed 
+a greater number of exercises per muscle group ( p < 0.001), number of 
+repetition maximum (RM) per set ( p < 0.01), and less recovery between the sets 
+( p < 0.01). During the precompetition phase, the natural BB increased their 
+number of RM; however, the PED-user BB still reported using a greater number of 
+RM per set ( p = 0.02), exercises per muscle group ( p < 0.001), and less 
+recovery time between the sets ( p < 0.01). Both the PED-user BB and natural BB 
+reported greater aerobic exercise frequency ( p < 0.001) and session duration ( 
+p < 0.001), although PED-user BB performed a greater number of aerobic exercise 
+sessions ( p = 0.04) and at a higher intensity ( p < 0.01). Advanced training 
+techniques, including negatives, partial repetitions, preexhaustion sets, and 
+timed repetitions, were more popular among PED-user BB ( p < 0.05). Creatine 
+monohydrate usage was more popular among natural BB ( p < 0.001), whereas 
+branched-chain and essential amino acids were more popular among PED-user BB ( p 
+≤ 0.001). Findings suggest that PED-user BB perform more metabolically demanding 
+resistance training sessions, more strenuous aerobic training during the 
+precompetition phase, and may have different supplementation preferences 
+compared with natural BB.
+
+Copyright © 2022 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
+
+DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004356
+PMID: 36165879 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+44. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022 Aug;25(8):1009-1015. doi: 
+10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65047.14321.
+
+Effects of different-intensity exercise and creatine supplementation on 
+mitochondrial biogenesis and redox status in mice.
+
+Taskin S(1), Celik T(1), Demiryurek S(2), Turedi S(3), Taskin A(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, 
+Turkey.
+(2)Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 
+Gaziantep, Turkey.
+(3)Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran 
+University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
+(4)Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Harran 
+University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
+
+OBJECTIVES: Dietary supplementation combined with exercise may potentiate the 
+beneficial effects of exercise by reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress and 
+improving mitochondrial quality and capacity. In this study, the effects of 
+creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation with low and high-intensity exercise 
+on mitochondrial biogenesis regulators, Nrf2 anti-oxidant signaling pathway and 
+muscle damage levels were investigated.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: Balb/c male mice were divided into six experimental 
+groups: control, control+CrM, high-intensity exercise, high-intensity 
+exercise+CrM, low-intensity exercise, and low-intensity exercise+CrM. Mice were 
+given CrM supplementation and at the same time, low and high-intensity exercise 
+was applied to the groups on the treadmill at 30min/5day/8week. Then, 
+mitochondrial biogenesis marker (PGC-1α, NRF-1, TFAM), Nrf2 and HO-1 protein 
+expressions, total oxidant-anti-oxidant status level, and histopathological 
+changes were investigated in serum and muscle tissue.
+RESULTS: Exercise intensity and CrM supplementation were found to be effective 
+factors in mitochondrial biogenesis induction via the PGC-1α signaling pathway. 
+Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels increased with exercise intensity, and this result 
+was directly related to serum oxidative stress markers. In addition, CrM 
+supplementation was effective in reducing exercise-induced muscle damage.
+CONCLUSION: This combination induced skeletal muscle adaptations, including 
+mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced anti-oxidant reserves. This synergistic 
+effect of dietary supplementation with low-intensity exercise may be valuable as 
+a complement to treatment, especially in diseases caused by mitochondrial 
+dysfunction.
+
+DOI: 10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65047.14321
+PMCID: PMC9464337
+PMID: 36159328
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no competing interests to 
+declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
+
+
+45. Anim Biotechnol. 2023 Dec;34(7):2979-2989. doi:
+10.1080/10495398.2022.2126368.  Epub 2022 Sep 26.
+
+In ovo feeding of creatine monohydrate increases performances of hatching and 
+development in breeder chicks.
+
+Melo LD(1), Cruz FGG(1), Rufino JPF(1), Melo RD(1), Feijó JDC(2), Andrade 
+PGC(1), Silva FMF(1), Oliveira Filho PA(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, 
+Amazonas, Brazil.
+(2)Faculty of Agronomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 
+Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
+
+The current investigation was conducted to test the potential effects of in ovo 
+feeding of creatine monohydrate (CMH) on hatchability, embryonic mortality, 
+hatching weight, and development of heart and gastrointestinal tract (main 
+organs and regions) of breeder chick embryos. Rhode Island Red fertile eggs were 
+randomly distributed into seven experimental treatments: untreated egg 
+(control), a sterile buffered solution (0.50% NaCl), and five solutions 
+containing increased levels of CMH (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00%) + 0.50% NaCl, 
+being separated in four groups/replicates (three with 15 eggs and one with 16 
+eggs), totaling 61 eggs/treatment and a total of 427 fertile eggs used. All-in 
+ovo injected groups with CMH decreased the hatchability and increased the 
+intermediary embryonic mortality. At hatching, all-in ovo injected groups with 
+CMH also increased the hatching weight and stimulated the development of the 
+heart and the total length of the gastrointestinal tract, especially important 
+organs for digestion of nutrients (yolk sac, pro-ventricle and gizzard) and 
+regions for nutrient absorption (jejunum + ileum and colon + rectum). 
+Conclusively, the in ovo feeding using CMH showed positive impacts on hatching 
+weight and the development of gastrointestinal tract of chicks. However, caused 
+negative impacts on hatchability.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2126368
+PMID: 36154555 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+46. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2022 Aug 25;32(6):446-452. doi: 
+10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0074. Print 2022 Nov 1.
+
+Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation, but not Creatyl-L-Leucine, Increased 
+Muscle Creatine Content in Healthy Young Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized 
+Controlled Trial.
+
+Askow AT(1), Paulussen KJM(1), McKenna CF(2), Salvador AF(1), Scaroni SE(2), 
+Hamann JS(2), Ulanov AV(3), Li Z(3), Paluska SA(4), Beaudry KM(5), De Lisio 
+M(5), Burd NA(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at 
+Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,USA.
+(2)Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 
+Urbana, IL,USA.
+(3)Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at 
+Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,USA.
+(4)Sports Medicine, Evergreen Sports Medicine, Williston, VT,USA.
+(5)Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Human Kinetics, 
+University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON,Canada.
+
+Comment in
+    Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2023 Feb 22;33(3):169-172.
+
+Creatine (Cr) supplementation is a well-established strategy to enhance gains in 
+strength, lean body mass, and power from a period of resistance training. 
+However, the effectiveness of creatyl-L-leucine (CLL), a purported Cr amide, is 
+unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of CLL 
+on muscle Cr content. Twenty-nine healthy men (n = 17) and women (n = 12) 
+consumed 5 g/day of either Cr monohydrate (n = 8; 28.5 ± 7.3 years, 172.1 ± 
+11.0 cm, 76.6 ± 10.7 kg), CLL (n = 11; 29.2 ± 9.3 years, 170.3 ± 10.5 cm, 71.9 ± 
+14.5 kg), or placebo (n = 10; 30.3 ± 6.9 years, 167.8 ± 9.9 cm, 69.9 ± 11.1 kg) 
+for 14 days in a randomized, double-blind design. Participants completed three 
+bouts of supervised resistance exercise per week. Muscle biopsies were collected 
+before and after the intervention for quantification of muscle Cr. Cr 
+monohydrate supplementation which significantly increased muscle Cr content with 
+14 days of supplementation. No changes in muscle Cr were observed for the 
+placebo or CLL groups. Cr monohydrate supplementation is an effective strategy 
+to augment muscle Cr content while CLL is not.
+
+DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0074
+PMID: 36007881 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+47. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Sep 1;36(9):2663-2670. doi: 
+10.1519/JSC.0000000000003873. Epub 2021 Feb 11.
+
+Efficacy of Alternative Forms of Creatine Supplementation on Improving 
+Performance and Body Composition in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review.
+
+Fazio C(1), Elder CL(2), Harris MM(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, 
+Colorado Springs, Colorado; and.
+(2)Sports Medicine, Penrose St. Francis Health Services, Centura Health, 
+Colorado Springs, Colorado.
+
+Fazio, C, Elder, CL, and Harris, MM. Efficacy of alternative forms of creatine 
+supplementation on improving performance and body composition in healthy 
+subjects: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2663-2670, 2022-Novel 
+forms of creatine have appeared in the marketplace with substantial claims of 
+improved efficacy compared to creatine monohydrate (CrM). The purpose of this 
+study was to conduct a systematic review on alternative forms of creatine to 
+determine (a) whether they are effective ergogenic aids and (b) whether they 
+outperform CrM. A separate comparison was conducted to determine average cost of 
+various forms of creatine. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials 
+(CENTRAL), PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were systematically reviewed 
+according to PRISMA guidelines. The design of the review was set to answer the 
+PICOS model (subjects, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design). 
+Seventeen randomized placebo controlled clinical trials examining exercise 
+performance outcomes and body composition were included in the analysis. 
+Magnesium-creatine chelate and creatine citrate, malate, ethyl ester, nitrate, 
+and pyruvate were the only forms researched in the literature. Of these studies, 
+only 3 studies compared the alternative creatine form to CrM, making it 
+difficult to compare efficacy to CrM. There were no consistent findings of 
+performance enhancement among alternative forms of creatine when compared to 
+placebo. A review of the marketplace shows that CrM is the lowest cost form of 
+creatine. Due to the paucity of studies on alternative forms of creatine as well 
+as high prices on the market of these alternative forms, CrM remains as the most 
+extensively studied form of creatine that shows efficacy, safety, and lowest 
+cost to consumer.
+
+Copyright © 2021 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
+
+DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003873
+PMID: 36000773 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+48. Nutr Rev. 2023 Mar 10;81(4):416-427. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac064.
+
+Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a 
+systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
+
+Prokopidis K(1)(2), Giannos P(2)(3), Triantafyllidis KK(2)(4), Kechagias 
+KS(2)(5)(6), Forbes SC(7), Candow DG(8).
+
+Author information:
+(1)is with the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course 
+and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
+(2)are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, 
+United Kingdom.
+(3)is with the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 
+Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
+(4)is with the Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, 
+Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, United Kingdom.
+(5)is with the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of 
+Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
+(6)is with the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster 
+Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
+(7)is with the Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, 
+Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
+(8)is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 
+Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
+
+Comment in
+    Nutr Rev. 2023 Oct 10;81(11):1495-1496.
+
+CONTEXT: From an energy perspective, the brain is very metabolically demanding. 
+It is well documented that creatine plays a key role in brain bioenergetics. 
+There is some evidence that creatine supplementation can augment brain creatine 
+stores, which could increase memory.
+OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials 
+(RCTs) was conducted to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on 
+memory performance in healthy humans.
+DATA SOURCES: The literature was searched through the PubMed, Web of Science, 
+Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception until September 2021.
+DATA EXTRACTION: Twenty-three eligible RCTs were initially identified. Ten RCTs 
+examining the effect of creatine supplementation compared with placebo on 
+measures of memory in healthy individuals met the inclusion criteria for 
+systematic review, 8 of which were included in the meta-analysis.
+DATA ANALYSIS: Overall, creatine supplementation improved measures of memory 
+compared with placebo (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.29, 95%CI, 0.04-0.53; 
+I2 = 66%; P = 0.02). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant improvement in 
+memory in older adults (66-76 years) (SMD = 0.88; 95%CI, 0.22-1.55; I2 = 83%; 
+P = 0.009) compared with their younger counterparts (11-31 years) (SMD = 0.03; 
+95%CI, -0.14 to 0.20; I2 = 0%; P = 0.72). Creatine dose (≈ 2.2-20 g/d), duration 
+of intervention (5 days to 24 weeks), sex, or geographical origin did not 
+influence the findings.
+CONCLUSION: Creatine supplementation enhanced measures of memory performance in 
+healthy individuals, especially in older adults (66-76 years).
+SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. 42021281027.
+
+© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the 
+International Life Sciences Institute.
+
+DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac064
+PMCID: PMC9999677
+PMID: 35984306 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+49. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2022 Aug 8;19(1):529-542. doi: 
+10.1080/15502783.2022.2108683. eCollection 2022.
+
+A randomized open-labeled study to examine the effects of creatine monohydrate 
+and combined training on jump and scoring performance in young basketball 
+players.
+
+Vargas-Molina S(1)(2), García-Sillero M(1), Kreider RB(3), Salinas E(1), Petro 
+JL(4), Benítez-Porres J(2), Bonilla DA(5)(6)(7).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 
+Málaga, Spain.
+(2)University of Málaga, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, 
+Spain.
+(3)College Station, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, 
+Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Texas, USA.
+(4)Physical Education and Sport Area, Research Group in Physical Activity, 
+Sports and Health Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia.
+(5)Dynamical Business & Science Society - DBSS INTERNATIONAL, Research Division, 
+Bogotá, Colombia.
+(6)Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Research Group in 
+Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bogotá, Colombia.
+(7)University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Sport Genomics Research Group, 
+Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of 
+Science and Technology, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
+
+BACKGROUND: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation has been shown to be an 
+effective and safe nutritional supplement to improve performance; however, the 
+impact of CrM supplementation in young basketball players is less clear. This 
+study evaluated the effects of CrM supplementation during a strength and 
+conditioning training (SCT) program on lower-limb strength parameters and 
+performance in under-16 (U16) basketball players.
+METHODS: Twenty-three male U16 basketball players participated in this study 
+(14.3 ± 0.4 years; BMI: 20.7 ± 2.2 kg∙m-2). The players were randomly assigned 
+to either a CrM group (n = 12) that ingested 0.1 g·kg-1·day-1 of CrM or to a 
+non-supplemented control group (n = 11, CON). The athletes participated in an 
+8-week SCT program consisting of two lower-limb resistance-training sessions and 
+two plyometric sessions per week. Squat jump (SJ), drop jump (DP), 
+countermovement jump (CMJ), and Abalakov (ABK) jump power tests as well as 
+basketball performance (points and minutes per game) were measured before, 
+during and/or after the intervention. Data were analyzed using a general linear 
+model with repeated measures with independent Student's t-test pairwise 
+comparisons.
+RESULTS: The results (95% confidence interval for mean change from baseline) 
+show that there were significant differences for all variables for CrM and CON, 
+respectively: SJ (cm): 2.6 - 6.4, P < 0.01 and 2.2-5.1 P < 0.01; DJ (cm): 
+2.5-5.6, P < 0.01, and 1.8-4.4, P < 0.01; CMJ (cm): 0.3-0.8, P < 0.01, and 
+0.2-0.5, P < 0.01; ABK (cm): 2.8-5.5, P < 0.01 and 0.7-2.6, P = 0.003. A 
+significant group x time interaction (p = 0.003, ηp 2 = 0.342) was observed in 
+ABK performance. No significant group x time effects were seen in squat jump (p 
+= 0.449, ηp 2 = 0.028), drop jump (p = 0.143, ηp 2 = 0.099), or counter movement 
+jump (p = 0.304, ηp 2 = 0.05). A significant interaction effect was also 
+observed in points per game (p = 0.049, ηp 2 = 0.149), while a non-significant 
+but medium effect was seen in minutes per game (p = 0.166, ηp 2 = 0.094).
+CONCLUSIONS: CrM supplementation in conjunction with resistance and plyometric 
+training increased the lower-limb ABK power and scoring performance in U16 
+basketball players.
+
+© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & 
+Francis Group.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2108683
+PMCID: PMC9364731
+PMID: 35966022 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.A.B. serves as science product manager for MTX 
+Corporation®, a company that produces, distributes, sells, and does research on 
+dietary supplements (including creatine) in Europe, has acted as a scientific 
+consultant for MET-Rx and Healthy Sports in Colombia, and has received honoraria 
+for speaking about creatine at international conferences. R.B.K. has conducted 
+industry-sponsored research on creatine, received financial support for 
+presenting on creatine at industry-sponsored scientific conferences, and has 
+served as an expert witness on cases related to creatine. Additionally, R.B.K. 
+serves as chair of the “Creatine for Health” scientific advisory board for 
+Alzchem Group AG, while D.A.B. serves as member of this board. The other authors 
+declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+
+50. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2022 Jun 23;19(1):267-315. doi: 
+10.1080/15502783.2022.2086017. eCollection 2022.
+
+International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete 
+nutrition.
+
+Gonzalez DE(1), McAllister MJ(2), Waldman HS(3), Ferrando AA(4), Joyce J(5), 
+Barringer ND(6), Dawes JJ(7), Kieffer AJ(8), Harvey T(9), Kerksick CM(10), Stout 
+JR(11), Ziegenfuss TN(12), Zapp A(13), Tartar JL(14), Heileson JL(15), 
+VanDusseldorp TA(16), Kalman DS(17), Campbell BI(18), Antonio J(19), Kreider 
+RB(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, 
+Department of Health & Kinesiology Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 
+USA.
+(2)Texas State University, Metabolic and Applied Physiology Laboratory, 
+Department of Health & Human Performance, San Marcos, TX, USA.
+(3)University of North Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Florence, AL, USA.
+(4)University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little 
+Rock, AR, USA.
+(5)Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, 
+OK, USA.
+(6)US. Army-Baylor Master's Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, San 
+Antonio, TX, USA.
+(7)Oklahoma State University, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and 
+Recreation, Stillwater, OK, USA.
+(8)Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Nutritional Medicine, San Antonio, 
+TX, USA.
+(9)United States Special Operations Command, Preservation of the Force and 
+Family, Tampa, FL, USA.
+(10)Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, 
+College of Science, Technology, and Health, St. Charles, MO, USA.
+(11)University of Central Florida, Institute of Exercise Physiology and 
+Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Orlando, 
+FL, USA.
+(12)The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, USA.
+(13)Fire Rescue Wellness, Montgomery, IL, USA.
+(14)Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 
+Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
+(15)Baylor University, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, 
+Waco, TX, USA.
+(16)Research & Development, Bonafide Health LLC, Harrison, NY, USA.
+(17)Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern 
+University, Nutrition Department, Davie, FL, USA.
+(18)University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, 
+Exercise Science Program, Tampa, FL, USA.
+(19)Fight Science Laboratory, Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health 
+and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA.
+
+This position stand aims to provide an evidence-based summary of the energy and 
+nutritional demands of tactical athletes to promote optimal health and 
+performance while keeping in mind the unique challenges faced due to work 
+schedules, job demands, and austere environments. After a critical analysis of 
+the literature, the following nutritional guidelines represent the position of 
+the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).
+GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Nutritional considerations should include the provision 
+and timing of adequate calories, macronutrients, and fluid to meet daily needs 
+as well as strategic nutritional supplementation to improve physical, cognitive, 
+and occupational performance outcomes; reduce risk of injury, obesity, and 
+cardiometabolic disease; reduce the potential for a fatal mistake; and promote 
+occupational readiness.
+MILITARY RECOMMENDATIONS: Energy demands should be met by utilizing the Military 
+Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRIs) established and codified in Army Regulation 
+40-25. Although research is somewhat limited, military personnel may also 
+benefit from caffeine, creatine monohydrate, essential amino acids, protein, 
+omega-3-fatty acids, beta-alanine, and L-tyrosine supplementation, especially 
+during high-stress conditions.
+FIRST RESPONDER RECOMMENDATIONS: Specific energy needs are unknown and may vary 
+depending on occupation-specific tasks. It is likely the general caloric intake 
+and macronutrient guidelines for recreational athletes or the Acceptable 
+Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for the general healthy adult population may 
+benefit first responders. Strategies such as implementing wellness policies, 
+setting up supportive food environments, encouraging healthier food systems, and 
+using community resources to offer evidence-based nutrition classes are 
+inexpensive and potentially meaningful ways to improve physical activity and 
+diet habits. The following provides a more detailed overview of the literature 
+and recommendations for these populations.
+
+© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & 
+Francis Group.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2086017
+PMCID: PMC9261739
+PMID: 35813846 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported 
+by the author(s).
+
+
+51. Bone. 2022 Sep;162:116467. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
+
+Creatine supplementation for older adults: Focus on sarcopenia, osteoporosis, 
+frailty and Cachexia.
+
+Candow DG(1), Chilibeck PD(2), Forbes SC(3), Fairman CM(4), Gualano B(5), 
+Roschel H(5).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, 
+Canada. Electronic address: Darren.Candow@uregina.ca.
+(2)College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
+(3)Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University Brandon, MB, 
+Canada.
+(4)Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of 
+South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
+(5)Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education 
+and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of Sao 
+Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
+
+Sarcopenia refers to the age-related reduction in strength, muscle mass and 
+functionality which increases the risk for falls, injuries and fractures. 
+Sarcopenia is associated with other age-related conditions such as osteoporosis, 
+frailty and cachexia. Identifying treatments to overcome sarcopenia and 
+associated conditions is important from a global health perspective. There is 
+evidence that creatine monohydrate supplementation, primarily when combined with 
+resistance training, has favorable effects on indices of aging muscle and bone. 
+These musculoskeletal benefits provide some rationale for creatine being a 
+potential intervention for treating frailty and cachexia. The purposes of this 
+narrative review are to update the collective body of research pertaining to the 
+effects of creatine supplementation on indices of aging muscle and bone 
+(including bone turnover markers) and present possible justification and 
+rationale for its utilization in the treatment of frailty and cachexia in older 
+adults.
+
+Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467
+PMID: 35688360 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+52. Cureus. 2022 Apr 22;14(4):e24395. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24395. eCollection 2022
+ Apr.
+
+Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Single 5-Gram Bolus of Creatine Monohydrate 
+Versus Two Other Creatine-Containing Investigational Products.
+
+Antonio J(1), Evans C(2), Jiannine L(1), Curtis J(3), Wojnas K(4), Burgess V(5), 
+Willoughby D(6), Hohl C(7), Petersen B(8), Flynn S(9), Baisley J(10), Parekh 
+G(11), Kalman D(12).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
+(2)Nutrition, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
+(3)Exercise Science, Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
+(4)Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, 
+USA.
+(5)Health and Human Performance, Concordia University, Chicago, USA.
+(6)Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, USA.
+(7)Protein Research and Development, Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, USA.
+(8)Ingredients Research and Development, Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, USA.
+(9)Product Strategy and Technology, Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, USA.
+(10)Clinical Design and Delivery, Nutrasource Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical 
+Services Inc., Guelph, CAN.
+(11)Research and Development, Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, USA.
+(12)Scientific Affairs, Nutrasource Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Services 
+Inc., Guelph, CAN.
+
+The purpose of this study was to determine the relative pharmacokinetics of 
+creatine monohydrate delivered as a formula or as a pure powder (all mixed in 
+solution). A single 5 g bolus of creatine monohydrate was ingested as CreaBev 1, 
+CreaBev 2, or creatine monohydrate. Participants we assigned a test product and 
+monitored in a supervised laboratory setting for ingestion and all blood draws 
+starting 30 min post-ingestion to the 6-h mark. Standard pharmacokinetic 
+analysis was undertaken to determine relative maximum concentration (Cmax), time 
+to maximum concentration (Tmax), and area under the curve (AUC) for the 
+products. Cmax data indicate that CreaBev 1 10.55±4.10, CreaBev 2 15.45±5.48, 
+and creatine monohydrate 12.77±4.0 nmol/h/μL. The Tmax analysis demonstrated 
+CreaBev 1 1.20±1.01, CreaBev 2 1.23±0.65, and creatine monohydrate 0.91±0.2 h. 
+The AUC data indicate that CreaBev 1 22.90±9.17, CreaBev 2 33.92±9.52, and 
+creatine monohydrate 29.58±11.93 nmol/h/μL. When examining the data for 
+pharmacokinetics, the AUC and Cmax pharmacokinetics were greatest for CreaBev 2 
+(p<0.021 and 0.020). Within the confines of this study, CreaBev 2 produced the 
+highest blood concentrations of creatine as compared to creatine monohydrate and 
+CreaBev 1.
+
+Copyright © 2022, Antonio et al.
+
+DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24395
+PMCID: PMC9126436
+PMID: 35619864
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Jose Antonio is the CEO of the academic 
+non-profit, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN). The ISSN 
+receives funding from companies that market creatine and/or creatine-containing 
+products. Doug Kalman is a co-founder of the ISSN, and an employee of 
+Nutrasource Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Services Inc. (managing CRO).
+
+
+53. J Physiol. 2022 Jul;600(13):3193-3210. doi: 10.1113/JP282840. Epub 2022 Jun
+3.
+
+Creatine supplementation reduces the cerebral oxidative and metabolic stress 
+responses to acute in utero hypoxia in the late-gestation fetal sheep.
+
+Tran NT(1)(2), Kowalski GM(3)(4), Muccini AM(2)(5), Nitsos I(2)(6), Hale 
+N(1)(2), Snow RJ(3), Walker DW(1), Ellery SJ(2)(6).
+
+Author information:
+(1)School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 
+Australia.
+(2)The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 
+Victoria, Australia.
+(3)Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and 
+Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
+(4)Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 
+Victoria, Australia.
+(5)Genetic Research Services, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 
+Australia.
+(6)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, 
+Victoria, Australia.
+
+Comment in
+    J Physiol. 2022 Jul;600(13):3013-3014.
+    J Physiol. 2022 Sep;600(18):4059-4061.
+
+Prophylactic creatine treatment may reduce hypoxic brain injury due to its 
+ability to sustain intracellular ATP levels thereby reducing oxidative and 
+metabolic stress responses during oxygen deprivation. Using microdialysis, we 
+investigated the real-time in vivo effects of fetal creatine supplementation on 
+cerebral metabolism following acute in utero hypoxia caused by umbilical cord 
+occlusion (UCO). Fetal sheep (118 days' gestational age (dGA)) were implanted 
+with an inflatable Silastic cuff around the umbilical cord and a microdialysis 
+probe inserted into the right cerebral hemisphere for interstitial fluid 
+sampling. Creatine (6 mg kg-1  h-1 ) or saline was continuously infused 
+intravenously from 122 dGA. At 131 dGA, a 10 min UCO was induced. Hourly 
+microdialysis samples were obtained from -24 to 72 h post-UCO and analysed for 
+percentage change of hydroxyl radicals (• OH) and interstitial metabolites 
+(lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, glycerol, glycine). Histochemical markers of 
+protein and lipid oxidation were assessed at post-mortem 72 h post-UCO. Prior to 
+UCO, creatine treatment reduced pyruvate and glycerol concentrations in the 
+microdialysate outflow. Creatine treatment reduced interstitial cerebral • OH 
+outflow 0 to 24 h post-UCO. Fetuses with higher arterial creatine concentrations 
+before UCO presented with reduced levels of hypoxaemia ( PO2 and SO2 ) during 
+UCO which associated with reduced interstitial cerebral pyruvate, lactate and • 
+OH accumulation. No effects of creatine treatment on immunohistochemical markers 
+of oxidative stress were found. In conclusion, fetal creatine treatment 
+decreased cerebral outflow of • OH and was associated with an improvement in 
+cerebral bioenergetics following acute hypoxia. KEY POINTS: Fetal hypoxia can 
+cause persistent metabolic and oxidative stress responses that disturb energy 
+homeostasis in the brain. Creatine in its phosphorylated form is an endogenous 
+phosphagen; therefore, supplementation is a proposed prophylactic treatment for 
+fetal hypoxia. Fetal sheep instrumented with a cerebral microdialysis probe were 
+continuously infused with or without creatine-monohydrate for 10 days before 
+induction of 10 min umbilical cord occlusion (UCO; 131 days' gestation). 
+Cerebral interstitial fluid was collected up to 72 h following UCO. Prior to 
+UCO, fetal creatine supplementation reduced interstitial cerebral pyruvate and 
+glycerol concentrations. Fetal creatine supplementation reduced cerebral 
+hydroxyl radical efflux up to 24 h post-UCO. Fetuses with higher arterial 
+creatine concentrations before UCO and reduced levels of systemic hypoxaemia 
+during UCO were associated with reduced cerebral interstitial pyruvate, lactate 
+and • OH following UCO. Creatine supplementation leads to some improvements in 
+cerebral bioenergetics following in utero acute hypoxia.
+
+© 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 
+on behalf of The Physiological Society.
+
+DOI: 10.1113/JP282840
+PMCID: PMC9542404
+PMID: 35587817 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+54. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Apr;48:464-471. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.020. Epub
+ 2021 Dec 28.
+
+Renal, hepatic and muscle effects of creatine supplementation in an older adults 
+experimental model.
+
+Ramos Fernandes VA(1), Delforno MC(2), Banov GC(3), Shmayev M(4), Alves Leandro 
+JV(5), Gonçalves Teixeira KF(6), Iatecola A(7), Inácio Cardozo MF(8), Caldeira 
+EJ(9), Rodrigues da Cunha M(10).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil; Laboratory of Anatomy at Centro Universitário Nossa 
+Senhora do Patrocínio, Itu, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: 
+victorfernandes@g.fmj.br.
+(2)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil.
+(3)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil. Electronic address: gibanovv@gmail.com.
+(4)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil. Electronic address: mari.shmayev@gmail.com.
+(5)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil. Electronic address: juliavalencio15@gmail.com.
+(6)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil. Electronic address: kaduposse@gmail.com.
+(7)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil; Laboratory of Anatomy at Centro Universitário Nossa 
+Senhora do Patrocínio, Itu, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: 
+amilton.iatecola@ceunsp.edu.br.
+(8)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil; Laboratory of Anatomy at Centro Universitário Nossa 
+Senhora do Patrocínio, Itu, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: 
+marcel.cardozo@ceunsp.edu.br.
+(9)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil. Electronic address: drdcaldeira@gmail.com.
+(10)Laboratory of Morphology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine of 
+Jundiaí, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology - 
+Human Anatomy, Brazil; Laboratory of Anatomy at Centro Universitário Nossa 
+Senhora do Patrocínio, Itu, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: 
+marcelocunha@g.fmj.br.
+
+BACKGROUND & AIMS: Creatine is a dietary supplement with potential capacity to 
+stimulate the phosphocreatine pathway and protein synthesis, through the 
+stimulation of the PI3-K/AKT and mTOR cascade, its use in populations with 
+reduced muscle preservation capacity (such as the older adults) can be an 
+interesting and low-cost alternative. The aim of the present study was to 
+evaluate the morphological, stereological and morphometric effects of the use of 
+creatine monohydrate for 8 weeks on the renal, hepatic and muscular tissues of 
+26-month-old Wistar rats.
+METHODS: Twelve Wistar rats were divided into two groups of six animals each. 
+Group 1 was not supplemented with creatine and received a standard diet 
+consisting of water and chow. Group 2 received the same diet, but was 
+supplemented with creatine monohydrate at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg of body weight 
+diluted in 200 ml of drinking water for 8 weeks.
+RESULTS: Supplementation reduced muscle mass loss as indicated by the perimeter 
+of the perimysium (group 1: 114.6 μm; group 2: 65.2 μm) and endomysium (group 1: 
+41,239.3 μm; group 2: 12,437.6 μm) compared to the non-supplemented group. In 
+addition, a larger cross-sectional area was observed in group 2. No significant 
+kidney or liver damage was observed in the supplemented group.
+CONCLUSIONS: The use of creatine is considered safe in the animal model used, as 
+this amine does not cause glomerular reductions or hepatic degeneration.
+
+Copyright © 2021 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. 
+Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.020
+PMID: 35331530 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors 
+declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+55. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 8;14(3):701. doi: 10.3390/nu14030701.
+
+The Dietary Supplement Creatyl-l-Leucine Does Not Bioaccumulate in Muscle, Brain 
+or Plasma and Is Not a Significant Bioavailable Source of Creatine.
+
+da Silva RP(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, 
+University of Manitoba, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, 
+Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
+
+Creatine is an important energy metabolite that is concentrated in tissues such 
+as the muscles and brain. Creatine is reversibly converted to creatine phosphate 
+through a reaction with ATP or ADP, which is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine 
+kinase. Dietary supplementation with relatively large amounts of creatine 
+monohydrate has been proven as an effective sports supplement that can enhances 
+athletic performance during acute high-energy demand physical activity. Some 
+side effects have been reported with creatine monohydrate supplementation, which 
+have stimulated research into new potential molecules that could be used as 
+supplements to potentially provide bioavailable creatine. Recently, a popular 
+supplement, creatyl-l-leucine, has been proposed as a potential dietary 
+ingredient that may potentially provide bioavailable creatine. This study tests 
+whether creatyl-l-leucine is a bioavailable compound and determines whether it 
+can furnish creatine as a dietary supplement. Rats were deprived of dietary 
+creatine for a period of two weeks and then given one of three treatments: a 
+control AIN-93G creatine-free diet, AIN-93G supplemented with creatine 
+monohydrate or AIN-93G with an equimolar amount of creatyl-l-leucine supplement 
+in the diet for one week. When compared to the control and the creatine 
+monohydrate-supplemented diet, creatyl-l-leucine supplementation resulted in no 
+bioaccumulation of either creatyl-l-leucine or creatine in tissue.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu14030701
+PMCID: PMC8840086
+PMID: 35277060 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The author received compensation for the time 
+taken to complete this study. The author has no financial interests tied to the 
+outcomes or findings of this study. The study design contained all appropriate 
+controls, and the conclusions of this study were made based solely on unbiased 
+scientific analysis of the data.
+
+
+56. Nutrients. 2022 Jan 26;14(3):529. doi: 10.3390/nu14030529.
+
+Role of Creatine Supplementation in Conditions Involving Mitochondrial 
+Dysfunction: A Narrative Review.
+
+Marshall RP(1), Droste JN(1), Giessing J(2), Kreider RB(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Medical Department, RasenBallsport Leipzig GmbH, 04177 Leipzig, Germany.
+(2)Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, 
+Universität Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany.
+(3)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department 
+of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+
+Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is one of the most widely used nutritional 
+supplements among active individuals and athletes to improve high-intensity 
+exercise performance and training adaptations. However, research suggests that 
+CrM supplementation may also serve as a therapeutic tool in the management of 
+some chronic and traumatic diseases. Creatine supplementation has been reported 
+to improve high-energy phosphate availability as well as have antioxidative, 
+neuroprotective, anti-lactatic, and calcium-homoeostatic effects. These 
+characteristics may have a direct impact on mitochondrion's survival and health 
+particularly during stressful conditions such as ischemia and injury. This 
+narrative review discusses current scientific evidence for use or supplemental 
+CrM as a therapeutic agent during conditions associated with mitochondrial 
+dysfunction. Based on this analysis, it appears that CrM supplementation may 
+have a role in improving cellular bioenergetics in several mitochondrial 
+dysfunction-related diseases, ischemic conditions, and injury pathology and 
+thereby could provide therapeutic benefit in the management of these conditions. 
+However, larger clinical trials are needed to explore these potential 
+therapeutic applications before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu14030529
+PMCID: PMC8838971
+PMID: 35276888 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: R.P.M. received financial support for presenting 
+on creatine at industry sponsored scientific conferences. J.N.D. declares there 
+is no financial and no non-financial conflict of interest. J.G. reports no 
+conflict of interest. R.B.K. has conducted industry sponsored research on 
+creatine, received financial support for presenting on creatine at industry 
+sponsored scientific conferences, and has served as an expert witness on cases 
+related to creatine. Additionally, he serves as Chair of the Scientific Advisory 
+Board for AlzChem who sponsored this special issue.
+
+
+57. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 28;14(5):1035. doi: 10.3390/nu14051035.
+
+Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related 
+Compounds: A Critical Review.
+
+Kreider RB(1), Jäger R(2), Purpura M(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department 
+of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+(2)Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.
+
+In 2011, we published a paper providing an overview about the bioavailability, 
+efficacy, and regulatory status of creatine monohydrate (CrM), as well as other 
+"novel forms" of creatine that were being marketed at the time. This paper 
+concluded that no other purported form of creatine had been shown to be a more 
+effective source of creatine than CrM, and that CrM was recognized by 
+international regulatory authorities as safe for use in dietary supplements. 
+Moreover, that most purported "forms" of creatine that were being marketed at 
+the time were either less bioavailable, less effective, more expensive, and/or 
+not sufficiently studied in terms of safety and/or efficacy. We also provided 
+examples of several "forms" of creatine that were being marketed that were not 
+bioavailable sources of creatine or less effective than CrM in comparative 
+effectiveness trials. We had hoped that this paper would encourage supplement 
+manufacturers to use CrM in dietary supplements given the overwhelming efficacy 
+and safety profile. Alternatively, encourage them to conduct research to show 
+their purported "form" of creatine was a bioavailable, effective, and safe 
+source of creatine before making unsubstantiated claims of greater efficacy 
+and/or safety than CrM. Unfortunately, unsupported misrepresentations about the 
+effectiveness and safety of various "forms" of creatine have continued. The 
+purpose of this critical review is to: (1) provide an overview of the 
+physiochemical properties, bioavailability, and safety of CrM; (2) describe the 
+data needed to substantiate claims that a "novel form" of creatine is a 
+bioavailable, effective, and safe source of creatine; (3) examine whether other 
+marketed sources of creatine are more effective sources of creatine than CrM; 
+(4) provide an update about the regulatory status of CrM and other purported 
+sources of creatine sold as dietary supplements; and (5) provide guidance 
+regarding the type of research needed to validate that a purported "new form" of 
+creatine is a bioavailable, effective and safe source of creatine for dietary 
+supplements. Based on this analysis, we categorized forms of creatine that are 
+being sold as dietary supplements as either having strong, some, or no evidence 
+of bioavailability and safety. As will be seen, CrM continues to be the only 
+source of creatine that has substantial evidence to support bioavailability, 
+efficacy, and safety. Additionally, CrM is the source of creatine recommended 
+explicitly by professional societies and organizations and approved for use in 
+global markets as a dietary ingredient or food additive.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu14051035
+PMCID: PMC8912867
+PMID: 35268011 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: R.J. and M.P. are researchers and principals for 
+Increnovo, LLC, which conducts research, develops intellectual property, and 
+consults with industry about raw ingredients and product formulations. They have 
+filed patents for creatine while being employed by SKW Trostberg/Degussa AG (now 
+Alzchem), from 1999 to 2007, with all the patents being expired or abandoned 
+(WO2006015774A1, US20110123654A1, WO2003071884A1, US20050096392A1, 
+WO2006122809A1, WO2002052957A1, WO2003047367A1, US20040006139A1, 
+US20020072541A1, DE10244281A1, DE10119608A1), and conducted research on various 
+forms of creatine. R.B.K. has conducted sponsored research on dietary 
+supplements including creatine through grants awarded to the universities he has 
+been affiliated with, received honorarium for presenting research related to 
+dietary supplements and creatine at industry-sponsored scientific conferences, 
+has served as an expert witness on cases related to dietary supplements, 
+including past and current cases related to creatine, and is acting Chair of the 
+Scientific Advisory Board on Creatine for Alzchem. He has also presented 
+research related to creatine at a number of international conferences.
+
+
+58. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 22;14(5):921. doi: 10.3390/nu14050921.
+
+Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health.
+
+Forbes SC(1)(2), Cordingley DM(3)(4), Cornish SM(2)(3)(5), Gualano B(6), Roschel 
+H(6), Ostojic SM(7)(8), Rawson ES(9), Roy BD(10), Prokopidis K(11), Giannos 
+P(12), Candow DG(13).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon 
+University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada.
+(2)Centre for Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
+(3)Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, 
+Canada.
+(4)Pan Am Clinic Foundation, 75 Poseidon Bay, Winnipeg, MB R3M 3E4, Canada.
+(5)Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, 
+Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
+(6)Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, School 
+of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de 
+Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
+(7)Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, 4604 
+Kristiansand, Norway.
+(8)Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad, 
+21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
+(9)Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, 
+Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA.
+(10)Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, 
+Canada.
+(11)Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical 
+Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L73 FAK, UK.
+(12)Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College 
+London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
+(13)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK 
+S4S 0A2, Canada.
+
+While the vast majority of research involving creatine supplementation has 
+focused on skeletal muscle, there is a small body of accumulating research that 
+has focused on creatine and the brain. Preliminary studies indicate that 
+creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to 
+increase brain creatine content in humans. Furthermore, creatine has shown some 
+promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and 
+depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. 
+The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current body of 
+research pertaining to creatine supplementation on total creatine and 
+phophorylcreatine (PCr) content, explore GAA as an alternative or adjunct to 
+creatine supplementation on brain creatine uptake, assess the impact of creatine 
+on cognition with a focus on sleep deprivation, discuss the effects of creatine 
+supplementation on a variety of neurological and mental health conditions, and 
+outline recent advances on creatine supplementation as a neuroprotective 
+supplement following traumatic brain injury or concussion.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu14050921
+PMCID: PMC8912287
+PMID: 35267907 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: S.C.F. has previously served as a scientific 
+advisor for a company that sold creatine monohydrate and has received industry 
+sponsored research involving creatine supplementation and received creatine 
+donations for scientific studies. D.G.C. and E.S.R have conducted industry 
+sponsored research involving creatine supplementation and received creatine 
+donations for scientific studies and travel support for presentations involving 
+creatine supplementation at scientific conferences. In addition, D.G.C. and 
+E.S.R serve on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company that 
+manufactures creatine) and as an expert witness/consultant in legal cases 
+involving creatine supplementation. S.M.O. serves on the Scientific Advisory 
+Board for Alzchem (a company that manufactures creatine). S.M.O. owns patent 
+“Sports Supplements Based on Liquid Creatine” at European Patent Office 
+(WO2019150323 A1), and active patent application “Synergistic Creatine” at UK 
+Intellectual Property Office (GB2012773.4). S.M.O. has served as a speaker at 
+Abbott Nutrition, a consultant of Allied Beverages Adriatic and IMLEK, and has 
+received research funding related to creatine from the Serbian Ministry of 
+Education, Science, and Technological Development, Provincial Secretariat for 
+Higher Education and Scientific Research, AlzChem GmbH, KW Pfannenschmidt GmbH, 
+ThermoLife International LLC, and Hueston Hennigan LLP. S.M.O. does not own 
+stocks and shares in any organization. D.M.C. is affiliated with the Pan Am 
+Clinic Foundation which receives general education and research support from 
+ConMed Linvatec, Ossur, Zimmer Biomet, and Arthrex. B.G. has received research 
+grants, creatine donation for scientific studies, travel support for 
+participation in scientific conferences (includes the ISSN) and honorarium for 
+speaking at lectures from AlzChem (a company which manufactures creatine). In 
+addition, B.G. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company 
+that manufactures creatine). All other authors report no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+59. Sports Med. 2022 Jul;52(7):1623-1645. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01640-z. Epub
+2022  Feb 26.
+
+The Paradoxical Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Damage Markers: A 
+Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
+
+Doma K(1), Ramachandran AK(2), Boullosa D(3)(4), Connor J(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, College of Healthcare 
+Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, 
+QLD481, Australia. kenji.doma@jcu.edu.au.
+(2)Sports Dynamix Private Limited, Chennai, India.
+(3)James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, College of Healthcare 
+Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, 
+QLD481, Australia.
+(4)Federal University of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
+
+BACKGROUND: Several studies have examined the effect of creatine monohydrate 
+(CrM) on indirect muscle damage markers and muscle performance, although pooled 
+data from several studies indicate that the benefits of CrM on recovery dynamics 
+are limited.
+OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis determined whether the 
+ergogenic effects of CrM ameliorated markers of muscle damage and performance 
+following muscle-damaging exercises.
+METHODS: In total, 23 studies were included, consisting of 240 participants in 
+the CrM group (age 23.9 ± 10.4 years, height 178 ± 5 cm, body mass 
+76.9 ± 7.6 kg, females 10.4%) and 229 participants in the placebo group (age 
+23.7 ± 8.5 years, height 177 ± 5 cm, body mass 77.0 ± 6.6 kg, females 10.0%). 
+These studies were rated as fair to excellent following the PEDro scale. The 
+outcome measures were compared between the CrM and placebo groups at 24-36 h and 
+48-90 h following muscle-damaging exercises, using standardised mean differences 
+(SMDs) and associated p-values via forest plots. Furthermore, sub-group analyses 
+were conducted by separating studies into those that examined the effects of CrM 
+as an acute training response (i.e., after one muscle-damaging exercise bout) 
+and those that examined the chronic training response (i.e., examining the acute 
+response after the last training session following several weeks of training).
+RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, the CrM group exhibited significantly 
+lower indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., creatine kinase, lactate 
+dehydrogenase, and/or myoglobin) at 48-90 h post-exercise for the acute training 
+response (SMD - 1.09; p = 0.03). However, indirect muscle damage markers were 
+significantly greater in the CrM group at 24 h post-exercise (SMD 0.95; 
+p = 0.04) for the chronic training response. Although not significant, a large 
+difference in indirect muscle damage markers was also found at 48 h 
+post-exercise (SMD 1.24) for the chronic training response. The CrM group also 
+showed lower inflammation for the acute training response at 24-36 h 
+post-exercise and 48-90 h post-exercise with a large effect size 
+(SMD - 1.38 ≤ d ≤  - 1.79). Similarly, the oxidative stress markers were lower 
+for the acute training response in the CrM group at 24-36 h post-exercise and 
+90 h post-exercise, with a large effect size (SMD - 1.37 and - 1.36, 
+respectively). For delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), the measures were lower 
+for the CrM group at 24 h post-exercise with a moderate effect size (SMD - 0.66) 
+as an acute training response. However, the inter-group differences for 
+inflammation, oxidative stress, and DOMS were not statistically significant 
+(p > 0.05).
+CONCLUSION: Overall, our meta-analysis demonstrated a paradoxical effect of CrM 
+supplementation post-exercise, where CrM appears to minimise exercise-induced 
+muscle damage as an acute training response, although this trend is reversed as 
+a chronic training response. Thus, CrM may be effective in reducing the level of 
+exercise-induced muscle damage following a single bout of strenuous exercises, 
+although training-induced stress could be exacerbated following long-term 
+supplementation of CrM. Although long-term usage of CrM is known to enhance 
+training adaptations, whether the increased level of exercise-induced muscle 
+damage as a chronic training response may provide potential mechanisms to 
+enhance chronic training adaptations with CrM supplementation remains to be 
+confirmed.
+
+© 2022. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01640-z
+PMCID: PMC9213373
+PMID: 35218552 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Kenji Doma, Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran, Daniel 
+Boullosa, and Jonathan Connor have no conflicts of interest that are directly 
+relevant to the content of this article.
+
+
+60. Creatine Deficiency Disorders.
+
+Mercimek-Andrews S(1), Salomons GS(2).
+
+In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, 
+Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(®) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of 
+Washington, Seattle; 1993–2024.
+2009 Jan 15 [updated 2022 Feb 10].
+
+Author information:
+(1)Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and 
+Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
+(2)Professor, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic 
+Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
+
+CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: The creatine deficiency disorders (CDDs), inborn 
+errors of creatine metabolism and transport, comprise three disorders: the 
+creatine biosynthesis disorders guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) 
+deficiency and L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency; and 
+creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency. Developmental delay and cognitive 
+dysfunction or intellectual disability and speech-language disorder are common 
+to all three CDDs. Onset of clinical manifestations of GAMT deficiency (reported 
+in ~130 individuals) is between ages three months and two years; in addition to 
+developmental delays, the majority of individuals have epilepsy and develop a 
+behavior disorder (e.g., hyperactivity, autism, or self-injurious behavior), and 
+about 30% have movement disorder. AGAT deficiency has been reported in 16 
+individuals; none have had epilepsy or movement disorders. Clinical findings of 
+CRTR deficiency in affected males (reported in ~130 individuals) in addition to 
+developmental delays include epilepsy (variable seizure types and may be 
+intractable) and behavior disorders (e.g., attention deficit and/or 
+hyperactivity, autistic features, impulsivity, social anxiety), hypotonia, and 
+(less commonly) a movement disorder. Poor weight gain with constipation and 
+prolonged QTc on EKG have been reported. While mild-to-moderate intellectual 
+disability is commonly observed up to age four years, the majority of adult 
+males with CRTR deficiency have been reported to have severe intellectual 
+disability. Females heterozygous for CRTR deficiency are typically either 
+asymptomatic or have mild intellectual disability, although a more severe 
+phenotype resembling the male phenotype has been reported.
+DIAGNOSIS/TESTING: The diagnosis of a CDD is established in a proband with 
+suggestive findings and biallelic pathogenic variants in GAMT or GATM or a 
+hemizygous or heterozygous pathogenic variant in SLC6A8 identified by molecular 
+genetic testing.
+MANAGEMENT: Treatment of manifestations: GAMT deficiency and AGAT deficiency are 
+treated with oral creatine monohydrate to replenish cerebral creatine levels. 
+Treatment of GAMT deficiency requires supplementation of ornithine and dietary 
+restriction of arginine or protein. CRTR deficiency is treated with oral 
+creatine monohydrate and arginine and glycine supplementation. The developmental 
+delay, intellectual disability, and behavior problems are managed with an 
+individualized education and therapy program; epilepsy and movement disorder are 
+treated by the appropriate specialist in a standard manner. Surveillance: In 
+those treated with creatine monohydrate, periodic determination of cerebral 
+creatine level by in vivo 1H-MRS and annual measurement of renal function to 
+detect possible creatine-associated nephropathy is warranted. Developmental and 
+neurologic assessments are recommended at each clinic visit. Evaluation of 
+relatives at risk: Early diagnosis of neonates at risk for a CDD by biochemical 
+or molecular genetic testing allows for early diagnosis and treatment.
+GENETIC COUNSELING: GAMT deficiency (caused by pathogenic variants in GAMT) and 
+AGAT deficiency (caused by pathogenic variants in GATM) are inherited in an 
+autosomal recessive manner. CRTR deficiency (caused by pathogenic variants in 
+SLC6A8) is inherited in an X-linked manner. Autosomal recessive inheritance. If 
+both parents are known to be heterozygous for a GAMT or GATM pathogenic variant, 
+each sib of an affected individual has at conception a 25% chance of being 
+affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of 
+being unaffected and not a carrier. Once the GAMT or GATM pathogenic variants 
+have been identified in an affected family member, molecular genetic carrier 
+testing and prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing are possible. X-linked 
+inheritance. Mothers who are heterozygous for an SLC6A8 pathogenic variant have 
+a 50% chance of transmitting the pathogenic variant in each pregnancy; sons who 
+inherit the pathogenic variant will be affected; daughters who inherit the 
+pathogenic variant will be heterozygotes and may develop clinical findings 
+related to the disorder. Once the SLC6A8 pathogenic variant has been identified 
+in an affected family member, molecular genetic testing to identify female 
+heterozygotes and prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing are possible.
+
+Copyright © 1993-2024, University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a 
+registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights 
+reserved.
+
+PMID: 2030174561. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 16;13(11):4102. doi: 10.3390/nu13114102.
+
+Creatine and Nicotinamide Prevent Oxidant-Induced Senescence in Human 
+Fibroblasts.
+
+Mahajan AS(1), Arikatla VS(1), Thyagarajan A(1), Zhelay T(1), Sahu RP(1), Kemp 
+MG(1)(2), Spandau DF(3)(4), Travers JB(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at 
+Wright State University, Dayton Ohio, OH 45435, USA.
+(2)Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton Ohio, OH 45428, USA.
+(3)Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana 
+University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46223, USA.
+(4)Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 
+46202, USA.
+
+Dermal fibroblasts provide structural support by producing collagen and other 
+structural/support proteins beneath the epidermis. Fibroblasts also produce 
+insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which binds to the IGF-1 receptors 
+(IGF-1Rs) on keratinocytes to activate signaling pathways that regulate cell 
+proliferation and cellular responses to genotoxic stressors like ultraviolet B 
+radiation. Our group has determined that the lack of IGF-1 expression due to 
+fibroblast senescence in the dermis of geriatric individuals is correlated with 
+an increased incidence of skin cancer. The present studies tested the hypothesis 
+that pro-energetics creatine monohydrate (Cr) and nicotinamide (NAM) can protect 
+normal dermal human fibroblasts (DHF) against experimentally induced senescence. 
+To that end, we used an experimental model of senescence in which primary DHF 
+are treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro, with senescence measured by 
+staining for beta-galactosidase activity, p21 protein expression, and senescence 
+associated secretory phenotype cytokine mRNA levels. We also determined the 
+effect of H2O2 on IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression. Our studies indicate that 
+pretreatment with Cr or NAM protects DHF from the H2O2-induced cell senescence. 
+Treatment with pro-energetics post-H2O2 had no effect. Moreover, these agents 
+also inhibited reactive oxygen species generation from H2O2 treatment. These 
+studies suggest a potential strategy for protecting fibroblasts in geriatric 
+skin from undergoing stress-induced senescence, which may maintain IGF-1 levels 
+and therefore limit carcinogenesis in epidermal keratinocytes.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13114102
+PMCID: PMC8622652
+PMID: 34836359 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+62. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 9;13(11):3985. doi: 10.3390/nu13113985.
+
+Effects of Low Doses of L-Carnitine Tartrate and Lipid Multi-Particulate 
+Formulated Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Protein Synthesis in Myoblasts and 
+Bioavailability in Humans and Rodents.
+
+Fielding RA(1), Rivas D(1), Grosicki GJ(1)(2), Ezzyat Y(1), Ceglia L(3), Price 
+LL(4)(5), Orhan C(6), Sahin K(6), Fowler K(7), White T(7), Durkee S(7), Kritsch 
+K(8), Bellamine A(7).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA 
+Human Nutrition Research Center, Aging Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
+(2)Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, 
+Armsrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA.
+(3)Division of Endocrinology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
+(4)The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical 
+Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
+(5)Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, 
+MA 02111, USA.
+(6)Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat 
+University, Elazig 23119, Turkey.
+(7)R&D Innovation, Lonza Consumer Health, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.
+(8)R&D Lonza Specialty Ingredients, Alpharetta, GA 30004, USA.
+
+The primary objective of this study was to investigate the potential synergy 
+between low doses of L-carnitine tartrate and creatine monohydrate to induce 
+muscle protein synthesis and anabolic pathway activation in primary human 
+myoblasts. In addition, the effects of Lipid multi-particulates (LMP) 
+formulation on creatine stability and bioavailability were assessed in rodents 
+and healthy human subjects. When used individually, L-carnitine tartrate at 50 
+µM and creatine monohydrate at 0.5 µM did not affect myoblast protein synthesis 
+and signaling. However, when combined, they led to a significant increase in 
+protein synthesis. Increased AKT and RPS6 phosphorylation were observed with 50 
+µM L-carnitine tartrate 5 µM creatine in combination in primary human myoblasts. 
+When Wistar rats were administered creatine with LMP formulation at either 21 or 
+51 mg/kg, bioavailability was increased by 27% based on the increase in the area 
+under the curve (AUC) at a 51 mg/kg dose compared to without LMP formulation. 
+Tmax and Cmax were unchanged. Finally, in human subjects, a combination of LMP 
+formulated L-carnitine at 500 mg (from L-carnitine tartrate) with LMP formulated 
+creatine at 100, 200, or 500 mg revealed a significant and dose-dependent 
+increase in plasma creatine concentrations. Serum total L-carnitine levels rose 
+in a similar manner in the three combinations. These results suggest that a 
+combination of low doses of L-carnitine tartrate and creatine monohydrate may 
+lead to a significant and synergistic enhancement of muscle protein synthesis 
+and activation of anabolic signaling. In addition, the LMP formulation of 
+creatine improved its bioavailability. L-carnitine at 500 mg and LMP-formulated 
+creatine at 200 or 500 mg may be useful for future clinical trials to evaluate 
+the effects on muscle protein synthesis.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13113985
+PMCID: PMC8625796
+PMID: 34836240 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Fielding reports grants from the NIH National 
+Institute on Aging and the USDA during the conduct of the study; grants, 
+personal fees, and other from Axcella Health; other from Inside Tracker; grants, 
+and personal fees from Biophytis; grants and personal fees from Astellas; 
+personal fees from Cytokinetics; personal fees from Amazentisl grants and 
+personal fees from Nestle’l; and personal fees from Glaxo Smith Kline outside 
+the submitted work. Authors Fowler, White, Durkee, Katja, and Bellamine are 
+employees of Lonza. The funder was involved in the design of this study, 
+interpretation, and writing of the manuscript.
+
+
+63. Foods. 2021 Oct 29;10(11):2628. doi: 10.3390/foods10112628.
+
+High-Protein Bar as a Meal Replacement in Elite Sports Nutrition: A Pilot Study.
+
+Jovanov P(1), Sakač M(1), Jurdana M(2), Pražnikar ZJ(2), Kenig S(2), Hadnađev 
+M(1), Jakus T(2), Petelin A(2), Škrobot D(1), Marić A(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar 
+cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
+(2)Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, UP 6310 Izola, 
+Slovenia.
+
+This study was focused on the creation of high-protein bars formulated using 
+whey protein isolate (24%) and soy protein isolate (6%) as the sources of 
+proteins; oat flakes and inulin, both abundant in dietary fibres, and creatine 
+monohydrate and other minor ingredients (vitamin and mineral mixture, potassium 
+sorbate) to achieve the requirements for a meal replacement formula for 
+physically active people. The nutritional profile of the high-protein bar was 
+examined (energy 1215 kJ/288 kcal; protein 34.1 ± 0.20 g, fat 6.01 ± 0.13 g of 
+which was saturated 3.12 ± 0.08 g, fibre 3.10 ± 0.17 g carbohydrate 23.0 ± 0.16 
+g of which sugars 1.50 ± 0.19 g and starch 21.5 ± 0.11 g in 100 g), and sensory 
+properties with instrumental parameters (texture and colour) were determined and 
+compared with bars commercially available on the market. The created 
+high-protein bar was sensorily acceptable in comparison to other commercially 
+available bars. The dietary intervention study was conducted on elite athletes 
+(professional handball players) to evaluate effects of created versus control 
+bar consumption on their metabolic parameters. The baseline characteristics 
+(mean age, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, muscle mass, lean mass and fat 
+percentage) of the athletes (8) were determined at the start of the study. The 
+cross-over intervention study was organized in two successive phases (5 days 
+each) with a seven-day long washout period between phases. Bars were consumed 
+after the afternoon training unit. Blood samples were collected at the start and 
+the end of the intervention study to analyse the metabolic profiles of the 
+athletes. Serum levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL), low-density 
+cholesterol (LDL) and total cholesterol (HOL), glucose, triacylglycerides (TAG), 
+total and direct bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase 
+(AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The results showed that bar 
+consumption significantly decreased serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and 
+lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased total and direct bilirubin levels, 
+suggesting lower exercise-induced muscle damage and increased antioxidative 
+response, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the consumption of 
+the created high-protein bar was able to improve physiological adaptation after 
+training.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/foods10112628
+PMCID: PMC8617883
+PMID: 34828911
+
+Conflict of interest statement: There are no conflict to declare.
+
+
+64. Hum Genet. 2022 Jan;141(1):81-99. doi: 10.1007/s00439-021-02404-x. Epub 2021
+Nov  19.
+
+SLC gene mutations and pediatric neurological disorders: diverse clinical 
+phenotypes in a Saudi Arabian population.
+
+Mir A(1), Almudhry M(2), Alghamdi F(2), Albaradie R(2), Ibrahim M(2), Aldurayhim 
+F(2), Alhedaithy A(2), Alamr M(3), Bawazir M(3), Mohammad S(4), Abdelhay S(4), 
+Bashir S(2), Housawi Y(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist 
+Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 
+ali.mir@kfsh.med.sa.
+(2)Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist 
+Hospital, Ammar Bin Thabit Street, Dammam, 31444, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
+(3)Genetic and Metabolic Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, 
+Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
+(4)Department of Pediatric, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Kingdom of 
+Saudi Arabia.
+
+The uptake and efflux of solutes across a plasma membrane is controlled by 
+transporters. There are two main superfamilies of transporters, adenosine 
+5'-triphosphate (ATP) binding cassettes (ABCs) and solute carriers (SLCs). In 
+the brain, SLC transporters are involved in transporting various solutes across 
+the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, astrocytes, neurons, 
+and other brain cell types including oligodendrocytes and microglial cells. SLCs 
+play an important role in maintaining normal brain function. Hence, mutations in 
+the genes that encode SLC transporters can cause a variety of neurological 
+disorders. We identified the following SLC gene variants in 25 patients in our 
+cohort: SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC5A1, SLC6A3, SLC6A5, SLC6A8, SLC9A6, SLC9A9, SLC12A6, 
+SLC13A5, SLC16A1, SLC17A5, SLC19A3, SLC25A12, SLC25A15, SLC27A4, SLC45A1, 
+SLC46A1, and SLC52A3. Eight patients harbored pathogenic or likely pathogenic 
+mutations (SLC5A1, SLC9A6, SLC12A6, SLC16A1, SLC19A3, and SLC52A3), and 12 
+patients were found to have variants of unknown clinical significance (VOUS); 
+these variants occurred in 11 genes (SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC6A3, SLC6A5, SLC6A8, 
+SLC9A6, SLC9A9, SLC13A5, SLC25A12, SLC27A4, and SLC45A1). Five patients were 
+excluded as they were carriers. In the remaining 20 patients with SLC gene 
+variants, we identified 16 possible distinct neurological disorders. Based on 
+the clinical presentation, we categorized them into genes causing intellectual 
+delay (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), those causing epilepsy, those 
+causing vitamin-related disorders, and those causing other neurological 
+diseases. Several variants were detected that indicated possible personalized 
+therapies: SLC2A1 led to dystonia or epilepsy, which can be treated with a 
+ketogenic diet; SLC6A3 led to infantile parkinsonism-dystonia 1, which can be 
+treated with levodopa; SLC6A5 led to hyperekplexia 3, for which unnecessary 
+treatment with antiepileptic drugs should be avoided; SLC6A8 led to creatine 
+deficiency syndrome type 1, which can be treated with creatine monohydrate; 
+SLC16A1 led to monocarboxylate transporter 1 deficiency, which causes seizures 
+that should not be treated with a ketogenic diet; SLC19A3 led to 
+biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease, which can be treated with 
+biotin and thiamine; and SLC52A3 led to Brown-Vialetto-Van-Laere syndrome 1, 
+which can be treated with riboflavin. The present study examines the prevalence 
+of SLC gene mutations in our cohort of children with epilepsy and other 
+neurological disorders. It highlights the diverse phenotypes associated with 
+mutations in this large family of SLC transporter proteins, and an opportunity 
+for personalized genomics and personalized therapeutics.
+
+© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
+part of Springer Nature.
+
+DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02404-x
+PMID: 34797406 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+65. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2022 Apr 1;39(2):268-282. doi: 10.1123/apaq.2020-0241.
+Epub  2021 Nov 10.
+
+Supplementation and Performance for Wheelchair Athletes: A Systematic Review.
+
+Bauermann A(1)(2), de Sá KSG(3)(2), Santos ZA(4)(5), Costa E Silva AA(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Laboratory of Adapted Physical Activity, Federal University of Pará, 
+Belém,Brazil.
+(2)Brazilian Paralympic Academy, São Paulo,Brazil.
+(3)Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São 
+Paulo,Brazil.
+(4)Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto 
+Alegre,Brazil.
+(5)Center for Studies in Food and Nutrition, Hospital de Clínicas, Porto 
+Alegre,Brazil.
+
+This systematic review aimed to identify nutritional interventions and 
+supplements that improve the performance for wheelchair athletes. Intervention 
+trials involving high-performance wheelchair athletes were analyzed, including 
+those that comprised a nutritional intervention, defined as any intervention 
+related to food, beverages, and supplementation aiming at evaluating the 
+performance of wheelchair athletes. Of the included studies, four evaluated 
+caffeine supplementation, of which one also evaluated sodium citrate 
+supplementation; two studies evaluated vitamin D supplementation; one study 
+assessed creatine monohydrate supplementation; and one assessed carbohydrate 
+supplementation. Most studies were conducted on athletes with spinal cord 
+injury. Athletes who consumed caffeine exhibited an improvement in performance, 
+but this finding is not strong enough to become a recommendation.
+
+DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2020-0241
+PMID: 34758458 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+66. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021 Sep;61(9):1219-1225. doi: 
+10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11668-2.
+
+Timing of creatine supplementation does not influence gains in unilateral muscle 
+hypertrophy or strength from resistance training in young adults: a 
+within-subject design.
+
+Forbes SC(1), Krentz JR(2), Candow DG(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon 
+University, Brandon, MB, Canada - ForbesS@brandonu.ca.
+(2)Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon 
+University, Brandon, MB, Canada.
+(3)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, 
+Canada.
+
+BACKGROUND: Creatine supplementation, in close proximity to resistance training 
+sessions, may be an important strategy to augment muscle accretion and strength. 
+The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation 
+immediately before compared to immediately after unilateral resistance training 
+on hypertrophy and strength.
+METHODS: Using a counter-balanced, double-blind, repeated measures 
+within-subject design, ten recreationally active participants (7 males; 3 
+females; age: 23±5 years; height: 174±9 cm; body mass: 73.5±9.7 kg) were 
+randomized to supplement with creatine monohydrate (0.1 g/kg of body mass) 
+immediately before and placebo immediately after training one side of the body 
+and placebo immediately before and creatine immediately after training the other 
+side of the body on alternate days. Resistance training consisted of elbow 
+flexion and knee extension (3-6 sets at 80% 1-repetition maximum [1-RM]) for 8 
+weeks. Prior to and following training, muscle thickness (elbow flexors and leg 
+extensors; ultrasonography) and strength (1-RM for the elbow flexors and knee 
+extensors) was assessed.
+RESULTS: There was a significant increase over time for muscle thickness, 
+strength, and relative strength (P<0.01), with no differences between creatine 
+ingestion strategies. Total training volume performed was similar between 
+conditions (P=0.56).
+CONCLUSIONS: Creatine supplementation, immediately before or immediately after 
+unilateral resistance training, produces similar gains in muscle hypertrophy and 
+strength in young adults.
+
+DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11668-2
+PMID: 34610729 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+67. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 18;13(9):3255. doi: 10.3390/nu13093255.
+
+Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative 
+Review.
+
+Ruiz-Castellano C(1), Espinar S(2), Contreras C(2), Mata F(3), Aragon AA(4), 
+Martínez-Sanz JM(5).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
+(2)Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 
+Murcia, Spain.
+(3)Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 14010 Córdoba, Spain.
+(4)Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, 
+Northridge, CA 91330, USA.
+(5)Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), Nursing Department, Faculty of 
+Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
+
+Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of 
+sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is 
+mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance 
+(powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide 
+dietary-nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained 
+athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by 
+maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the 
+scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary-nutritional and supplementation 
+recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are 
+provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 
+0.5-1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2-3.0 
+g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3-6 meals), ensuring in 
+each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40-0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a 
+meal within 2-3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be 
+adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance 
+(2-5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3-6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (3-5 
+g/day) could be incorporated into the athlete's diet due to their ergogenic 
+effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients 
+complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real 
+deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13093255
+PMCID: PMC8471721
+PMID: 34579132 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+68. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 8;22(18):9724. doi: 10.3390/ijms22189724.
+
+Sarcopenia: Etiology, Nutritional Approaches, and miRNAs.
+
+Cannataro R(1)(2)(3), Carbone L(3)(4), Petro JL(3)(5), Cione E(1)(2), Vargas 
+S(3)(6), Angulo H(7), Forero DA(8), Odriozola-Martínez A(9)(10), Kreider RB(11), 
+Bonilla DA(3)(5)(10)(12).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of 
+Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
+(2)Galascreen Laboratories, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
+(3)Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International 
+SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.
+(4)Faculty of Medicine, University of Salvador, Buenos Aires 1020, Argentina.
+(5)Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), 
+Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia.
+(6)Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 
+29018 Málaga, Spain.
+(7)Grupo de Investigación Programa de Medicina (GINUMED), Corporación 
+Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena 130001, Colombia.
+(8)Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport 
+Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
+(9)Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology 
+and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, 
+Spain.
+(10)kDNA Genomics®, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque 
+Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
+(11)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M 
+University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+(12)Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital 
+Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.
+
+Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, 
+dramatically affects the quality of life. Although there is a consensus that 
+sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, the etiology and underlying mechanisms 
+are not yet delineated. Moreover, research about nutritional interventions to 
+prevent the development of sarcopenia is mainly focused on the amount and 
+quality of protein intake. The impact of several nutrition strategies that 
+consider timing of food intake, anti-inflammatory nutrients, metabolic control, 
+and the role of mitochondrial function on the progression of sarcopenia is not 
+fully understood. This narrative review summarizes the metabolic background of 
+this phenomenon and proposes an integral nutritional approach (including dietary 
+supplements such as creatine monohydrate) to target potential molecular pathways 
+that may affect reduce or ameliorate the adverse effects of sarcopenia. Lastly, 
+miRNAs, in particular those produced by skeletal muscle (MyomiR), might 
+represent a valid tool to evaluate sarcopenia progression as a potential rapid 
+and early biomarker for diagnosis and characterization.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189724
+PMCID: PMC8466275
+PMID: 34575884 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.A.B. serves as science product manager for MTX 
+Corporation®, a company that produces, distributes, sells, and does research on 
+dietary supplements in Europe, has acted as scientific consultant for MET-Rx and 
+Healthy Sports in Colombia, and has received honoraria for speaking about 
+nutritional supplements at international conferences. D.A.F. has been previously 
+supported by grants from MinCiencias. R.B.K. has conducted industry-sponsored 
+research on nutritional supplements, has received financial support for 
+presenting on different nutrients at industry-sponsored scientific conferences, 
+and has served as an expert witness on cases related to creatine. Additionally, 
+R.B.K. serves as Chair while D.A.B. serves as member of the “Creatine in Health” 
+scientific advisory board for AlzChem Tostberg GmbH. The other authors declare 
+no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+69. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Sep 9;18(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00456-y.
+
+The effects of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract 
+supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance.
+
+Anders JPV(1), Neltner TJ(2), Smith RW(2), Keller JL(3), Housh TJ(2), Daugherty 
+FJ(4), Tempesta MS(4), Dash AK(5), Munt DJ(5), Schmidt RJ(2), Johnson GO(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 
+Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA. janders@huskers.unl.edu.
+(2)Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 
+Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA.
+(3)Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, 
+Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
+(4)Phenolics LLC, Omaha, NE, 68144, USA.
+(5)Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 
+Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
+
+BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of creatine 
+supplementation for improvements in exercise performance. Few studies, however, 
+have examined the effects of phosphocreatine supplementation on exercise 
+performance. Furthermore, while polyphenols have antioxidant and 
+anti-inflammatory properties, little is known regarding the influence of 
+polyphenol supplementation on muscular strength, power, and endurance. Thus, the 
+purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of 28 days of 
+supplementation with phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry extract 
+(PCDSB), creatine monohydrate (CM), and placebo on measures of muscular 
+strength, power, and endurance.
+METHODS: Thirty-three men were randomly assigned to consume either PCDSB, CM, or 
+placebo for 28 days. Peak torque (PT), average power (AP), and percent decline 
+for peak torque (PT%) and average power (AP%) were assessed from a fatigue test 
+consisting of 50 maximal, unilateral, isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·s- 1 
+before and after the 28 days of supplementation. Individual responses were 
+assessed to examine the proportion of subjects that exceeded a minimal important 
+difference (MID).
+RESULTS: The results demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvements in PT for 
+the PCDSB and CM groups from pre- (99.90 ± 22.47 N·m and 99.95 ± 22.50 N·m, 
+respectively) to post-supplementation (119.22 ± 29.87 N·m and 
+111.97 ± 24.50 N·m, respectively), but no significant (p = 0.112) change for the 
+placebo group. The PCDSB and CM groups also exhibited significant improvements 
+in AP from pre- (140.18 ± 32.08 W and 143.42 ± 33.84 W, respectively) to 
+post-supplementation (170.12 ± 42.68 W and 159.78 ± 31.20 W, respectively), but 
+no significant (p = 0.279) change for the placebo group. A significantly 
+(p < 0.05) greater proportion of subjects in the PCDSB group exceeded the MID 
+for PT compared to the placebo group, but there were no significant (p > 0.05) 
+differences in the proportion of subjects exceeding the MID between the CM and 
+placebo groups or between the CM and PCDSB groups.
+CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that for the group mean responses, 28 days 
+of supplementation with both PCDSB and CM resulted in increases in PT and AP. 
+The PCDSB, however, may have an advantage over CM when compared to the placebo 
+group for the proportion of individuals that respond favorably to 
+supplementation with meaningful increases in muscular strength.
+
+© 2021. The Author(s).
+
+DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00456-y
+PMCID: PMC8427883
+PMID: 34503541 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: FJD is the Managing Partner of Phenolics, LLC 
+which developed the blend of phosphocreatine disodium salts plus blueberry 
+extract. Phenolics, however, provided no funding for the current study.
+
+
+70. Nutrients. 2021 Jul 23;13(8):2521. doi: 10.3390/nu13082521.
+
+A Convergent Functional Genomics Analysis to Identify Biological Regulators 
+Mediating Effects of Creatine Supplementation.
+
+Bonilla DA(1)(2)(3)(4), Moreno Y(1)(2), Rawson ES(5), Forero DA(6), Stout JR(7), 
+Kerksick CM(8), Roberts MD(9)(10), Kreider RB(11).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International 
+SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia.
+(2)Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital 
+Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.
+(3)Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), 
+Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia.
+(4)kDNA Genomics®, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque 
+Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
+(5)Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Messiah University, 
+Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA.
+(6)Professional Program in Sport Training, School of Health and Sport Sciences, 
+Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
+(7)Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of 
+Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, 
+Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
+(8)Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, 
+Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA.
+(9)School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
+(10)Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
+(11)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, 
+Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+
+Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are physiologically essential molecules 
+for life, given they serve as rapid and localized support of energy- and 
+mechanical-dependent processes. This evolutionary advantage is based on the 
+action of creatine kinase (CK) isozymes that connect places of ATP synthesis 
+with sites of ATP consumption (the CK/PCr system). Supplementation with creatine 
+monohydrate (CrM) can enhance this system, resulting in well-known ergogenic 
+effects and potential health or therapeutic benefits. In spite of our vast 
+knowledge about these molecules, no integrative analysis of molecular mechanisms 
+under a systems biology approach has been performed to date; thus, we aimed to 
+perform for the first time a convergent functional genomics analysis to identify 
+biological regulators mediating the effects of Cr supplementation in health and 
+disease. A total of 35 differentially expressed genes were analyzed. We 
+identified top-ranked pathways and biological processes mediating the effects of 
+Cr supplementation. The impact of CrM on miRNAs merits more research. We also 
+cautiously suggest two dose-response functional pathways (kinase- and 
+ubiquitin-driven) for the regulation of the Cr uptake. Our functional enrichment 
+analysis, the knowledge-based pathway reconstruction, and the identification of 
+hub nodes provide meaningful information for future studies. This work 
+contributes to a better understanding of the well-reported benefits of Cr in 
+sports and its potential in health and disease conditions, although further 
+clinical research is needed to validate the proposed mechanisms.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13082521
+PMCID: PMC8397972
+PMID: 34444681 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.A.B. serves as science product manager for MTX 
+Corporation®, a company that produces, distributes, sells, and does research on 
+dietary supplements (including creatine) in Europe, has acted as a scientific 
+consultant for MET-Rx and Healthy Sports in Colombia, and has received honoraria 
+for speaking about creatine at international conferences. Y.M. declares no 
+conflicts of interest. E.S.R. has conducted industry-sponsored research on 
+creatine and received financial support for presenting on creatine at 
+industry-sponsored scientific conferences. D.A.F. has been previously supported 
+by grants from MinCiencias but not related to creatine. J.R.S. has conducted 
+industry-sponsored research on creatine and other nutraceuticals over the past 
+25 years. Further, J.R.S has also received financial support for presenting on 
+the science of various nutraceuticals, except creatine, at industry-sponsored 
+scientific conferences. C.M.K. has consulted with and received external funding 
+from companies who sell certain dietary ingredients and has received 
+remuneration from companies for delivering scientific presentations at 
+conferences. M.D.R. has received academic and industry funding related to 
+dietary supplements, served as a non-paid consultant for the industry, and 
+received honoraria for speaking at various conferences. R.B.K. has conducted 
+industry-sponsored research on creatine, received financial support for 
+presenting on creatine at industry-sponsored scientific conferences, and has 
+served as an expert witness on cases related to creatine. Additionally, R.B.K. 
+serves as chair of the “Creatine in Health” scientific advisory board for 
+AlzChem Tostberg GmbH, while D.A.B., E.S.R., J.R.S., C.M.K. and M.D.R. serve as 
+members of this board.
+
+
+71. Nutrients. 2021 Jul 14;13(7):2406. doi: 10.3390/nu13072406.
+
+Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Increases White Adipose Tissue 
+Mitochondrial Markers in Male and Female Rats in a Depot Specific Manner.
+
+Ryan CR(1), Finch MS(1), Dunham TC(2), Murphy JE(2), Roy BD(2), MacPherson 
+REK(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, 
+Canada.
+(2)Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, 
+Canada.
+
+White adipose tissue (WAT) is a dynamic endocrine organ that can play a 
+significant role in thermoregulation. WAT has the capacity to adopt structural 
+and functional characteristics of the more metabolically active brown adipose 
+tissue (BAT) and contribute to non-shivering thermogenesis under specific 
+stimuli. Non-shivering thermogenesis was previously thought to be uncoupling 
+protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent however, recent evidence suggests that 
+UCP1-independent mechanisms of thermogenesis exist. Namely, futile creatine 
+cycling has been identified as a contributor to WAT thermogenesis. The purpose 
+of this study was to examine the efficacy of creatine supplementation to alter 
+mitochondrial markers as well as adipocyte size and multilocularity in inguinal 
+(iWAT), gonadal (gWAT), and BAT. Thirty-two male and female Sprague-Dawley rats 
+were treated with varying doses (0 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 5 g/L, and 10 g/L) of creatine 
+monohydrate for 8 weeks. We demonstrate that mitochondrial markers respond in a 
+sex and depot specific manner. In iWAT, female rats displayed significant 
+increases in COXIV, PDH-E1alpha, and cytochrome C protein content. Male rats 
+exhibited gWAT specific increases in COXIV and PDH-E1alpha protein content. This 
+study supports creatine supplementation as a potential method of 
+UCP1-independant thermogenesis and highlights the importance of taking a 
+sex-specific approach when examining the efficacy of browning therapeutics in 
+future research.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13072406
+PMCID: PMC8308802
+PMID: 34371916 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+72. Nutrients. 2021 Jul 4;13(7):2303. doi: 10.3390/nu13072303.
+
+Creatine Enhances the Effects of Cluster-Set Resistance Training on Lower-Limb 
+Body Composition and Strength in Resistance-Trained Men: A Pilot Study.
+
+Bonilla DA(1)(2)(3)(4), Kreider RB(5), Petro JL(1)(3), Romance R(6), 
+García-Sillero M(7), Benítez-Porres J(8), Vargas-Molina S(7)(8).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International 
+SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia.
+(2)Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital 
+Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.
+(3)Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), 
+Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia.
+(4)kDNA Genomics®, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque 
+Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
+(5)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M 
+University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+(6)Body Composition and Biodynamic Laboratory, Faculty of Education Sciences, 
+University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
+(7)Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 
+29018 Málaga, Spain.
+(8)Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 
+29071 Málaga, Spain.
+
+Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation has been shown to improve body 
+composition and muscle strength when combined with resistance training (RT); 
+however, no study has evaluated the combination of this nutritional strategy 
+with cluster-set resistance training (CS-RT). The purpose of this pilot study 
+was to evaluate the effects of CrM supplementation during a high-protein diet 
+and a CS-RT program on lower-limb fat-free mass (LL-FFM) and muscular strength. 
+Twenty-three resistance-trained men (>2 years of training experience, 26.6 ± 8.1 
+years, 176.3 ± 6.8 cm, 75.6 ± 8.9 kg) participated in this study. Subjects were 
+randomly allocated to a CS-RT+CrM (n = 8), a CS-RT (n = 8), or a control group 
+(n = 7). The CS-RT+CrM group followed a CrM supplementation protocol with 0.1 
+g·kg-1·day-1 over eight weeks. Two sessions per week of lower-limb CS-RT were 
+performed. LL-FFM corrected for fat-free adipose tissue (dual-energy X-ray 
+absorptiometry) and muscle strength (back squat 1 repetition maximum (SQ-1RM) 
+and countermovement jump (CMJ)) were measured pre- and post-intervention. 
+Significant improvements were found in whole-body fat mass, fat percentage, 
+LL-fat mass, LL-FFM, and SQ-1RM in the CS-RT+CrM and CS-RT groups; however, 
+larger effect sizes were obtained in the CS-RT+CrM group regarding whole body 
+FFM (0.64 versus 0.16), lower-limb FFM (0.62 versus 0.18), and SQ-1RM (1.23 
+versus 0.75) when compared to the CS-RT group. CMJ showed a significant 
+improvement in the CS-RT+CrM group with no significant changes in CS-RT or 
+control groups. No significant differences were found between groups. Eight 
+weeks of CrM supplementation plus a high-protein diet during a CS-RT program has 
+a higher clinical meaningfulness on lower-limb body composition and 
+strength-related variables in trained males than CS-RT alone. Further research 
+might study the potential health and therapeutic effects of this nutrition and 
+exercise strategy.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13072303
+PMCID: PMC8308441
+PMID: 34371813 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.A.B. serves as science product manager for MTX 
+Corporation®, a company that produces, distributes, sells, and does research on 
+dietary supplements (including creatine) in Europe, has acted as a scientific 
+consultant for MET-Rx and Healthy Sports in Colombia, and has received honoraria 
+for speaking about creatine at international conferences. He also is a current 
+member of the “Creatine in Health” scientific advisory board for AlzChem 
+Tostberg GmbH, who sponsored this special issue on “Creatine Supplementation for 
+Health and Clinical Diseases”. R.B.K. has conducted industry-sponsored research 
+on creatine, received financial support for presenting on creatine at 
+industry-sponsored scientific conferences, and has served as an expert witness 
+on cases related to creatine. Additionally, he serves as Chair of the “Creatine 
+in Health” Scientific Advisory Board for AlzChem Tostberg GmbH. The other 
+authors declare no conflicts of interest.
+
+
+73. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 30;22(15):8195. doi: 10.3390/ijms22158195.
+
+Sex-Based Impact of Creatine Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms, Brain 
+Serotonin and SSRI Efficacy in an Animal Model of Treatment-Resistant 
+Depression.
+
+Kanekar S(1)(2)(3), Ettaro R(1), Hoffman MD(1), Ombach HJ(1), Brown J(1), Lynch 
+C(1), Sheth CS(1), Renshaw PF(1)(2)(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Diagnostic Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt 
+Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
+(2)VISN19 MIRECC, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
+(3)Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt 
+Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
+
+BACKGROUND: Rates of major depressive disorder (MDD) increase with living at 
+altitude. In our model, rats housed at moderate altitude (in hypobaric hypoxia) 
+exhibit increased depression-like behavior, altered brain serotonin and a lack 
+of antidepressant response to most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 
+(SSRIs). A forebrain deficit in the bioenergetic marker creatine is noted in 
+people living at altitude or with MDD.
+METHODS: Rats housed at 4500 ft were given dietary creatine monohydrate (CRMH, 
+4% w/w, 5 weeks) vs. un-supplemented diet, and impact on depression-like 
+behavior, brain bioenergetics, serotonin and SSRI efficacy assessed.
+RESULTS: CRMH significantly improved brain creatine in a sex-based manner. At 
+altitude, CRMH increased serotonin levels in the female prefrontal cortex and 
+striatum but reduced male striatal and hippocampal serotonin. Dietary CRMH was 
+antidepressant in the forced swim test and anti-anhedonic in the sucrose 
+preference test in only females at altitude, with motor behavior unchanged. CRMH 
+improved fluoxetine efficacy (20 mg/kg) in only males at altitude: CRMH + SSRI 
+significantly improved male striatal creatine and serotonin vs. CRMH alone.
+CONCLUSIONS: Dietary CRMH exhibits sex-based efficacy in resolving 
+altitude-related deficits in brain biomarkers, depression-like behavior and SSRI 
+efficacy, and may be effective clinically for SSRI-resistant depression at 
+altitude. This is the first study to link CRMH treatment to improving brain 
+serotonin.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158195
+PMCID: PMC8348220
+PMID: 34360959 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to 
+report. The findings and opinions reported here are those of the authors and do 
+not necessarily represent those of the Veterans Health Administration or any 
+other organization.
+
+
+74. Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul;40(7):4702-4711. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.008. Epub
+2021  Jun 15.
+
+Effect of a multicomponent nutritional supplement on functional outcomes for 
+Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A randomized controlled trial.
+
+Davidson ZE(1), Hughes I(2), Ryan MM(3), Kornberg AJ(4), Cairns AG(5), Jones 
+K(6), Hutchence M(7), Sampaio H(8), Morrison M(9), Truby H(10).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, 
+Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research 
+Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal 
+Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: 
+zoe.davidson@monash.edu.
+(2)Office for Research Governance and Development, Gold Coast University 
+Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
+(3)Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, 
+Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research 
+Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal 
+Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, 
+The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
+(4)Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; 
+Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; 
+Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
+(5)Neurosciences Department, Queensland's Children Hospital, South Brisbane, 
+Queensland, Australia.
+(6)Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New 
+South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Sydney, Sydney, 
+Australia.
+(7)Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New 
+South Wales, Australia.
+(8)Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South 
+Wales, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New 
+South Wales, Australia.
+(9)Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South 
+Wales, Australia.
+(10)Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, 
+Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of Human Movement and 
+Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
+
+BACKGROUND & AIMS: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked 
+neuromuscular condition causing progressive muscle weakness and premature death. 
+Whilst effective treatments such as gene therapy are developed, families often 
+seek complementary therapies such as nutrition supplements to help their son 
+maintain function; however, there is limited evidence supporting the use of 
+nutritional supplements in DMD. This study aimed to compare the effect of a 
+Standard nutritional supplement with an Enhanced nutritional supplement 
+combining three nutriceuticals on functional outcomes in ambulatory boys with 
+Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
+DESIGN: A 50-week double blinded, randomized, controlled crossover trial was 
+conducted in four Australian neuromuscular centres. Primary outcome measures 
+were 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and community ambulation (StepWatch™ Activity 
+Monitoring). Secondary outcome measures included body composition and quality of 
+life. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured.
+RESULTS: Twenty-seven boys completed the intervention. Traditional crossover 
+analysis demonstrated the Enhanced supplement compared to the Standard 
+supplement was associated with a difference of +12 (95% CI: -16, 40) metres in 
+6MWD, +0.5 (95% CI: -53, 54) inactive minutes per day and -95 (95% CI: -887, 
+696) steps per day. A mixed effect model indicated a potentially clinically 
+important effect of the Enhanced supplement on the 6MWD of +31 (95% CI: -19, 81) 
+metres. Mean serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels at week 50 was 94 (95% CI: 84, 
+104) nmol/L. There was no observable effect of either supplement regime on body 
+composition or quality of life.
+CONCLUSIONS: Whilst a positive effect of the Enhanced supplement on functional 
+outcomes was observed, this finding was inconclusive due to the small sample 
+size. The results do not support the use of combined nutritional supplements to 
+improve body composition or quality of life in DMD. A dose of 2000 IU vitamin D 
+was an adequate dose to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D over 50 weeks.
+CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: Registry #: ACTRN12610000462088, 
+http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12610000462088.
+
+Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and 
+Metabolism. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.008
+PMID: 34237697 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Conflicts of interest The authors have no 
+conflicts of interests to declare.
+
+
+75. Nutrients. 2021 Jun 2;13(6):1915. doi: 10.3390/nu13061915.
+
+Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for 
+Healthy Populations.
+
+Wax B(1), Kerksick CM(2), Jagim AR(3), Mayo JJ(4), Lyons BC(5), Kreider RB(6).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State 
+University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA.
+(2)Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, 
+and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA.
+(3)Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
+(4)Department of Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Central Arkansas, 
+Conway, AR 72035, USA.
+(5)Health, Kinesiology, and Sport Management Department, University of 
+Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141, USA.
+(6)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department 
+of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+
+Creatine is one of the most studied and popular ergogenic aids for athletes and 
+recreational weightlifters seeking to improve sport and exercise performance, 
+augment exercise training adaptations, and mitigate recovery time. Studies 
+consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic 
+effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise 
+activities, in addition to potentiating exercise training adaptations. In this 
+respect, supplementation consistently demonstrates the ability to enlarge the 
+pool of intracellular creatine, leading to an amplification of the cell's 
+ability to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate. This intracellular expansion is 
+associated with several performance outcomes, including increases in maximal 
+strength (low-speed strength), maximal work output, power production (high-speed 
+strength), sprint performance, and fat-free mass. Additionally, creatine 
+supplementation may speed up recovery time between bouts of intense exercise by 
+mitigating muscle damage and promoting the faster recovery of lost 
+force-production potential. Conversely, contradictory findings exist in the 
+literature regarding the potential ergogenic benefits of creatine during 
+intermittent and continuous endurance-type exercise, as well as in those 
+athletic tasks where an increase in body mass may hinder enhanced performance. 
+The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing literature surrounding 
+the efficacy of creatine supplementation on exercise and sports performance, 
+along with recovery factors in healthy populations.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13061915
+PMCID: PMC8228369
+PMID: 34199588 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors of this manuscript received 
+financial remuneration for preparing and reviewing this paper from the sponsor 
+of the special issue, Alzchem. B.W., J.J.M., B.L., A.R.J., R.B.K., and C.M.K. 
+have consulted with and received external funding from companies who sell 
+certain dietary ingredients and have received remuneration from companies for 
+delivering scientific presentations at conferences. A.R.J. and C.M.K. also write 
+for online and other media outlets on topics related to exercise and nutrition. 
+None of these entities had any role in the design of the paper, collection, 
+analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the 
+decision to publish this paper. R.B.K. has conducted industry-sponsored research 
+on creatine, received financial support for presenting on creatine at 
+industry-sponsored scientific conferences (including the ISSN), and served as an 
+expert witness on cases related to creatine. Additionally, he serves as Chair of 
+the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem, which manufactures creatine 
+monohydrate.
+
+
+76. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021 Oct;46(10):1298-1302. doi:
+10.1139/apnm-2021-0301.  Epub 2021 Jun 25.
+
+Sex- and tissue-dependent creatine uptake in response to different creatine 
+monohydrate doses in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.
+
+Dunham TC(1), Murphy JE(1), MacPherson REK(2), Fajardo VA(1), Ward WE(1), Roy 
+BD(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
+(2)Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
+
+Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32) underwent 8-weeks of creatine monohydrate (CM) 
+supplementation (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g/L). Total creatine (TCr) concentrations in 
+female white fibre-dominant gastrocnemius (WGAS) and cardiac muscle (HRT) were 
+significantly higher compared with males (p < 0.05). CM supplementation 
+increased TCr concentrations in female WGAS (p < 0.05) and HRT (p < 0.01) and in 
+male red fibre-dominant gastrocnemius muscle (RGAS) (p < 0.05). Future research 
+should further investigate sex-differences in basal levels of TCr and the 
+response to CM supplementation. Novelty: There is a sex- and tissue-dependant 
+response to CM supplementation in rats.
+
+DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0301
+PMID: 34171201 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+77. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2021 Nov;47(11):2952-2958. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.05.038.
+ Epub 2021 Jun 1.
+
+Prehabilitation program composed of blood flow restriction training and sports 
+nutrition improves physical functions in abdominal cancer patients awaiting 
+surgery.
+
+Wooten SV(1), Fleming RYD(2), Wolf JS Jr(2), Stray-Gundersen S(1), Bartholomew 
+JB(1), Mendoza D(2), Stanforth PR(1), Stanforth D(1), Hernandez LM(3), Tanaka 
+H(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, USA.
+(2)Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, USA.
+(3)Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 
+Austin, TX, USA.
+(4)Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, USA. Electronic address: 
+htanaka@austin.utexas.edu.
+
+INTRODUCTION: The impact of prehabilitation remains controversial due to a short 
+presurgical waiting period and the diminished capacity of the patient 
+population. A strategy to augment and optimize the effectiveness of 
+prehabilitations for abdominal cancer patients may be found in the unlikely 
+field of sport science. We investigated the use of blood flow restriction 
+training and sport nutrition supplementation to augment functional capacity and 
+increase muscle strength in twenty-four abdominal cancer patients awaiting 
+surgery.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sport science-based program was comprised of blood 
+flow restriction exercise 5 to 6 times per week and a daily sports nutrition 
+supplement containing l-citrulline, creatine monohydrate, and whey protein.
+RESULTS: After 4 weeks of prehabilitation, 6-min walk test, timed up and go, 
+short physical performance battery, 5-chair stand test and physical component 
+score of quality of life were significantly improved (all p < 0.05). Total body 
+and appendicular lean mass as assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry 
+increased by 0.73 ± 1.04 kg (p = 0.004) and 0.42 ± 0.64 kg (p = 0.006), 
+respectively. Total body fat mass and trunk fat mass decreased (p = 0.004 and 
+p = 0.021). There were no significant changes in hand grip strength, fear of 
+falling, the mental component summary of quality of life, or fasting serum 
+concentrations of myostatin, follistatin, and growth hormone.
+CONCLUSION: A multimodal prehabilitation program, which encompasses blood flow 
+restriction training and sports nutrition supplements, is both feasible and 
+effective in improving lean mass and physical function in abdominal cancer 
+patients prior to surgery.
+
+Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and 
+the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.05.038
+PMID: 34092455 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest A conflict of 
+interest was declared by Sten Stray-Gundersen, whose family members are employed 
+by BStrong, Park City, UT. For the remaining authors, none were declared.
+
+
+78. Nutrients. 2021 May 27;13(6):1825. doi: 10.3390/nu13061825.
+
+The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation.
+
+Harmon KK(1), Stout JR(2), Fukuda DH(2), Pabian PS(3), Rawson ES(4), Stock 
+MS(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and 
+Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University 
+of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
+(2)Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of 
+Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and 
+Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
+(3)Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and 
+Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University 
+of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
+(4)Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, 
+Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA.
+
+Numerous health conditions affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and 
+nervous systems can result in physical dysfunction, impaired performance, muscle 
+weakness, and disuse-induced atrophy. Due to its well-documented anabolic 
+potential, creatine monohydrate has been investigated as a supplemental agent to 
+mitigate the loss of muscle mass and function in a variety of acute and chronic 
+conditions. A review of the literature was conducted to assess the current state 
+of knowledge regarding the effects of creatine supplementation on rehabilitation 
+from immobilization and injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiopulmonary 
+disease, and other muscular disorders. Several of the findings are encouraging, 
+showcasing creatine's potential efficacy as a supplemental agent via 
+preservation of muscle mass, strength, and physical function; however, the 
+results are not consistent. For multiple diseases, only a few creatine studies 
+with small sample sizes have been published, making it difficult to draw 
+definitive conclusions. Rationale for discordant findings is further complicated 
+by differences in disease pathologies, intervention protocols, creatine dosing 
+and duration, and patient population. While creatine supplementation 
+demonstrates promise as a therapeutic aid, more research is needed to fill gaps 
+in knowledge within medical rehabilitation.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13061825
+PMCID: PMC8230227
+PMID: 34071875 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: J.R.S. has conducted industry-sponsored research 
+on creatine and other nutraceuticals over the past 25 years. Further, J.R.S. has 
+also received financial support for presenting on the science of various 
+nutraceuticals, except creatine, at industry-sponsored scientific conferences. 
+E.S.R. has conducted industry-sponsored research on creatine and received 
+financial support for presenting on creatine at industry-sponsored scientific 
+conferences. Additionally, he serves as a member of the Scientific Advisory 
+Board for AlzChem, who sponsored this Special Issue.
+
+
+79. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 23;13(5):1429. doi: 10.3390/nu13051429.
+
+Creatine Supplementation for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A 
+Scientific Rationale for a Clinical Trial.
+
+Wallimann T(1), Hall CHT(2), Colgan SP(3), Glover LE(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Biology, ETH-Zurich, Emeritus, 8962 Bergdietikon, Switzerland.
+(2)Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Pediatrics, Division of 
+Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, 
+University of Colorado, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
+(3)Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Division of 
+Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, 
+Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
+(4)Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity 
+Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D2 Dublin, Ireland.
+
+Based on theoretical considerations, experimental data with cells in vitro, 
+animal studies in vivo, as well as a single case pilot study with one colitis 
+patient, a consolidated hypothesis can be put forward, stating that "oral 
+supplementation with creatine monohydrate (Cr), a pleiotropic cellular energy 
+precursor, is likely to be effective in inducing a favorable response and/or 
+remission in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), like ulcerative 
+colitis and/or Crohn's disease". A current pilot clinical trial that 
+incorporates the use of oral Cr at a dose of 2 × 7 g per day, over an initial 
+period of 2 months in conjunction with ongoing therapies (NCT02463305) will be 
+informative for the proposed larger, more long-term Cr supplementation study of 
+2 × 3-5 g of Cr per day for a time of 3-6 months. This strategy should be 
+insightful to the potential for Cr in reducing or alleviating the symptoms of 
+IBD. Supplementation with chemically pure Cr, a natural nutritional supplement, 
+is well tolerated not only by healthy subjects, but also by patients with 
+diverse neuromuscular diseases. If the outcome of such a clinical pilot study 
+with Cr as monotherapy or in conjunction with metformin were positive, oral Cr 
+supplementation could then be used in the future as potentially useful adjuvant 
+therapeutic intervention for patients with IBD, preferably together with 
+standard medication used for treating patients with chronic ulcerative colitis 
+and/or Crohn's disease.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13051429
+PMCID: PMC8145094
+PMID: 33922654 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+80. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 7;13(4):1215. doi: 10.3390/nu13041215.
+
+Role of Creatine in the Heart: Health and Disease.
+
+Balestrino M(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e 
+Scienze Materno-Infantili (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Largo Daneo 3, 16132 
+Genova, Italy.
+(2)IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, 
+Italy.
+
+Creatine is a key player in heart contraction and energy metabolism. Creatine 
+supplementation (throughout the paper, only supplementation with creatine 
+monohydrate will be reviewed, as this is by far the most used and best-known way 
+of supplementing creatine) increases creatine content even in the normal heart, 
+and it is generally safe. In heart failure, creatine and phosphocreatine 
+decrease because of decreased expression of the creatine transporter, and 
+because phosphocreatine degrades to prevent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
+exhaustion. This causes decreased contractility reserve of the myocardium and 
+correlates with left ventricular ejection fraction, and it is a predictor of 
+mortality. Thus, there is a strong rationale to supplement with creatine the 
+failing heart. Pending additional trials, creatine supplementation in heart 
+failure may be useful given data showing its effectiveness (1) against specific 
+parameters of heart failure, and (2) against the decrease in muscle strength and 
+endurance of heart failure patients. In heart ischemia, the majority of trials 
+used phosphocreatine, whose mechanism of action is mostly unrelated to changes 
+in the ergogenic creatine-phosphocreatine system. Nevertheless, preliminary data 
+with creatine supplementation are encouraging, and warrant additional studies. 
+Prevention of cardiac toxicity of the chemotherapy compounds anthracyclines is a 
+novel field where creatine supplementation may also be useful. Creatine 
+effectiveness in this case may be because anthracyclines reduce expression of 
+the creatine transporter, and because of the pleiotropic antioxidant properties 
+of creatine. Moreover, creatine may also reduce concomitant muscle damage by 
+anthracyclines.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13041215
+PMCID: PMC8067763
+PMID: 33917009 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The author is founding member and president of 
+NovaNeuro Srl, an academic spinoff that ideates and commercializes dietary 
+supplements based on creatine. He received an honorarium by AlzChem Trostberg 
+GmbH (Trostberg, Germany) to write this article. The funders had no role in the 
+design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in 
+the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
+
+
+81. J Strength Cond Res. 2021 May 1;35(5):1256-1261. doi: 
+10.1519/JSC.0000000000003906.
+
+Supplemental Creatine Modified With Polyethylene Glycol Effectively Loads 
+Skeletal Muscle With Lower Doses.
+
+Fry AC(1), Parra ME(2), Cabarkapa D(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and 
+Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
+(2)Department of Applied Health Sciences, Baker University, Baldwin City, 
+Kansas.
+
+Fry, AC, Parra, ME, and Cabarkapa, D. Supplemental creatine modified with 
+polyethylene glycol effectively loads skeletal muscle with lower doses. J 
+Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1256-1261, 2021-The purpose of this study was to 
+compare the efficacy of skeletal muscle uptake of creatine monohydrate (Cr H2O) 
+with that of creatine bound to polyethylene glycol (Cr PEG). Healthy men (X ± 
+SE; age = 23.5 ± 1.0 years) were divided into control (Con, n = 9, 20 g·d-1 of 
+Cr H2O) and experimental (Exp, n = 8, 10 g·d-1 of Cr PEG) groups. Blood samples 
+and muscle biopsies were used to determine acute gastrointestinal absorption 
+over 5 hours and muscle cellular uptake over 5 days. Both groups exhibited 
+significantly (p < 0.05) elevated concentrations of muscle-free Cr (M·gdw-1; 
+Con, pre = 23.0 ± 4.2, post = 39.2 ± 2.7; Exp pre = 22.1 ± 2.9, post = 33.6 ± 
+3.2), total Cr (M·gdw-1, Con pre = 94.7 ± 5.4, post = 114.8 ± 7.4; Exp pre = 
+92.6 ± 5.4, post = 106.6 ± 8.4), which were also elevated when these values were 
+normalized for adenosine triphosphate using molar ratios. Circulatory uptake of 
+Cr was significantly different between the groups, with blood concentrations 
+(mg·dL-1) for the Con group peaking at 2 hours post-ingestion (25.99 ± 2.96), 
+whereas the concentrations for the Exp group were lower and were still rising at 
+5 hours (4.05 ± 0.87). The integrated area under the curve for the 5-hour 
+postingestion period was 7-fold greater for the Con group. Although total Cr 
+ingested over the 5 days supplementation period was less for the Cr PEG group, 
+skeletal muscle uptake of Cr PEG was similar to Cr H2O. Based on circulating Cr 
+concentrations, it seems that Cr PEG is cleared more slowly from the 
+gastrointestinal tract. Thus, lower dosages of Cr may be ingested while 
+maintaining optimal loading kinetics.
+
+Copyright © 2021 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
+
+DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003906
+PMID: 33900258 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+82. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(5):587-602. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1904085. Epub
+2021  Mar 24.
+
+Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementation During Resistance Training on 
+Body Composition, Strength, Endurance, Rating of Perceived Exertion and Fatigue 
+in Trained Young Adults.
+
+Pakulak A(1), Candow DG(1), Totosy de Zepetnek J(1), Forbes SC(2), Basta D(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, 
+Canada.
+(2)Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education, Brandon University, 
+Brandon, Canada.
+(3)University Sport Center, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy.
+
+The primary purpose was to determine the separate and combined effects of 
+creatine and caffeine supplementation during resistance training on body 
+composition and muscle performance in trained young adults. Twenty-eight 
+participants were randomized to supplement with creatine and caffeine (CR-CAF; 
+n = 9, 22 ± 4 years; 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of creatine monohydrate + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of 
+caffeine anhydrous micronized powder); creatine (CR; n = 7, 22 ± 4 years, 
+0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of creatine + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of micronized cellulose), caffeine 
+(CAF; n = 6, 19 ± 1 years, 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of caffeine + 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of 
+maltodextrin) or placebo (PLA; n = 6, 23 ± 7 years, 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of 
+maltodextrin + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 micronized cellulose) one hour prior to performing 
+resistance training for 6 weeks. Before and after training and supplementation, 
+fat-free and fat mass (air-displacement plethysmography), muscle thickness 
+(elbow and knee flexors and extensors; ultrasound), muscle strength 
+(1-repetition maximum [1-RM] for the leg press and chest press), and endurance 
+(one set of repetitions to volitional fatigue using 50% baseline 1-RM for leg 
+press and chest press) were assessed. There was a group x time interaction 
+(p = 0.049) for knee extensor muscle thickness with CR experiencing an increase 
+over time with no changes in the other groups. There were no other between group 
+differences for any variable. In conclusion, creatine supplementation and 
+resistance training results in a small improvement in knee extensor muscle 
+accretion in trained young adults.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1904085
+PMID: 33759701 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+83. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021 Aug 1;53(8):1699-1707. doi: 
+10.1249/MSS.0000000000002641.
+
+The Effect of a Multi-ingredient Supplement on Resistance Training-induced 
+Adaptations.
+
+Wageh M(1), Fortino SA(1), McGlory C(1), Kumbhare D(2), Phillips SM(1), Parise 
+G(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA.
+(2)Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, 
+Ontario, CANADA.
+
+INTRODUCTION: Resistance exercise training (RET) induces muscle hypertrophy 
+that, when combined with co-temporal protein ingestion, is enhanced. However, 
+fewer studies have been conducted when RET is combined with multi-ingredient 
+supplements.
+PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the effect of a high-quality multi-ingredient 
+nutritional supplement (SUPP) versus an isonitrogenous (lower protein quality), 
+isoenergetic placebo (PL) on RET-induced gains in lean body mass (LBM), muscle 
+thickness, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). We hypothesized that 
+RET-induced gains in LBM and muscle CSA would be greater in SUPP versus PL.
+METHODS: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 26 (13 male, 13 female) 
+healthy young adults (mean ± SD, 22 ± 2 yr) were randomized to either the SUPP 
+group (n = 13; 20 g whey protein, 2 g leucine, 2.5 g creatine monohydrate, 300 
+mg calcium citrate, 1000 IU vitamin D) or the PL group (n = 13; 20 g collagen 
+peptides, 1.4 g alanine, 0.6 g glycine) groups, ingesting their respective 
+supplements twice daily. Measurements were obtained before and after a 10-wk 
+linear progressive RET program.
+RESULTS: Greater increases in LBM were observed for SUPP versus PL (SUPP: +4.1 ± 
+1.3 kg, PL: +2.8 ± 1.7 kg, P < 0.05). No additive effect of the supplement could 
+be detected on vastus lateralis muscle CSA, but SUPP did result in increased 
+biceps brachii muscle CSA and thickness (P < 0.05).
+CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that when combined with RET, the consumption of SUPP 
+increased LBM and upper-body CSA and thickness to a greater extent than to that 
+observed in the PL group of healthy young adults.
+
+Copyright © 2021 by the American College of Sports Medicine.
+
+DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002641
+PMID: 33756525 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+84. Subst Use Misuse. 2021;56(6):854-860. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899230.
+Epub  2021 Mar 16.
+
+Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Performance-Enhancing 
+Substance Use among Young Adults.
+
+Ganson KT(1), Murray SB(2), Mitchison D(3)(4), Hawkins MAW(5), Layman H(5), 
+Tabler J(6), Nagata JM(7).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, 
+Canada.
+(2)Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern 
+California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
+(3)Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney 
+University, Sydney, Australia.
+(4)Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
+(5)Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 
+USA.
+(6)Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, 
+University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
+(7)Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 
+University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
+
+BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated 
+with negative health outcomes, yet their associations with performance-enhancing 
+substance (PES) use are unclear. This study aimed to determine whether ACEs 
+predict greater use of legal and illegal PES in young adults.
+METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to 
+Adult Health (n = 14,322), Waves I (1994-1995) and III (2001-2002). ACEs 
+included childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, two neglect indicators, and 
+cumulative ACEs. Legal (e.g. creatine monohydrate) and illegal (e.g. 
+non-prescription anabolic-androgenic steroids; AAS) PES use was assessed.
+RESULTS: Sexual abuse had the greatest effect and predicted higher odds of legal 
+PES use (men: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 
+1.06-2.59; women: AOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.63-8.59) and AAS use (men: AOR 8.89, 95% CI 
+5.37-14.72; women: AOR 5.73, 95% CI 2.31-14.18). Among men, a history of 
+physical abuse (AOR 3.04, 95% CI 2.05-4.52), being left alone by a 
+parent/guardian (AOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.50-3.60), and basic needs not being met (AOR 
+3.47, 95% CI 2.30-5.23) predicted higher odds of AAS use. Among women, basic 
+needs not being met (AOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.43-6.04) predicted higher odds of AAS 
+use. Among both men and women, greater number of cumulative ACEs predicted 
+higher odds of both legal and illegal PES use.
+CONCLUSIONS: ACEs predict greater PES use among young adults. Clinicians should 
+monitor for PES use among those who have experienced ACEs and provide 
+psychoeducation on the adverse effects associated with PES use.
+
+DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899230
+PMID: 33726612 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+85. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Apr 1;36(4):963-970. doi: 
+10.1519/JSC.0000000000003989.
+
+Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male 
+Bodybuilders Across Training Phases.
+
+Hackett DA(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, 
+School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of 
+Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
+
+Hackett, DA. Training, supplementation, and pharmacological practices of 
+competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 
+963-970, 2022-Bodybuilding involves the pursuit of muscularity and leanness 
+primarily through the use of progressive resistance training in combination with 
+other practices such as manipulation of diet and use of ergogenic aids. This 
+study aimed to compare the training practices and ergogenic aids used by 
+competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. An online survey was 
+completed by 235 competitive male bodybuilders with a median age of 26.0 
+(interquartile range 23.0-31.3) years. Results showed that most respondents 
+performed split-routines (85.5%), 4-7 sessions per week (95.7%), trained major 
+muscle groups twice a week (>50%), and session duration being 60-90 minutes 
+(55.7%). Off-season resistance training sessions mostly comprised of targeting 
+2-3 muscle groups (56%), 2-3 exercises per muscle group (60.4%), 3-4 sets per 
+exercise (73.2%), 7-12 repetition maximum (RM) per set (71.6%), and 61-180 
+seconds recovery between sets and exercises (80.5%). At the precompetition phase 
+(6 weeks before competition), there was a decrease in the number of muscle 
+groups trained per session (p = 0.027) and a greater number of repetitions 
+performed per set (p < 0.001). A significant increase in the reported aerobic 
+exercise volume was found during precompetition (<0.001). Performance enhancing 
+drugs were used by 53.6% of respondents who did not compete in natural 
+bodybuilding competitions. Dietary supplements were used by 95.7% of respondents 
+with the most common being creatine monohydrate (80.4%) and whey protein 
+(65.8%). Findings suggest that competitive bodybuilders follow resistance 
+training practices consistent with the broad muscular hypertrophy 
+recommendations but a notable shift in practices occur in the weeks before 
+competition.
+
+Copyright © 2022 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
+
+DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003989
+PMID: 33651737 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+86. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Feb 8;18(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w.
+
+Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does 
+the scientific evidence really show?
+
+Antonio J(1), Candow DG(2), Forbes SC(3), Gualano B(4), Jagim AR(5), Kreider 
+RB(6), Rawson ES(7), Smith-Ryan AE(8), VanDusseldorp TA(9), Willoughby DS(10), 
+Ziegenfuss TN(11).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, 
+Davie, Florida, USA. ja839@nova.edu.
+(2)Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, 
+Canada.
+(3)Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, 
+Brandon, MB, Canada.
+(4)Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group; School of Medicine, FMUSP, 
+University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
+(5)Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA.
+(6)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department 
+of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
+(7)Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, 
+Mechanicsburg, PA, USA.
+(8)Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 
+Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
+(9)Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State 
+University, Kennesaw, GA, USA.
+(10)School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, 
+Belton, TX, USA.
+(11)The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, Ohio, USA.
+
+Supplementing with creatine is very popular amongst athletes and exercising 
+individuals for improving muscle mass, performance and recovery. Accumulating 
+evidence also suggests that creatine supplementation produces a variety of 
+beneficial effects in older and patient populations. Furthermore, evidence-based 
+research shows that creatine supplementation is relatively well tolerated, 
+especially at recommended dosages (i.e. 3-5 g/day or 0.1 g/kg of body mass/day). 
+Although there are over 500 peer-refereed publications involving creatine 
+supplementation, it is somewhat surprising that questions regarding the efficacy 
+and safety of creatine still remain. These include, but are not limited to: 1. 
+Does creatine lead to water retention? 2. Is creatine an anabolic steroid? 3. 
+Does creatine cause kidney damage/renal dysfunction? 4. Does creatine cause hair 
+loss / baldness? 5. Does creatine lead to dehydration and muscle cramping? 6. Is 
+creatine harmful for children and adolescents? 7. Does creatine increase fat 
+mass? 8. Is a creatine 'loading-phase' required? 9. Is creatine beneficial for 
+older adults? 10. Is creatine only useful for resistance / power type 
+activities? 11. Is creatine only effective for males? 12. Are other forms of 
+creatine similar or superior to monohydrate and is creatine stable in 
+solutions/beverages? To answer these questions, an internationally renowned team 
+of research experts was formed to perform an evidence-based scientific 
+evaluation of the literature regarding creatine supplementation.
+
+DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w
+PMCID: PMC7871530
+PMID: 33557850 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: JA is Chief Executive Officer of the ISSN, an 
+academic non-profit that receives support and/or sponsorship from companies that 
+manufacture and/or sell creatine or creatine-containing products. DGC has 
+received research grants and performed industry sponsored research involving 
+creatine supplementation, received creatine donation for scientific studies and 
+travel support for presentations involving creatine supplementation at 
+scientific conferences. In addition, DGC serves on the Scientific Advisory Board 
+for Alzchem (a company which manufactures creatine) and the editorial review 
+board for the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition and is a 
+sports science advisor to the ISSN. Furthermore, DGC has previously served as 
+the Chief Scientific Officer for a company that sells creatine products. SCF has 
+served as a scientific advisor for a company that sells creatine products. BG 
+has received research grants, creatine donation for scientific studies, travel 
+support for participation in scientific conferences (includes the ISSN) and 
+honorarium for speaking at lectures from AlzChem (a company which manufactures 
+creatine). In addition, BG serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem 
+(a company that manufactures creatine). ARJ has consulted with and received 
+external funding from companies that sell certain dietary ingredients and also 
+writes for online and other media outlets on topics related to exercise and 
+nutrition RBK is co-founder and member of the board of directors for the ISSN. 
+In addition, RBK has conducted industry sponsored research on creatine, received 
+financial support for presenting on creatine at industry sponsored scientific 
+conferences (includes the ISSN), and served as an expert witness on cases 
+related to creatine. Additionally, he serves as Chair of the Scientific Advisory 
+Board for Alzchem that manufactures creatine monohydrate. ESR serves on the 
+Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company which manufactures creatine). 
+In addition, ESR received financial compensation to deliver the President’s 
+Lecture on creatine supplementation at the 2019 ISSN annual conference. AESR has 
+received research funding from industry sponsors related to sports nutrition 
+products and ingredients. In addition, AESR serves on the Scientific Advisory 
+Board for Alzchem (a company that manufactures creatine). TAV has received 
+funding to study creatine and is an advisor for supplement companies who sell 
+creatine. In addition, TAV is the current president of the ISSN. DSW serves as a 
+scientific advisor to the ISSN and on the editorial review board for the Journal 
+of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. In addition, DSW is Past 
+President of the ISSN and has received financial compensation from the ISSN to 
+speak about creatine supplementation. TNZ has conducted industry sponsored 
+research involving creatine supplementation and has received research funding 
+from industry sponsors related to sports nutrition products and ingredients. In 
+addition, TNZ serves on the editorial review board for the Journal of the 
+International Society of Sports Nutrition and is Past President of the ISSN.
+
+
+87. Public Health Nutr. 2021 Jan 20:1-9. doi: 10.1017/S1368980020005121. Online 
+ahead of print.
+
+Analysis of health claims regarding creatine monohydrate present in commercial 
+communications for a sample of European sports foods supplements.
+
+Molina Juan L(1), Sospedra I(2), Perales A(3), González-Díaz C(4), Gil-Izquierdo 
+A(5), Martínez-Sanz JM(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
+(2)Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 
+Campus de Sant Vicent Del Raspeig, Ap.99, E-03080 Alacant, Spain.
+(3)Communication Sciences and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Rey 
+Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
+(4)Psychology and Social Communication Department, Faculty of Economics and 
+Business, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain.
+(5)Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food 
+Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
+
+OBJECTIVE: To analyse the information on health claims present in the labelling 
+of creatine monohydrate (CM) products.
+DESIGN: A descriptive study of a selection of products marketed as CM, with 
+health claims, and that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, was conducted 
+using the Amazon and Google Shopping websites. The adequacy and compliance of 
+the health claims were evaluated with the European legislative requirements 
+(European Food Safety Authority and European Commission). The results were 
+discussed with scientific evidence criteria from the Academy of Nutrition and 
+Dietetics, International Olympic Committee, and International Society of Sports 
+Nutrition, as well as the systematic review carried out by Mielgo-Ayuso in 2019.
+SETTING: Health claims in the commercial communications of a sample of CM 
+supplements, in relation to current legislation and scientific knowledge.
+PARTICIPANT: A total of 554 CM products were obtained.
+RESULTS: Of the total sample, only 167 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of 
+these, 30·5 % recommended a CM dose of 5·0-5·9 g/d, while 29·9 % recommended 3·0 
+to 3·9 g/d. As for the health claims, 'Enhances physical performance' appeared 
+in 73·1 % of the supplements, in most cases referring to a dosage of 3·0 to 3·9 
+g/d for these products. The rest of the declarations were not adequate or needed 
+to be modified.
+CONCLUSION: Only 25 % of the health claims complied with the criteria 
+established by the scientific reference documents. Most of the declarations must 
+be modified or eliminated, as they could be considered fraudulent and/or 
+misleading for the consumer.
+
+DOI: 10.1017/S1368980020005121
+PMID: 33468268
+
+
+88. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 5;13(1):149. doi: 10.3390/nu13010149.
+
+Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Functional Capacity and Muscle Oxygen 
+Saturation in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Pilot 
+Study of a Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
+
+Domingues WJR(1), Ritti-Dias RM(2), Cucato GG(3), Wolosker N(4), Zerati AE(5), 
+Puech-Leão P(6), Coelho DB(7), Nunhes PM(8), Moliterno AA(8), Avelar A(8).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Institute of Social Sciences Education and Zootechnics, Federal University of 
+Amazonas, Parintins 69152-240, Brazil.
+(2)Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University, 
+Sao Paulo 03155-000, Brazil.
+(3)Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, 
+Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8PP, UK.
+(4)Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil.
+(5)Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil.
+(6)Faculty of Medicine Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
+(7)Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal 
+University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, Brazil.
+(8)Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringa, Maringa 
+87020-900, Brazil.
+
+The aim of the study was to verify the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation 
+on functional capacity (walking capacity; primary outcome) and calf muscle 
+oxygen saturation (StO2) (secondary outcome) in symptomatic peripheral arterial 
+disease (PAD) patients. Twenty-nine patients, of both sexes, were randomized 
+(1:1) in a double-blind manner for administration of placebo (PLA, n = 15) or 
+creatine monohydrate (Cr, n = 14). The supplementation protocol consisted of 20 
+g/day for 1 week divided into four equal doses (loading phase), followed by 
+single daily doses of 5 g in the subsequent 7 weeks (maintenance phase). 
+Functional capacity (total walking distance) was assessed by the 6 min walk 
+test, and calf muscle StO2 was assessed through near infrared spectroscopy. The 
+measurements were collected before and after loading and after the maintenance 
+phase. The level of significance was p < 0.05. No significant differences were 
+found for function capacity (total walking distance (PLA: pre 389 ± 123 m vs. 
+post loading 413 ± 131 m vs. post maintenance 382 ± 99 m; Cr: pre 373 ± 149 m 
+vs. post loading 390 ± 115 m vs. post maintenance 369 ± 115 m, p = 0.170) and 
+the calf muscle StO2 parameters (p > 0.05). Short- and long-term Cr 
+supplementation does not influence functional capacity and calf muscle StO2 
+parameters in patients with symptomatic PAD.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu13010149
+PMCID: PMC7824795
+PMID: 33466233 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+89. Nat Metab. 2021 Jan;3(1):107-117. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-00332-0. Epub 2021
+Jan  18.
+
+No evidence for brown adipose tissue activation after creatine supplementation 
+in adult vegetarians.
+
+Connell NJ(1), Doligkeit D(1), Andriessen C(1), Kornips-Moonen E(1), Bruls 
+YMH(2), Schrauwen-Hinderling VB(1)(2), van de Weijer T(1)(2), van 
+Marken-Lichtenbelt WD(1), Havekes B(1)(3), Kazak L(4)(5), Spiegelman BM(6), 
+Hoeks J(1), Schrauwen P(7).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition 
+and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the 
+Netherlands.
+(2)Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and 
+Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 
+Maastricht, the Netherlands.
+(3)Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School for 
+Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University 
+Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
+(4)Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
+(5)Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
+(6)Department of Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical 
+School, Boston, MA, USA.
+(7)Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition 
+and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the 
+Netherlands. p.schrauwen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
+
+Creatine availability in adipose tissue has been shown to have profound effects 
+on thermogenesis and energy balance in mice. However, whether dietary creatine 
+supplementation affects brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation in humans is 
+unclear. In the present study, we report the results of a double-blind, 
+randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (NCT04086381) in which 14 
+young, healthy, vegetarian adults, who are characterized by low creatine levels, 
+received 20 g of creatine monohydrate per day or placebo. Participants were 
+eligible if they met the following criteria: male or female, white, aged 18-30 
+years, consuming a vegetarian diet (≥6 months) and body mass index 20-25 kg m-2. 
+BAT activation after acute cold exposure was determined by calculating standard 
+uptake values (SUVs) acquired by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission 
+tomography-magnetic resonance imaging. BAT volume (-31.32 (19.32) SUV (95% 
+confidence interval (CI) -73.06, 10.42; P = 0.129)), SUVmean (-0.34 (0.29) SUV 
+(95% CI -0.97, 0.28; P = 0.254)) and SUVmax (-2.49 (2.64) SUV (95% CI -8.20, 
+3.21; P = 0.362)) following acute cold exposure were similar between placebo and 
+creatine supplementation. No side effects of creatine supplementation were 
+reported; one participant experienced bowel complaints during placebo, which 
+resolved without intervention. Our data show that creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation in young, healthy, lean, vegetarian adults does not enhance BAT 
+activation after acute cold exposure.
+
+DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00332-0
+PMID: 33462512 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+90. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 25;18(1):103. doi: 
+10.3390/ijerph18010103.
+
+The 4R's Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A 
+Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates.
+
+Bonilla DA(1)(2)(3)(4), Pérez-Idárraga A(1)(5)(6), Odriozola-Martínez 
+A(4)(7)(8), Kreider RB(9).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Research Division, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia.
+(2)Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital 
+Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia.
+(3)Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), 
+Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia.
+(4)kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque 
+Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
+(5)Move Nutrition, Medellín 050021, Colombia.
+(6)School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
+(7)Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology 
+and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the 
+Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
+(8)Phymo Lab, Physiology and Molecular Laboratory, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
+(9)Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, 
+Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
+
+Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of 
+training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation 
+and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, 
+the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. 
+ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to 
+identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between 
+nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R's approach 
+to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration-a 
+fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports 
+event; (ii) Refuel-the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to 
+replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy 
+requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered 
+carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) 
+Repair-post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate 
+benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest-pre-sleep nutrition has a 
+restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, 
+endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 
+4R's is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and 
+supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010103
+PMCID: PMC7796021
+PMID: 33375691 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: D.A.B. serves as a Science Product Manager for a 
+company of dietary supplements in Europe (MTX Corporation®), has acted as 
+scientific consultant for MET-Rx in Colombia, and is current member of the 
+“Creatine in Health” scientific advisory board for Creapure®-AlzChem Tostberg 
+GmbH. R.B.K. has conducted a number of industry sponsored on sport nutrition 
+related nutrients, has served as a paid consultant and received honorariums to 
+speak at conferences by industry, and currently serves as chair of the “Creatine 
+in Health” scientific advisory board for Creapure®-AlzChem Tostberg GmbH. 
+A.P.-I. and A.O.-M. declare no conflict of interest. This review does not 
+constitute endorsement by the authors and/or the institution concerning the 
+nutrients reviewed.
+
+
+91. Foods. 2020 Dec 22;10(1):7. doi: 10.3390/foods10010007.
+
+A Survey on Dietary Supplement Consumption in Amateur and Professional Rugby 
+Players.
+
+Sánchez-Oliver AJ(1), Domínguez R(2)(3)(4), López-Tapia P(5), Tobal FM(6), Jodra 
+P(7), Montoya JJ(6), Guerra-Hernández EJ(8), Ramos-Álvarez JJ(6).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de 
+Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
+(2)Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), 
+41640 Osuna, Sevilla, Spain.
+(3)Departamento de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 
+Sevilla, Spain.
+(4)Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of 
+Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Brazil.
+(5)Sport of Medicine Department, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, 11600 
+Montevideo, Uruguay.
+(6)Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine of Physical Education and Sport, 
+Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
+(7)Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Alcalá, 19001 Guadalajara, 
+Spain.
+(8)Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, 18071 
+Granada, Spain.
+
+PURPOSE: the aim of the present study was to analyse the pattern of dietary 
+supplements (DS) consumption on federated rugby players, including the analysis 
+of differences based on the sex and competitive level (professional vs. 
+amateurs).
+MATERIAL AND METHODS: 144 rugby players (83 male and 61 female), of whom 69 were 
+professionals and 75 amateurs, were recruited for the study. All the 
+participants filled out a specific questionnaire about DS consumption including 
+questions related to the consumption of DS and their effects on sport 
+performance and health status.
+RESULTS: 65.3% of participants declared consuming at least one DS, with a higher 
+prevalence in males than females (77.1% vs. 49.2%) and in professionals thanin 
+amateur players (79.7% vs. 52.0%). The main reason for consumption was to 
+enhance sport performance (62.3%) with differences only based on sex (74.3% 
+males vs. 43.2% females). The most common purchase sites were the Internet 
+(45.6%) and specialised stores (39.8%). As to the moment of ingestion, 
+professionals did this most frequently during competition and training (56.4% 
+vs. 28.2%), whereas amateur players did so only during competition (20.5% vs. 
+3.6%). Moreover, professional player intake most frequently in post-exercise 
+(65.5% vs. 35.9%), whereas amateur during pre-exercise (30.8% vs. 5.5%). The DS 
+most consumed included whey protein (44%), caffeine (42%), sports drinks (38%), 
+energy bars (34%) and creatine monohydrate (31%), with a higher prevalence in 
+male and professional players of whey protein and creatine monohydrate.
+CONCLUSIONS: The main reason for DS consumption is for enhancing sports 
+performance). Professional players more frequently purchase them on the Internet 
+and consume DS during training and competition period and in the post-exercise, 
+whereas amateur players consume during competition and pre-exercise. Related to 
+the main form of DS consumption, it is observed that a moderate consumption of 
+DS could be considered ergogenic, such as whey protein, sport bar and creatine, 
+while an absence of other DS could be considered ergogenic.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/foods10010007
+PMCID: PMC7822035
+PMID: 33375061
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+
+92. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Dec 17;13(12):e237542. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237542.
+
+Creatine transporter deficiency, an underdiagnosed cause of male intellectual 
+disability.
+
+Jangid N(1), Surana P(1)(2), Salmonos G(3), Jain V(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Paediatric Neurology, Santokba Durlabhji Memorial Hospital cum 
+Medical Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
+(2)Glasgow Medical School, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary 
+and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
+(3)Department of Genetic Metabolic Diseases/Metabolic Unit, VU University 
+Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.
+(4)Department of Paediatric Neurology, Santokba Durlabhji Memorial Hospital cum 
+Medical Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India vivekchildneuro@gmail.com.
+
+X-linked creatine transporter deficiency is caused by the deficiency of the 
+creatine transporter encoded by the SLC6A8 gene on Xq28. We here report a 
+3-year-old boy with global developmental delay, autism and epilepsy. He had a 
+normal MRI of the brain. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 
+subsequently showed an abnormally small creatine peak. His high urine 
+creatine/creatinine ratio further suggested the diagnosis, later confirmed by 
+hemizygous mutation detected in the SLC6A8 gene. His mother was also 
+heterozygous for the same mutation. Supplementation with creatine monohydrate, 
+arginine, and glycine (precursors of creatine) and supportive therapies, 
+resulted in modest clinical improvement after 12 months. This case highlights 
+the importance of doing MRS for boys with global delay/intellectual disability, 
+autism and epilepsy even with a normal MRI of the brain, to pick up a 
+potentially treatable cause.
+
+© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and 
+permissions. Published by BMJ.
+
+DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237542
+PMCID: PMC7747534
+PMID: 33334757 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: Competing interests: None declared.
+
+
+93. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2021 Jan 1;31(1):73-89. doi: 
+10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0321. Epub 2020 Dec 15.
+
+Inside the Belly of a Beast: Individualizing Nutrition for Young, Professional 
+Male Rugby League Players: A Review.
+
+Kelly VG(1)(2), Oliver LS(1), Bowtell J(3), Jenkins DG(2)(4).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Queensland University of Technology.
+(2)The University of Queensland.
+(3)University of Exeter.
+(4)University of the Sunshine Coast.
+
+Professional rugby league (RL) football is a contact sport involving repeated 
+collisions and high-intensity efforts; both training and competition involve 
+high energy expenditure. The present review summarizes and critiques the 
+available literature relating the physiological demands of RL to nutritional 
+requirements and considers potential ergogenic supplements that could improve 
+players' physical capacity, health, and recovery during the preparatory and 
+competition phases of a season. Although there may not be enough data to provide 
+RL-specific recommendations, the available data suggest that players may require 
+approximately 6-8 g·kg-1·day-1 carbohydrate, 1.6-2.6 g·kg-1·day-1 protein, and 
+0.7-2.2 g·kg-1·day-1 fat, provided that the latter also falls within 20-35% of 
+total energy intake. Competition nutrition should maximize glycogen availability 
+by consuming 1-4 g/kg carbohydrate (∼80-320 g) plus 0.25 g/kg (∼20-30 g) 
+protein, 1-4 hr preexercise for 80-120 kg players. Carbohydrate intakes of 
+approximately 80-180 g (1.0-1.5 g/kg) plus 20-67 g protein (0.25-0.55 g/kg) 
+0-2 hr postexercise will optimize glycogen resynthesis and muscle protein 
+synthesis. Supplements that potentially improve performance, recovery, and 
+adaptation include low to moderate dosages of caffeine (3-6 mg/kg) and ∼300 mg 
+polyphenols consumed ∼1 hr preexercise, creatine monohydrate "loading" 
+(0.3 g·kg-1·day-1) and/or maintenance (3-5 g/day), and beta-alanine 
+(65-80 mg·kg-1·day-1). Future research should quantify energy expenditures in 
+young, professional male RL players before constructing recommendations.
+
+DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0321
+PMID: 33321472 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+94. PLoS One. 2020 Dec 15;15(12):e0244018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244018. 
+eCollection 2020.
+
+Associations between legal performance-enhancing substance use and future 
+cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults: A prospective cohort study.
+
+Nagata JM(1), Ganson KT(2), Cunningham ML(3), Mitchison D(4)(5), Lavender 
+JM(6)(7), Blashill AJ(8)(9)(10), Gooding HC(11), Murray SB(12).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San 
+Francisco, California, United States of America.
+(2)Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, 
+Ontario, Canada.
+(3)School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 
+Australia.
+(4)Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney 
+University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
+(5)Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 
+Australia.
+(6)Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of 
+Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, 
+Maryland, United States of America.
+(7)The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
+(8)Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 
+United States of America.
+(9)San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State 
+University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
+(10)San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, University of 
+California, San Diego, California, United States of America.
+(11)Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, 
+Georgia, United States of America.
+(12)Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern 
+California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
+
+BACKGROUND: Legal performance-enhancing substances (PES), such as creatine, are 
+commonly used by adolescents and young adults. As PES are mostly unregulated by 
+the US Food and Drug Administration, there has been limited empirical attention 
+devoted to examining their long-term safety and health outcomes. Preliminary 
+studies have demonstrated associations between PES use and severe medical 
+events, including hospitalizations and death. PES could be linked to 
+cardiovascular disease (CVD), the most common cause of mortality in the US, by 
+altering the myocardium, vasculature, or metabolism. The objective of this study 
+was to examine prospective associations between the use of legal PES in young 
+adulthood and CVD risk factors at seven-year follow-up.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nationally representative longitudinal cohort data from 
+the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Waves III 
+(2001-2002) and IV (2008), were analyzed. Regression models determined the 
+prospective association between the use of legal PES (e.g. creatine monohydrate) 
+and CVD risk factors (e.g. body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, 
+hyperlipidemia), adjusting for relevant covariates.
+RESULTS: Among the diverse sample of 11,996 male and female participants, no 
+significant differences by PES use in body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, 
+or hyperlipidemia were noted at Wave III. In unadjusted comparisons, legal PES 
+users (versus non-users) were more likely to be White, be male, be college 
+educated, drink alcohol, and engage in weightlifting, exercise, individual 
+sports, team sports, and other strength training. There were no significant 
+prospective associations between legal PES use at Wave III and body mass index, 
+hemoglobin A1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cholesterol (total, 
+HDL, LDL, triglycerides) deciles at seven-year follow-up (Wave IV), adjusting 
+for demographics, health behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk factors. Similarly, 
+there were no significant prospective associations between legal PES use and 
+diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia based on objective measures or 
+self-reported medications and diagnoses, adjusting for demographics, health 
+behaviors, and Wave III CVD risk.
+CONCLUSIONS: We do not find evidence for a prospective association between legal 
+PES use and CVD risk factors in young adults over seven years of follow-up, 
+including BMI, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. It should be noted 
+that legal PES use was operationalized dichotomously and as one broad category, 
+which did not account for frequency, amount, or duration of use. Given the lack 
+of regulation and clinical trials data, observational studies can provide much 
+needed data to inform the safety and long-term health associations of legal PES 
+use and, in turn, inform clinical guidance and policy.
+
+DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244018
+PMCID: PMC7737961
+PMID: 33320903 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors have declared that no competing 
+interests exist.
+
+
+95. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2022 Sep-Oct;88(5):651-656. doi: 
+10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.09.002. Epub 2020 Oct 4.
+
+Protective effect of creatine on amikacin-induced ototoxicity.
+
+Apaydın E(1), Dağlı E(2), Bayrak S(3), Kankılıç ES(3), Şahin H(4), Acar A(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, 
+Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: dr.emreapaydin@hotmail.com.
+(2)Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, 
+Ankara, Turkey; Guven Private Hospital, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Turkey.
+(3)Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, 
+Ankara, Turkey.
+(4)Guven Private Hospital, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Turkey.
+
+INTRODUCTION: Aminoglycosides are widely known for their ototoxic side effects. 
+Nevertheless, they are potent antibiotics used in the treatment of 
+life-threatening conditions because of the current concern for antibiotic 
+resistance. We hypothesized that creatine supplements which are believed to 
+improve mitochondrial antioxidant defense system and maintain optimal energy 
+homeostasis may improve the ototoxic side effects.
+OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of creatine 
+monohydrate against ototoxicity induced by amikacin in rats in an experimental 
+animal model, using distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory 
+brainstem response.
+METHODS: Twenty healthy rats were assigned to four groups (5 rats in each): the 
+control group, the creatine monohydrate group, the amikacin group and the 
+amikacin+creatine monohydrate group. The creatine monohydrate group received 
+creatine at a dose of 2g/kg once daily via gastric gavage for 21 days. The 
+amikacin group received amikacin at a dose of 600mg/kg by intramuscular 
+injections once daily for 21 days. The amikacin+creatine monohydrate group 
+received intramuscular injections of amikacin (600mg/kg) once daily for 21 days 
+and creatine monohydrate (2g/kg) once daily via gastric gavage for 21 days. The 
+control group received nothing. The distortion product otoacoustic emissions and 
+auditory brainstem response measurements were performed on all rats on days 0, 
+7, 21.
+RESULTS: Regarding auditory brainstem response values, a significant increase in 
+the auditory threshold was observed in the amikacin group on day 21 (p< 0.001). 
+The amikacin+creatine monohydrate group showed significantly lower levels of 
+auditory brainstem response auditory thresholds on day 21 in comparison to the 
+amikacin group (p< 0.001). Additionally, the control group and the 
+amikacin+creatine monohydrate group did not differ significantly with respect to 
+auditory brainstem response thresholds on treatment day 21 (p> 0.05). When we 
+compare distortion product otoacoustic emissions values, there was no 
+significant difference between the amikacin and amikacin+creatine monohydrate 
+groups on day 7 (p> 0.05), However significantly greater distortion product 
+otoacoustic emissions values were observed in the amikacin+creatine monohydrate 
+group on day 21 compared to the amikacin group (p< 0.001).
+CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that creatine treatment protects against 
+amikacin ototoxicity when given at a sufficient dose and for an adequate time 
+period.
+
+Copyright © 2020 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia 
+Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.09.002
+PMCID: PMC9483946
+PMID: 33121925 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+96. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020 Aug;60(8):1168-1170. doi: 
+10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10589-9.
+
+Supplemental creatine monohydrate loading improves cognitive function in 
+experienced mountain bikers.
+
+Borchio L(1), Machek SB(2), Machado M(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Laboratory of Physiology and Biokinetic, Faculty of Biological Sciences and 
+Health, UNIG Campus V, Itaperuna, Brazil.
+(2)Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human 
+Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, 
+Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
+(3)Laboratory of Physiology and Biokinetic, Faculty of Biological Sciences and 
+Health, UNIG Campus V, Itaperuna, Brazil - marcomachado1@gmail.com.
+
+DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10589-9
+PMID: 32955844
+
+
+97. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020 Sep;120(9):1965-1996. doi:
+10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3.  Epub 2020 Jul 13.
+
+Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of 
+exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current 
+knowledge, practical application and future perspectives.
+
+Bongiovanni T(1)(2), Genovesi F(3), Nemmer M(4), Carling C(5), Alberti G(6), 
+Howatson G(7)(8).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, 
+Italy. tindaro.bongiovanni@gmail.com.
+(2)Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di 
+Milano, Milano, Italy. tindaro.bongiovanni@gmail.com.
+(3)Medical Department Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK.
+(4)Nutrition Department Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK.
+(5)Centre for Elite Performance, French Football Federation, 75015, Paris, 
+France.
+(6)Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di 
+Milano, Milano, Italy.
+(7)Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, 
+Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
+(8)Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
+
+PURPOSE: This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the 
+nutritional strategies to treat the signs and symptoms related to EIMD. These 
+strategies have been organized into the following sections based upon the 
+quality and quantity of the scientific support available: (1) interventions with 
+a good level of evidence; (2) interventions with some evidence and require more 
+research; and (3) potential nutritional interventions with little to-no-evidence 
+to support efficacy.
+METHOD: Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were used. The search terms 
+'EIMD' and 'exercise-induced muscle damage' were individually concatenated with 
+'supplementation', 'athletes', 'recovery', 'adaptation', 'nutritional 
+strategies', hormesis'.
+RESULT: Supplementation with tart cherries, beetroot, pomegranate, creatine 
+monohydrate and vitamin D appear to provide a prophylactic effect in reducing 
+EIMD. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, and the ingestion of protein, BCAA and milk 
+could represent promising strategies to manage EIMD. Other nutritional 
+interventions were identified but offered limited effect in the treatment of 
+EIMD; however, inconsistencies in the dose and frequency of interventions might 
+account for the lack of consensus regarding their efficacy.
+CONCLUSION: There are clearly varying levels of evidence and practitioners 
+should be mindful to refer to this evidence-base when prescribing to clients and 
+athletes. One concern is the potential for these interventions to interfere with 
+the exercise-recovery-adaptation continuum. Whilst there is no evidence that 
+these interventions will blunt adaptation, it seems pragmatic to use a 
+periodised approach to administering these strategies until data are in place to 
+provide and evidence base on any interference effect on adaptation.
+
+DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3
+PMID: 32661771 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+98. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020 Jul;60(7):1034-1039. doi: 
+10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10437-7.
+
+Creatine supplementation improves performance, but is it safe? Double-blind 
+placebo-controlled study.
+
+Almeida D(1), Colombini A(2), Machado M(1)(3).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Laboratory of Physiology and Biokinetic, Faculty of Biological Sciences and 
+Health, UNIG Campus V, Itaperuna, Brazil.
+(2)Orthopedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, 
+Italy - alessandra.colombini@grupposandonato.it.
+(3)Laboratory of Human Movement Studies, University Foundation of Itaperuna 
+(FUNITA), Itaperuna, Brazil.
+
+BACKGROUND: Creatine represents a natural supplement and ergogenic aid for sport 
+performance, but there are several concerns regarding its safety for health. The 
+present double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated the effect of creatine 
+monohydrate supplementation on a panel of blood and urine health indicators in 
+resistance training practitioners.
+METHODS: Eighteen males performing resistance training three times per week were 
+supplemented with 0.3 g/kg per day creatine monohydrate for 7 days and compared 
+with matched controls supplemented with dextrosol. Blood and urine samples were 
+collected pre- and 30 days post-supplementation to evaluate 41 biochemical 
+parameters and renal function.
+RESULTS: Creatine monohydrate supplementation did not cause adverse events and, 
+as expected, promoted an increase of the performance and body weight. No 
+modification of red blood cells parameters, white blood cells profile, blood 
+lipid profile, metabolic and urine markers, hepatic and renal function were 
+observed in the supplemented group.
+CONCLUSIONS: Despite the expected weight increase, the creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation is safe for health and no detrimental effects on different 
+organs and physiological systems were observed in our cohort of volunteers.
+
+DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10437-7
+PMID: 32597619 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+
+99. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 15;12(6):1780. doi: 10.3390/nu12061780.
+
+Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A 
+Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
+
+de Guingand DL(1), Palmer KR(2)(3), Snow RJ(4), Davies-Tuck ML(1), Ellery 
+SJ(1)(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3168, 
+Australia.
+(2)Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, 
+Australia.
+(3)Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne 3168, Australia.
+(4)Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne 
+3125, Australia.
+
+Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) is a dietary supplement routinely used as an 
+ergogenic aid for sport and training, and as a potential therapeutic aid to 
+augment different disease processes. Despite its increased use in recent years, 
+studies reporting potential adverse outcomes of CrM have been mostly derived 
+from male or mixed sex populations. A systematic search was conducted, which 
+included female participants on CrM, where adverse outcomes were reported, with 
+meta-analysis performed where appropriate. Six hundred and fifty-six studies 
+were identified where creatine supplementation was the primary intervention; 
+fifty-eight were female only studies (9%). Twenty-nine studies monitored for 
+adverse outcomes, with 951 participants. There were no deaths or serious adverse 
+outcomes reported. There were no significant differences in total adverse 
+events, (risk ratio (RR) 1.24 (95% CI 0.51, 2.98)), gastrointestinal events, (RR 
+1.09 (95% CI 0.53, 2.24)), or weight gain, (mean difference (MD) 1.24 kg 
+pre-intervention, (95% CI -0.34, 2.82)) to 1.37 kg post-intervention (95% CI 
+-0.50, 3.23)), in CrM supplemented females, when stratified by dosing regimen 
+and subject to meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference was 
+reported in measures of renal or hepatic function. In conclusion, mortality and 
+serious adverse events are not associated with CrM supplementation in females. 
+Nor does the use of creatine supplementation increase the risk of total adverse 
+outcomes, weight gain or renal and hepatic complications in females. However, 
+all future studies of creatine supplementation in females should consider 
+surveillance and comprehensive reporting of adverse outcomes to better inform 
+participants and health professionals involved in future trials.
+
+DOI: 10.3390/nu12061780
+PMCID: PMC7353222
+PMID: 32549301 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to 
+declare. Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, 
+Clayton, Melbourne, Australia. Disclaimers: None.
+
+
+100. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 May 27;17(1):28. doi:
+10.1186/s12970-020-00359-4.
+
+The addition of β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) to creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation does not improve anthropometric and performance maintenance 
+across a collegiate rugby season.
+
+Mangine GT(1), VanDusseldorp TA(2), Hester GM(2), Julian JM(2), Feito Y(2).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 
+Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia. gmangine@kennesaw.edu.
+(2)Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, 520 
+Parliament Garden Way NW, 30144, Kennesaw, GA, Georgia.
+
+BACKGROUND: Muscular damage sustained while playing rugby may hinder performance 
+across a season. β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) may help attenuate muscle 
+damage and maintain lean mass and performance. This study sought to determine 
+the effect of combining HMB with creatine monohydrate supplementation on 
+measures of stress and muscle damage, body composition, strength and sprinting 
+kinetics throughout a rugby season.
+METHODS: This double-blind, cross-over investigation recruited 16 male 
+collegiate rugby players to provide resting blood samples and complete 
+assessments of body composition, strength and sprinting performance prior to 
+their fall season (PREFALL). After testing, the athletes were matched for 
+fat-free mass and assigned to consume one of two supplementation regimens for 
+6 weeks: 5 g HMB + 5 g creatine per day (HMB-Cr: 20.9 ± 1.1 years; 177 ± 2 cm; 
+88.4 ± 4.9 kg) or 5 g creatine + 5 g placebo per day (Cr: 21.4 ± 2.1 years; 
+179 ± 2 cm; 88.3 ± 4.9 kg). After 6 weeks (POSTFALL), PREFALL testing was 
+repeated in 13 of the original 16 athletes before a 10-wk wash-out period. 
+Athletes who returned for the spring season (n = 8) repeated all fall-season 
+procedures and testing prior to (PRESPRING) and following (POSTSPRING) their 
+6-wk spring season, except they were assigned to the opposite supplementation 
+regimen.
+RESULTS: Linear mixed models with repeated measures revealed group x time 
+interactions (p <  0.05) for observed for several measures but did not 
+consistently and positively favor one group. During the fall season, knee 
+extensor peak torque was reduced by 40.7 ± 28.1 Nm (p = 0.035) for HMB-Cr but 
+remained consistent for Cr, and no group differences or changes were noted in 
+the spring. In the spring, greater knee flexor rate of torque development 
+(~ 149 Nm·sec- 1, p = 0.003) and impulse (~ 4.5 Nm·sec, p = 0.022) were observed 
+in Cr at PRESPRING but not at POSTSPRING. Although significant interactions were 
+found for cortisol concentrations, vastus lateralis pennation angle, and 
+sprinting force, post-hoc analysis only revealed differences between fall and 
+spring seasons. No other differences were observed.
+CONCLUSIONS: The combination of HMB and creatine monohydrate supplementation 
+does not provide a greater ergogenic benefit compared to creatine monohydrate 
+supplementation alone. Body composition, strength, and sprinting ability did not 
+change across the season with creatine monohydrate supplementation.
+
+DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00359-4
+PMCID: PMC7254750
+PMID: 32460801 [Indexed for MEDLINE]
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no competing 
+interests.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/scrape_up/pubmed/pubmed.py b/src/scrape_up/pubmed/pubmed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0da6e3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scrape_up/pubmed/pubmed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+""" This Python script extracts and saves PubMed article abstracts for a given query using the
+BeautifulSoup library. It formats the search query, constructs a URL to access the PubMed API, 
+retrieves the search results, and extracts necessary parameters. It then constructs another URL to 
+fetch the abstracts, downloads the webpage content, parses it into plain text, and saves the text
+to a file named "abstracts.txt". """
+
+# Importing the libraries
+import csv
+import re
+import urllib
+from time import sleep
+import requests
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+
+# Define the search query
+query = "Creatine Monohydrate"
+
+# Function to format the search query for URL compatibility
+def format_query(search_query):
+    if ' ' not in search_query:
+        query = search_query
+    else:
+        query = '"' + '+'.join(search_query.split()) + '"'
+    return query
+
+# Format the query
+query = format_query(query)
+print("Query: " + query)
+
+# Construct the base URL for the PubMed API
+base_url = 'http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/'
+db = 'db=pubmed'
+
+# Construct the search URL
+search_eutil = 'esearch.fcgi?'
+search_term = '&term=' + query
+search_usehistory = '&usehistory=y'
+search_rettype = '&rettype=json'
+search_url = base_url + search_eutil + db + search_term + search_usehistory + search_rettype
+print(search_url)
+
+# Execute the search and retrieve the XML response
+f = urllib.request.urlopen(search_url)
+search_data = f.read().decode('utf-8')
+
+# Parse the XML response to get the total count of abstracts and other parameters
+total_abstract_count = int(re.findall("<Count>(\d+?)</Count>", search_data)[0])
+print(total_abstract_count)
+fetch_webenv = '&WebEnv=' + re.findall("<WebEnv>(\S+)<\/WebEnv>", search_data)[0]
+fetch_querykey = '&query_key=' + re.findall("<QueryKey>(\d+?)</QueryKey>", search_data)[0]
+
+# Construct the URL for fetching the abstracts
+fetch_eutil = 'efetch.fcgi?'
+retmax = 100
+retstart = 0
+fetch_retstart = "&retstart=" + str(retstart)
+fetch_retmax = "&retmax=" + str(retmax)
+fetch_retmode = "&retmode=text"
+fetch_rettype = "&rettype=abstract"
+fetch_url = base_url + fetch_eutil + db + fetch_querykey + fetch_webenv + fetch_retstart + fetch_retmax + fetch_retmode + fetch_rettype
+
+# Function to download the webpage content
+def download_webpage(url):
+    response = requests.get(url)
+    if response.status_code == 200:
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')
+        text = soup.get_text()
+        return text
+    else:
+        print("Failed to download.")
+        return None
+
+# Function to save text content to a file
+def save_text_to_file(text, filename):
+    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
+        file.write(text)
+    print("Text saved to", filename)
+
+# Define the fetch URL and the output filename
+url = fetch_url
+filename = "abstracts.txt"
+
+# Download the webpage content and save it to a file
+webpage_text = download_webpage(url)
+if webpage_text:
+    save_text_to_file(webpage_text, filename)