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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>HTML Notes</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="base.css">
<link rel="icon" href="images/favicon.ico">
<script src="menu.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container" onclick="rotateIcon(this)">
<div class="bar1"></div>
<div class="bar2"></div>
<div class="bar3"></div>
</div>
<div id="wrapper">
<ul class="tab" id="ID" onmouseover="this.style.overflow='auto'" onmouseout="this.style.overflow='hidden'" >
<a onclick="openIntroductionPage()"><img src="images/logo.png"></a>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'introduction')" class="first"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Introduction</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'tags')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Tags, Attributes and Elements</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'page-title')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Page Title</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'paragraphs')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Paragraphs</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'headings')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Headings</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'lists')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Lists</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'links')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Links</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'images')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Images</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'tables')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Tables</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'rowspan')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Table: rowspan</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'colspan')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Table: colspan</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'forms-basics')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Forms Basics</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'htmlvscss')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">HTML vs CSS</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'css-getting-started')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">CSS: Getting Started</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'css-inline')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">CSS: Inline</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'css-external')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">CSS: External</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'css-in-page')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">CSS: In Page</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'selectors')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Selectors, Properties, and Values</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'colors')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Colors</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'text')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Text</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'border')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Border</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'margin')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Margin</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'padding')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Padding</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'border-radius')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Border Radius</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'span-and-div')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Span and Div</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'meta-tags')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Meta Tags</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'description-lists')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Description Lists</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'sections-in-a-document')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Sections in a Document</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'class-and-id-selectors')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Class and ID Selectors</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'grouping-and-nesting')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Grouping and Nesting</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'pseudo-classes')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Pseudo Classes</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'pseudo-elements')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Pseudo Elements</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'shorthand-properties')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Shorthand Properties</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'text-abbr')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Text Abbreviations Quotations and Code</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'background-images')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Background Images</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'specificity')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Specificity</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'display-properties')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Display Properties</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'page-layouts')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Page Layouts</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'forms-advanced')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Forms Advanced</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'shadows')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Shadows</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'more-selectors')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">More Selectors</a></li>
<!--<li onclick="openPage(event, 'colors')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Colors</a></li>-->
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'attribute-selectors')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Attribute Selectors</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'transformations')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Transformations</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'gradients')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Gradients</a></li>
<li onclick="openPage(event, 'media-queries')"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="tablinks">Media Queries</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="default" class="default-page">
<h3>Getting Started With</h3>
<h3 id="hidden-heading">HTML and CSS</h3>
<img src="images/html.jpg">
<p>powered by</p>
<a href="http://www.codingninjas.in/"><img src="images/logo.png"></a><br><br>
<a id="jump-to-intro" onclick="openPage(event, 'introduction')">Click here to begin!</a>
</div>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open Sans" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<div id="introduction" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Introduction</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<div class="explanationText">
HTML is used to provide the content(words, images, audio, video, and so on) to the web pages. CSS is then used to improve the presentation of the content. All you need is a text editor to make html files. Just remember to save them with “.html” extension! To view the page open the file with a web browser. Sample HTML code looks like this:
</div>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
This is sample text...<br>
You are beginning to learn HTML.
<!-- We use this syntax to write comments -->
<!-- Page content and rest of the tags here.... -->
<!-- This is the actual area that gets shown in the browser -->
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The file when opened in a web browser appears as
</p>
<div class ="explanationImage">
<img src="./images/Introduction/first_web_page.jpeg">
</div>
<div class="explanationText">
HTML is a tag based language. They are defined within the angle brackets. Description and definition of tags used in the above example is given in next section.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tags" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Tags, Attributes and Elements</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<div class="explanationText">
Basic HTML just contains plain text. All the awesome things are included using the following things:
</div>
<div class="explanationHeading">Tags</div>
<div class="explanationText">
<p>
Meaning to the plain text of HTML is applied using tags. i.e. tags define all elements of the document.
<br>
Most of the tags have opening and closing. The closing is just the name of the tag with character '/' in the beginning. A tag needs to have a closing tag if it includes some content. Tag with an opening and closing can have any number of tags included within itself!
Eg: <html> and </html>.
<br>
When a tag doesn't contain any content but is just meant to symbolify something then it doesn't need the closing tag.
Eg: <br> is used to give line break in text. It doesn't have any content but just directs the browser to show the remaining content from next line.
</p>
Description of the tags used in the previous section is as follows:
</div>
<ul class="explanationNote">
<li><!DOCTYPE html> tells the browser that the file being displayed contains HTML5</li>
<li> <html> and </html> meant to contain all the html data</li>
<li> <head> and </head> provides information about the document</li>
<li> <title> and </title> provides a title for the document</li>
<li> <body> and </body> contains all the things visible on the web page</li>
</ul>
<p class="explanationNote">
<em>NOTE:</em> You might come across “self-closing” tags, whereby a br tag, for example, will look like “<br />” instead of simply “<br>”. This is a remnant of XHTML, a form of HTML based on another markup language called XML. HTML5 is much more chilled out than XHTML and will be happy with either format. Some developers prefer one way, some prefer the other.
</p>
<br>
<div class="explanationHeading">Attributes</div>
<p class="explanationText">
Attributes control tag behaviour.They are present in the opening tags. They consist of two parts: First is the name of attribute and second is its value which is enclosed within double inverted commas.Example:
<br>
<div class="code">
<xmp><tag_name attribute_name="value_value">Content Enclosed</tag_name></xmp>
</div>
</p>
<div class="explanationHeading">Elements</div>
<div class="explanationImage"><img src="./images/page2/element_analogy.png"></div>
<p class="explanationText">
Elements are the things that actually make up the web page. Tags just define the beginning and end of the elements. Everything that a web page includes is an HTML element.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="page-title" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Page Title</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<p class="explanationText">
Head of a document is the place where information about the document is written. The title of the document is mentioned in the head using the <title> tag.
</p>
<div class="code">
<xmp><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head></xmp>
<span class="highlightCode"><title>This is the Title</title>
</span>
<xmp></head>
<body>
<!--Syntax for the body goes here-->
</body>
</html></xmp>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
This is rendered as:
</p>
<div class="explanationImage">
<img src="./images/page3/title.jpeg">
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
Notice the title of the page appears as the name of the tab!
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="paragraphs" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Paragraphs</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<p class="explanationText">
Paragraphs are blocks of text separated from each other by some space. They are defined using the <p> and </p> tags. When p tag ends, the next thing appears in next line.
</p>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>p tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is line 1.</p>
<p>This is line 2.</p>
<p>This is line 3.</p>
<br>
<!-- trying to format the text without using p-tag -->
This is line 1.
This is line 2.
This is line 3.
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
It appears on a web browser like this:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<p>This is line 1.</p>
<p>This is line 2.</p>
<p>This is line 3.</p>
<br>
<!-- trying to format the text without using p-tag -->
This is line 1.
This is line 2.
This is line 3.
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
When formating without p-tag, new lines are appended on the current line. This happens because the browser doesn’t see to the formatting of text. You have to use appropriate tags for formatting the text. More on formatting text would be there later in this tutorial.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="headings" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Headings</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<p class="explanationText">
There are tags in HTML to mark some content as headings. In fact, there are six different levels of headings <b>h1, h2, h3, h4, h5</b> and <b>h6</b>. Among them <b>h1</b> is the mightiest i.e. it is the largest heading and <b>h6</b> is the smallest level heading.
</p>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Levels</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Heading level 1</h1>
<h2>Heading level 2</h2>
<h3>Heading level 3</h3>
<h4>Heading level 4</h4>
<h5>Heading level 5</h5>
<h6>Heading level 6</h6>
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The content appears as:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Heading level 1</h1>
<h2 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Heading level 2</h2>
<h3 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Heading level 3</h3>
<h4 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Heading level 4</h4>
<h5 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Heading level 5</h5>
<h6 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Heading level 6</h6>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="lists" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Lists</h3>
<div class="content">
<p class="explanationText">
There are three type of lists in html. First two are ordered lists and unordered lists. They both are almost the same. Unordered lists are used when the numbering of items is not required and by default the items are followed by bullets. Whereas in ordered lists the items are displayed by a preceding numbering. The numbering style can be controlled by CSS that you will be learning soon!!
</p>
<div class="explanationHeading">Unordered Lists</div>
<p class="explanationText">
They are defined using the <ul> tag and the items are enclosed in the <li> tags.
</p>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Unordered Lists</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Lists</h1>
<ul>
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item</li>
<li>third item</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The output is as follows:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Lists</h1>
<ul style="padding-left: 1em">
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item</li>
<li>third item</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
Nesting of lists can be done which means that lists-items can contain sub-lists in them.
</p>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Unordered Lists</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Lists</h1>
<ul>
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item
<!-- Look, the closing </li> tag is not placed here! -->
<ul>
<li>second item first subitem</li>
<li>second item second subitem
<!-- Same for the second nested unordered list! -->
<ul>
<li>second item second subitem first sub-subitem</li>
<li>second item second subitem second sub-subitem</li>
<li>second item second subitem third sub-subitem</li>
</ul>
</li>
<!-- Closing </li> tag for the li that contains the third
unordered list -->
<li>second item third subitem</li>
</ul>
</li><!-- Here is the closing </li> tag -->
<li>third item</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The output is as follows:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.5em">Lists</h1>
<ul style="padding-left: 1.4em">
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item
<!-- Look, the closing </li> tag is not placed here! -->
<ul style="padding-left: 1.4em">
<li>second item first subitem</li>
<li>second item second subitem
<!-- Same for the second nested unordered list! -->
<ul style="padding-left: 1.4em">
<li>second item second subitem first sub-subitem</li>
<li>second item second subitem second sub-subitem</li>
<li>second item second subitem third sub-subitem</li>
</ul>
</li>
<!-- Closing </li> tag for the li that contains the third
unordered list -->
<li>second item third subitem</li>
</ul>
</li><!-- Here is the closing </li> tag -->
<li>third item</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
There is no limitation to the depth of nested lists.
</p>
<br>
<div class="explanationHeading">Ordered Lists</div>
<p class="explanationText">
They are defined using the <ol> tag and the items are enclosed in the <li> tags.Typically, ordered-list items are displayed with a preceding numbering. The numbering style can be of any kind like like numerals, letters or Romans numerals. The default one is numerals
</p>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Onordered Lists</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Lists</h1>
<ol>
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item</li>
<li>third item</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The output is as follows:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.4em">Lists</h1>
<ol style="padding-left: 1em;">
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item</li>
<li>third item</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
Using the attribute 'start' we can specify from where the numbering starts by giving its value.
</p>
<xmp class="code"><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Onordered Lists</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Lists</h1>
<ol start="7">
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item</li>
<li>third item</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html></xmp>
<p class="explanationNote">
<em>Note:</em>Notice that value of the attribute start appeared in double inverted commas.
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<h1 style="padding-bottom: 0.4em">Lists</h1>
<ol start="7" style="padding-left: 1em;">
<li>first item</li>
<li>second item</li>
<li>third item</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
Nesting can also be done using ordered lists. Also a combination of ordered and unordered lists can be used!
</p>
<p class="explanationNote">
<em>NOTE:</em>List styles can be changed using CSS, which you will be learning soon.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="links" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading" id="linksHeading">Links</h3>
<div class="content">
<p class="explanationText">
Different web pages are connected using links. They give us the ability to go to a different web page without each time entering its URL. This kind of links are external links i.e. they help in connecting to external web pages.Links can also be internal which means that they will be linking the content within the same page. For example link to the top of the page or link to any specific content.
<br>
An anchor tag <b>a</b> is used to define a link. The destination of the link is mentioned using <b>href</b> attribute. Usage:
</p>
<div class="code">
<xmp><h2>A Great place to practice coding</h2>
<p>
Take the daily challanges at
<a href="http://www.codingninjas.in/students/assignments">
Coding Ninjas.
<!-- clickable content for the link is mentioned here -->
<!-- any html element can be included here like image, gif, etc. -->
</a>
</p>
</xmp>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
The link appears as
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<div style="font-size:1.25em"><b>A Great place to practice coding</b></div>
<p>
Take the daily challanges at
<a href="http://www.codingninjas.in/students/assignments">Coding Ninjas.</a>
</p>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
In the <b>href</b> attribute web address was mentioned in the above example, however it can contain address of a local file located on the computer:
<div class="code">
href="/home/myPC/Documents/test.html"
</div>
</p>
<p class="explanationText">
Example of a link within the page:
<div class="code">
<xmp><a href="#linksHeading">Go to top of the page</a></xmp>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">
In the <b>href</b> attribute, <em>linksHeading</em> is the id of the heading of this page. <em>id</em> of an html element is an attribute and it can have any value. While refering to an id, '#' is used in the begining of its name. Clicking on the link shown below will scroll you to the heading such that it is the first line of the display.
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<p>
<a href="#linksHeading">Go to top of the page</a>
</p>
</div>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="images" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Images</h3>
<div class="content">
<p class="explanationText">
To add images in the html documents <b>img</b> tag is used. This tag is a self closing tag which means that it doesn’t contain the closing tag. The <b>src</b> attribute is used to mention the source of the image. The source of the image can be a local file or some it can be some url also.<br>
An important attribute is <b>alt</b>. It provides the alternate content for the image for the users who are unable to see the image (if they are visually impaired, for example). Also, if the image fails to load then the alternate content is shown.
<p class="explanationNote">
<em>Note: images with different extensions like .png, .jpeg can be used. Also gifs can be displayed using the <b>img</b> tag.</em>
</p>
An example:
</p>
<xmp class="code"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="Coding Ninjas image"></xmp>
<!-- path to the logo of Coding Ninjas -->
<p class="explanationText">
The image appears as
<div class="output-window">
<img src="images/logo.png" alt="Coding Ninjas image"></xmp>
</div>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tables" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Tables</h3>
<div class="content">
<p class="explanationText">
Tables are used to show the tabular data. To achieve this many tags are used. All the table-data is enclosed within the <b>table</b> tags. After that <b>tr</b> tags enclose table rows. Each row contains a number of data enteries which are enclosed by <b>td</b> tags. <b>td</b> stands for table-data and <b>tr</b> for table row. Number of table-data elements in a row are equal to the number of columns of that table. And the <b>border</b> attribute is used for mentioning the thickness of the borders, if the border attribute is not mentioned then there would be no border.
</p>
<xmp class="code"><table border=1>
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 4, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table></xmp>
<p class="explanationText">The table appears as</p>
<div class = "output-window">
<table border=1>
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 4, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rowspan" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Table: Rowspan</h3>
<div class="content">
<p class="explanationText">
To manage the layout of the the tables, two attributes are used. One is <b>rowspan</b> and other is <b>colspan</b>. <b>rowspan</b> is used to mention the number of rows that a particular cell will be occupying. This is done by using the attrtibute in the <b>td</b> tag.
</p>
<xmp class="code">
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Row 2, cell 1, and row 2, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The output appears as:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Row 2, cell 1, and row 2, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="colspan" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Table: Colspan</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<p class="explanationText">
Attribute <b>colspan</b> is used to mention the number of columns that a particular cell will be occupying. This is done by using the attrtibute in the <b>td</b> tag.
Both <b>colspan</b> and <b>rowpan</b> can be used in <b>th</b> tag (table-heading tag), which is used to enclose headings in tables.Example:
</p>
<xmp class="code">
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>Column 1 heading</th>
<th colspan="2">Column_2_and_3_heading</th>
<!-- <th>Column 3 heading</th> -->
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, cell 1</td>
<td colspan="2">Row 2, cell 2, also spanning Row 2, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 4, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
The output appears as:
</p>
<div class="output-window">
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1 heading</th>
<th colspan="2">Column 2,3 heading</th>
<!-- <th>Column 3 heading</th> -->
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, cell 1</td>
<td colspan="2">Row 2, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 3, cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 4, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 2</td>
<td>Row 4, cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="forms-basics" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">Forms Basics</h3>
<div class="content">
<p class="explanationText">
HTML Forms are one of the main points of interaction between a user and a web site or application. Through forms, a user enters the data which is either processed by the browser itself (using Javascript) or the data goes to the servers where it gets processed. <br>
An HTML form may contain a lot of elements like text fields (single line or multiline), select boxes, buttons, checkboxes, or radio buttons. Let us start with just a basic form without any elements:
</p>
<xmp class="code"><form action="/address_to_handle_form" method="post">
</form>
</xmp>
<p class="explanationText">
Since the form doesn't contain any element,currently, nothing will appear as output.
</p>
<p class="explanationNote">
<em>NOTE:</em>Notice the attributes <b>action</b> and <b>method</b>. We need to tell the form where it should send the data that is entered, this is done using <b>action</b> attribute. There are many methods to send data to the address mentioned. Most important ones are <em>get</em>, and <em>post</em>. Method <em>get</em> is used when privacy is not a concern and the data is small and the data entered in the form goes to the destination as a part of the address mentioned in the attribute, whereas the <em>post</em> is used to send data more securely.
</p>
<div class="explanationHeading"><b>Input</b> Tag</div>
<p class="explanationText">
It is the most important element of the forms. It can take various forms using the <b>type</b> attribute. Here are the examples:
<ul class="explanationNote" style="padding-left: 1em;">
<li>
<input type="text"> or simply <input> is a standard textbox. This can also have a value attribute, which sets the initial text in the textbox.
</li>
<li>
<input type="password"> is similar to the textbox, but the characters typed in by the user will be hidden.
</li>
<li>
<input type="checkbox"> is a checkbox, which can be toggled on and off by the user. This can also have a checked attribute (<input type="checkbox" checked> - the attribute doesn’t require a value), and makes the initial state of the check box to be switched on, as it were.
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"> is similar to a checkbox, but the user can only select one radio button in a group. This can also have a checked attribute.
</li>
<li>
<input type="submit">is a button that when selected will submit the form. You can control the text that appears on the submit button with the value attribute, for example <input type="submit" value="Ooo. Look. Text on a button. Wow">.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p class="explanationText">
These were the basics of forms, more will be coming in forms advanced section later!!
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="htmlvscss" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">HTML vs CSS</h3>
<div class="content">
<div class="output-window" id="statusDivHVC" class="hiddenForHVC" style="font-size:1.5em">
Click the button below to start the animation:
</div>
<p class="explanationText" style="display: flex; justify-content: space-around;">
<button id="startButtonHVC" style="padding: 0.3em 0.5em; font-size: 0.7em;">Start</button>
</p>
<p class="explanationNote" style="display: none;" id="endNoteHVC">
Refresh the page for viewing the animation again.
</p>
<div class = "output-window" id="HtmlVsCssDiv">
<header id="headerHVC">
<img src="images/logo.png" id="imageHSV" class = "hiddenForHVC">
<nav>
<ul class = "hiddenForHVC" id="navHVC" style="padding-left: 1em">
<li>Home</li>
<li>About us</li>
<li>Team</li>
<li>Contact us</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<main class = "hiddenForHVC" id = "bodyHVC">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
</main>
<footer id="footerHVC">
<header class = "hiddenForHVC" id = "footerHeaderHVC">
<h5>Reach us</h5>
<p>Plot Number 360, Kohat Enclave, Main Pitam Pura Road, Delhi 110034, Opposite Kohat Metro Station exit 3. </p>
</header>
<nav>
<ul class = "hiddenForHVC" id="footerNavHVC" style="padding-left: 1em">
<li>Terms & Conditions</li>
<li>Privacy Policy</li>
<li>Pricing & Refund</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</footer>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
main_element = document.getElementById("HtmlVsCssDiv");
HVC_initiator_button = document.getElementById("startButtonHVC");
HVC_initiator_button.addEventListener('click', HVC_main_function);
// main_element.style.display = "none";
var delay=1900;
var delayInc = delay;
function HVC_main_function(){
// t = (new Date()).getTime();
HVC_status_div = document.getElementById("statusDivHVC");
HVC_status_div.style.background = "orange";
HVC_status_div.style.color = "white";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "Content would be added using HTML below";
HVC_image = document.getElementById("imageHSV");
delay+=delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_image.style.display = "block";
// temp = (new Date()).getTime();
// console.log(temp - t);
HVC_status_div.style.display = "block";
HVC_status_div.style.background = "white";
HVC_status_div.style.color = "inherit";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding Data Using HTML...";
}, delay);
delay += delayInc;
HVC_nav = document.getElementById("navHVC")
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_nav.style.display = "block";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding Data Using HTML....";
}, delay);
delay += delayInc;
HVC_body = document.getElementById("bodyHVC")
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_body.style.display = "block";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding Data Using HTML...";
}, delay);
delay += delayInc;
HVC_footer_header = document.getElementById("footerHeaderHVC")
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_footer_header.style.display = "block";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding Data Using HTML....";
}, delay);
delay += delayInc;
HVC_footer_nav = document.getElementById("footerNavHVC")
setTimeout(function() {
// HVC_footer_Nav.style.transition = "height 0.29s 1s ease-in-out";
HVC_footer_nav.style.display = "block";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding Data Using HTML...";
}, delay);
delay += delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
// HVC_footer_nav.style.transition = "height 0.29s 1s ease-in-out";
HVC_footer_nav.style.display = "block";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding Data Using HTML....";
}, delay);
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "Now CSS would be added"
HVC_status_div.style.background = "orange";
HVC_status_div.style.color = "white";
}, delay);
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS...."
HVC_status_div.style.background = "white";
HVC_status_div.style.color = "inherit";
}, delay);
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
HVC_header = document.getElementById("headerHVC");
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_header.className += " headerHVC";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS..."
}, delay)
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function(){
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS...."
HVC_nav.className += " ulHVC";
HVC_nav.style.display = "flex";
},delay)
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function(){
liElements = HVC_nav.getElementsByTagName("li");
for(var i=0; i<liElements.length; i++){
liElements[i].style.padding = "0.1em 0.5em"
}
},delay)
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS..."
HVC_body.className += " bodyTextHVC";
}, delay+500);
HVC_footer = document.getElementById("footerHVC")
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_footer.style.background = "#757575";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS...."
HVC_footer.style.color = "white";
HVC_footer.style.padding = "0.4em 1.5em";
}, delay);
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
temp = HVC_footer_header.getElementsByTagName("h5")
temp[0].style.fontSize = "1.3em"
temp[0].style.padding = "0.1em"
temp[0].style.fontWeight = "normal"
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS..."
}, delay);
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
temp = HVC_footer_header.getElementsByTagName("p")
temp[0].style.fontSize = "0.7em"
temp[0].style.padding = "0.1em"
temp[0].style.fontWeight = "normal"
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS...."
}, delay);
delay += 1.5*delayInc;
setTimeout(function() {
HVC_footer_nav.className += " ulHVC";
HVC_footer_nav.style.display = "flex";
HVC_footer_nav.style.flexDirection = "row-reverse";
HVC_footer_nav.style.paddingTop = "0.25em";
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> Adding CSS..."
setTimeout(function(){
liElements = HVC_footer_nav.getElementsByTagName("li");
for(var i=0; i<liElements.length; i++){
liElements[i].style.padding = "0.1em 0.5em"
liElements[i].style.fontSize = "0.6em"
}
setTimeout(function(){
HVC_status_div.innerHTML = "<em>Status:</em> All Done";
document.getElementById("endNoteHVC").style.display = "block";
},delayInc)
},delayInc)
}, delay);
}//THE function ends here
</script>
<!-- <p class="explanationText">
As seen from the example above HTML is for providing content. The styling and positioning is done using JS,
</p>
<p class="explanationNote">
<em>NOTE:</em> The above thing is made using JS and its details will be covered in JS tutorial.
</p> -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="css-getting-started" class="tabcontent">
<h3 class="heading">CSS: Getting Started</h3>
<div class="content">
<!-- Start writing from here -->
<p class="explanationText">
Cascading Style Sheets(CSS) is a stylesheet language used for the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML,XML.
It includes adding colors,fonts,layout to our HTML page.
CSS code looks like this:
</p>
<xmp class="code">h1 {
font-family: monospace;
}
/*This is a comment in CSS*/
h2 {
color: blue;
}
</xmp>
<p class="explanationText">It's HTML code is:</p>
<xmp class="code"><h1>Welcome to Coding Ninjas!</h1>
<h2>Where coding is a way of life..</h2>
</xmp>
<p class="explanationText">gives the output..</p>
<div class="output-window">
<h1 style="font-family: monospace;">Welcome to Coding Ninjas!</h1>
<br>
<h3 style="color:blue">Where coding is a way of life..</h3>
</div>
<p class="explanationText">