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"text": "5.2 Data\n\n5.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.1: Historical daily range of dissolved oxygen at each SWMP water quality station with current year daily average overlaid in blue. Horizontal dashed red line indicates 2mg/L hypoxia threshold.\n\n\nDissolved oxygen at Pine Island has been uncharacteristically low in the past two years.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) For the past five years\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) For the current 2023 year\n\n\n\nFigure 5.2: Continuous dissolved oxygen at Pine Island with monthly average overlaid in solid gray line. Conditions are indicated as good when above 5 mg/L, fair between 2 and 5 mg/L, and poor if less than 2 mg/L.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 5.1: Identification and Duration of Hypoxia Events (< 2 mg/L for > 0.5 hrs) at Pine Island\n\n\nStart Time\nEnd Time\nDuration (hrs)\n\n\n\n\n2023-07-02 22:45:00\n2023-07-02 23:15:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-07-05 00:30:00\n2023-07-05 01:15:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-07-06 01:15:00\n2023-07-06 02:00:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-07-07 02:00:00\n2023-07-07 02:45:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-07-21 00:45:00\n2023-07-21 01:30:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-07-23 02:15:00\n2023-07-23 03:00:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-08-03 00:00:00\n2023-08-03 00:30:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-04 05:30:00\n2023-08-04 06:00:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-04 17:30:00\n2023-08-04 18:00:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-05 01:30:00\n2023-08-05 02:00:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-05 06:15:00\n2023-08-05 06:45:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-06 02:15:00\n2023-08-06 03:15:00\n1.25\n\n\n2023-08-07 02:45:00\n2023-08-07 03:15:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-07 15:30:00\n2023-08-07 16:15:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-08-08 07:30:00\n2023-08-08 09:00:00\n1.75\n\n\n2023-08-08 16:30:00\n2023-08-08 17:00:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-09 09:00:00\n2023-08-09 10:00:00\n1.25\n\n\n2023-08-09 22:45:00\n2023-08-09 23:15:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-10 05:00:00\n2023-08-10 05:30:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-10 10:15:00\n2023-08-10 10:45:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-10 18:30:00\n2023-08-10 19:45:00\n1.50\n\n\n2023-08-10 20:15:00\n2023-08-10 20:45:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-11 06:15:00\n2023-08-11 07:00:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-08-11 19:30:00\n2023-08-11 20:45:00\n1.50\n\n\n2023-08-12 20:15:00\n2023-08-12 21:15:00\n1.25\n\n\n2023-08-13 00:15:00\n2023-08-13 01:30:00\n1.50\n\n\n2023-08-13 08:00:00\n2023-08-13 08:30:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-13 12:15:00\n2023-08-13 12:45:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-15 02:15:00\n2023-08-15 03:30:00\n1.50\n\n\n2023-08-15 22:45:00\n2023-08-15 23:30:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-08-16 02:15:00\n2023-08-16 04:00:00\n2.00\n\n\n2023-08-29 08:45:00\n2023-08-29 09:15:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-29 22:15:00\n2023-08-29 22:45:00\n0.75\n\n\n2023-08-31 03:00:00\n2023-08-31 03:45:00\n1.00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPellicer Creek is located within a waterbody with known impairments for dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform bacteria. As such, this station frequently experiences low dissolved oxygen values, particularly in the summer months (Figure 5.3).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) For the past five years\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) For the current 2023 year\n\n\n\nFigure 5.3: Continuous dissolved oxygen at Pellicer Creek with monthly average overlaid in solid gray line. Conditions are indicated as good when above 5 mg/L, fair between 2 and 5 mg/L, and poor if less than 2 mg/L.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTable 5.2: Identification and Duration of Hypoxia Events (< 2 mg/L for > 0.5 hrs) at Pellicer Creek\n\n\nStart Time\nEnd Time\nDuration (hrs)\n\n\n\n\n2023-07-17 14:15:00\n2023-07-17 15:00:00\n1.00\n\n\n2023-08-15 13:00:00\n2023-08-15 15:30:00\n2.75\n\n\n2023-08-26 09:15:00\n2023-08-26 10:15:00\n1.25\n\n\n2023-08-26 10:45:00\n2023-08-26 13:15:00\n2.75\n\n\n2023-08-27 12:00:00\n2023-08-27 14:30:00\n2.75\n\n\n2023-08-30 05:15:00\n2023-08-30 05:45:00\n0.75\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5.2.2 Chlorophyll a\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.4: Historical monthly chlorophyll a at each SWMP water quality station with current year monthly value overlaid in red. Horizontal dashed blue line indicates the state threshold, as found in F.A.C 62-302.530.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.5: Annual geometric means of monthly chlorophyll a at each SWMP water quality station. Horizontal dashed blue line indicates the state threshold, as found in F.A.C 62-302.530. Values exceeding the threshold are indicated in red. The 2022 value is based upon data to date and does not equal an entire year of data.\n\n\n\n\n5.2.3 Nitrogen\n\n5.2.3.1 Total Nitrogen\nTN is calculated by adding TKN and NO23. It accounts for the inorganic nitrogen fraction as well as larger pools of organic bioavailable forms.\nSeveral of the NO23 values fell below the Florida Department of Environmental Protection Central Lab’s minimum detection limit and therefore TN was not able to be calculated and is missing for quite a few months at all the stations (Figure 5.6). This was especially true at Fort Matanzas which has the least amount of TN data (Figure 5.6 (c)).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.6: Historical monthly total nitrogen at each SWMP water quality station with current year monthly value overlaid in red. Horizontal dashed blue line indicates the state threshold, as found in F.A.C 62-302.530.\n\n\n\n\n5.2.3.2 Ammonium\nAmmonium is directly measured in our samples and is a key inorganic nutrient assimilated by phytoplankton in primary production.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.7: Historical monthly ammonium at each SWMP water quality station with current year monthly value overlaid in red.\n\n\n\n\n5.2.3.3 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen\nTKN is the total concentration of organic nitrogen and ammonia. It is directly measured in our samples.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.8: Historical monthly total kjeldahl nitrogen at each SWMP water quality station with current year monthly value overlaid in red.\n\n\n\n\n\n5.2.4 Phosphorus\n\n5.2.4.1 Total Phosphorus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.9: Historical monthly total phosphorus at each SWMP water quality station with current year monthly value overlaid in red. Horizontal dashed blue line indicates the state threshold, as found in F.A.C 62-302.530.\n\n\n\n\n5.2.4.2 Orthophosphate\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 5.10: Historical monthly orthophosphate at each SWMP water quality station with current year monthly value overlaid in red."
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- "text": "7 Tropical Cyclones\nThere were no tropical cyclones that had direct impacts in the GTM estuary during this reporting year.\nTypically, a Nor’easter is a storm along the East Coast of the United States with predominating winds from the northeast. These storms can last anywhere from a single day (24 hours) to several days or weeks. Callahan, Leathers, and Callahan (2022) found that these events can produce surges just as severe as tropical cyclone events, and occur much more frequently. These events are often in the news associated with blizzards in the New England area of the US; however, their impacts to northeast Florida are not insignificant. Often these storms bring higher water levels, heavy prevailing winds, precipitation, and reduced tidal exchange.\nUsing duration of wind directions between 0-100 degrees for greater than 24-hrs, several “Nor’easter” events were identified using data from the Pellicer Creek weather station (Table 8.1). Occasionally, localized wind directions result in values outside of this 0-100 degree window, which in turn affects the duration calculations, but it appears that there were at least 11-14 possible Nor’easter events identified in this way for 2023. The longest event occurred in the second half of the year from September 28th - October 6th, approximately nine days. This table does not identify strength of the winds during these events, just the time frames in which winds were originating and prevailing in the 0-100 degree directions. When examining daily median wind speeds over the year, the highest values are most often associated with winds in the north-northeast (NNE) and east-northeast (ENE) directions (Figure 8.1).\nThe April Nor’easter had strong winds from the N and NE directions for four days (Figure 8.2). Strong winds from all of the Nor’easters initially raised salinity at all stations (Figure 4.5), and the effect was especially pronounced at Pellicer Creek (Figure 4.5 (d)). After the winds died down, the effects of the heavy rainfall were evident in the drops in salinity following the storm events. Compared to the Nor’easter in April, the longest one that occurred between September 27 - October 6, 2023 did not have as high of winds for quite as long, but they were from the NNE and ENE directions for a much longer period of time (Figure 8.3).\nMany of these events correspond to months with rainfall totals exceeding the annual monthly average (Figure 4.1 (b)), particularly months within the “drier” times of the year, such as April, November, and December. The heaviest rain (7.6-50 mm/hr) for April, June, and December were all associated with Nor’easter events (Figure 4.1 (c)).\nTable 8.1: Identification and Duration of Wind from 0-100 degrees for periods greater than 24 hours\n\n\nStart Time\nEnd Time\nDuration (hrs)\n\n\n\n\n2023-03-08 05:30:00\n2023-03-09 11:30:00\n30.25\n\n\n2023-03-20 11:30:00\n2023-03-21 15:45:00\n28.50\n\n\n2023-03-29 07:30:00\n2023-03-30 19:45:00\n36.50\n\n\n2023-04-09 07:45:00\n2023-04-11 03:15:00\n43.75\n\n\n2023-04-23 01:45:00\n2023-04-24 17:15:00\n39.75\n\n\n2023-05-23 21:45:00\n2023-05-26 16:00:00\n66.50\n\n\n2023-05-31 07:15:00\n2023-06-04 01:45:00\n90.75\n\n\n2023-06-04 06:45:00\n2023-06-06 00:15:00\n41.75\n\n\n2023-08-23 09:15:00\n2023-08-25 01:15:00\n40.25\n\n\n2023-09-02 10:00:00\n2023-09-03 23:45:00\n38.00\n\n\n2023-09-18 10:15:00\n2023-09-19 18:30:00\n32.50\n\n\n2023-09-28 10:30:00\n2023-09-30 08:15:00\n46.00\n\n\n2023-09-30 10:45:00\n2023-10-02 06:45:00\n44.25\n\n\n2023-10-02 07:15:00\n2023-10-04 03:30:00\n44.50\n\n\n2023-10-04 06:30:00\n2023-10-06 02:45:00\n44.50\n\n\n2023-11-01 11:00:00\n2023-11-03 03:00:00\n40.25\n\n\n2023-12-13 18:15:00\n2023-12-15 08:30:00\n38.50\n\n\n2023-12-19 14:00:00\n2023-12-20 15:30:00\n25.75\nFigure 8.1: Daily median wind speeds observed in 2023 at the Pellicer Creek weather station. Winds from the north-northeast and east-northeast directions are identified with color, all other values are gray.\n(a) Averaged hourly wind speeds\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) Maximum wind gust recorded within each hour\n\n\n\nFigure 8.2: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of a Noreaster within the state of Florida, USA (Friday, April 7 - Friday, April 14, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.\n(a) Averaged hourly wind speeds\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) Maximum wind gust recorded within each hour\n\n\n\nFigure 8.3: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of the longest Noreaster observed at the station (Thursday, September 28 - Friday, October 6, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.\n“King Tides” are the highest predicted tides of the year and in northeast Florida, these typically occur during the fall months. For the city of St. Augustine, these events often bring nuisance flooding in coastal and low-lying areas. For the estuary, this typically also means reduced tidal exchange, a lack of low tide events, and more and prolonged flooding in the intertidal wetlands. The city reports these events on their website.\nPredicted king tide events for 2023 were:\nThe effect of the King Tides on daily average water depths at all the stations is observable in the steady climb of the water beginning in mid-September (Figure 9.1); however, the individual “events” are not quite as clear outside of the Pellicer Creek station (Figure 9.1 (d)) where clear increases in water levels are closely aligned with these periods. Unfortunately, September King Tide, which was coupled with a Nor’easter, was not captured at this station due to equipment maintenance issues.\nExtreme temperatures, both high and low, have drastic impacts on environmental function. For black mangroves (Avicennia germinans), temperatures under -4°C have been found to reduce mangrove cover (Cavanaugh et al. 2013). Extreme high temperatures are often health risks as they result in many heat-related illnesses.\nOverall, examining monthly temperature anomalies this year, the first part of the year (January - April) and August were higher than “normal” (Figure 10.1). With February of this year almost setting a record on the time series (2018 had the hottest February). May, June, and October were “cooler” than normal.\nDue to news reports of extremely high temperatures in the summer months this year, a comparison was made of previous data for the months of June and July with average dew point (°C) and average air temperature (°C) with total monthly precipitation (mm) (Figure 10.2). The greater the dew point, the greater the moisture in the air. This year, 2023, is indicated in red. This year, 2023, has been one of the hotter and wetter summers on record (Figure 10.2).\nIn Florida, excessive heat warnings are issued with the heat index (what the temperature “feels like”, which takes relative humidity into consideration) exceeds 113 degrees. The Pellicer Creek station recorded several times when the hourly average heat index exceeded this threshold (Figure 10.3), particularly in August.\nHeat waves are periods of abnormally hot weather that extend for more than two days (https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during). But what makes a heat wave? https://www.stormgeo.com/weather/articles/what-constitutes-a-heat-wave-around-the-world/#:~:text=In%20the%20Northeast%20United%20States,F%20(32.2%20%C2%B0C). For the purposes here, periods of time where temperatures were in excess of 90 degrees fahrenheit for greater than 2 hours were examined (?tbl-high-temp-duration) and most of these periods were observed daily from August 7 - August 15, 2023, the longest of which was approximately 9.25 hours on August 10, 2023.\nNo freezing events were recorded in this recording year.\nFigure 10.1: Monthly temperature anomalies at GTMNERR Pellicer Creek weather station from 2002-2023\nFigure 10.2: Comparison of average dew point and air temperature with total monthly precipitation for the months of June and July. This year is indicated in red.\nFigure 10.3: Hourly averaged heat index values recorded at the Pellicer Creek weather station in 2023 with values in excess of 113 degrees colored in red.\n?(caption)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nDuration (hrs)\n\n\n\n\n2023-06-08\n2.25\n\n\n2023-06-13\n6.75\n\n\n2023-06-14\n3.00\n\n\n2023-06-27\n6.75\n\n\n2023-07-21\n9.00\n\n\n2023-07-22\n4.25\n\n\n2023-07-30\n5.25\n\n\n2023-08-07\n4.00\n\n\n2023-08-08\n9.00\n\n\n2023-08-09\n5.50\n\n\n2023-08-10\n9.25\n\n\n2023-08-11\n6.25\n\n\n2023-08-12\n3.50\n\n\n2023-08-14\n2.75\n\n\n2023-08-15\n4.75"
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+ "text": "6.1 Tropical Cyclones\nThere were no tropical cyclones that had direct impacts in the GTM estuary during this reporting year."
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+ "text": "6.2 Nor’easters\nTypically, a Nor’easter is a storm along the East Coast of the United States with predominating winds from the northeast. These storms can last anywhere from a single day (24 hours) to several days or weeks. Callahan, Leathers, and Callahan (2022) found that these events can produce surges just as severe as tropical cyclone events, and occur much more frequently. These events are often in the news associated with blizzards in the New England area of the US; however, their impacts to northeast Florida are not insignificant. Often these storms bring higher water levels, heavy prevailing winds, precipitation, and reduced tidal exchange.\nUsing duration of wind directions between 0-100 degrees for greater than 24-hrs, several “Nor’easter” events were identified using data from the Pellicer Creek weather station (Table 6.1). Occasionally, localized wind directions result in values outside of this 0-100 degree window, which in turn affects the duration calculations, but it appears that there were at least 11-14 possible Nor’easter events identified in this way for 2023. The longest event occurred in the second half of the year from September 28th - October 6th, approximately nine days. This table does not identify strength of the winds during these events, just the time frames in which winds were originating and prevailing in the 0-100 degree directions. When examining daily median wind speeds over the year, the highest values are most often associated with winds in the north-northeast (NNE) and east-northeast (ENE) directions (Figure 6.1).\nThe April Nor’easter had strong winds from the N and NE directions for four days (Figure 6.2). Strong winds from all of the Nor’easters initially raised salinity at all stations (Figure 4.5), and the effect was especially pronounced at Pellicer Creek (Figure 4.5 (d)). After the winds died down, the effects of the heavy rainfall were evident in the drops in salinity following the storm events. Compared to the Nor’easter in April, the longest one that occurred between September 27 - October 6, 2023 did not have as high of winds for quite as long, but they were from the NNE and ENE directions for a much longer period of time (Figure 6.3).\n\n\n\nWeather Service Image from Flagler Live showing the wind speed predictions for the April Nor'easter\n\n\nMany of these events correspond to months with rainfall totals exceeding the annual monthly average (Figure 4.1 (b)), particularly months within the “drier” times of the year, such as April, November, and December. The heaviest rain (7.6-50 mm/hr) for April, June, and December were all associated with Nor’easter events (Figure 4.1 (c)).\n\n\n\n\nTable 6.1: Identification and Duration of Wind from 0-100 degrees for periods greater than 24 hours\n\n\nStart Time\nEnd Time\nDuration (hrs)\n\n\n\n\n2023-03-08 05:30:00\n2023-03-09 11:30:00\n30.25\n\n\n2023-03-20 11:30:00\n2023-03-21 15:45:00\n28.50\n\n\n2023-03-29 07:30:00\n2023-03-30 19:45:00\n36.50\n\n\n2023-04-09 07:45:00\n2023-04-11 03:15:00\n43.75\n\n\n2023-04-23 01:45:00\n2023-04-24 17:15:00\n39.75\n\n\n2023-05-23 21:45:00\n2023-05-26 16:00:00\n66.50\n\n\n2023-05-31 07:15:00\n2023-06-04 01:45:00\n90.75\n\n\n2023-06-04 06:45:00\n2023-06-06 00:15:00\n41.75\n\n\n2023-08-23 09:15:00\n2023-08-25 01:15:00\n40.25\n\n\n2023-09-02 10:00:00\n2023-09-03 23:45:00\n38.00\n\n\n2023-09-18 10:15:00\n2023-09-19 18:30:00\n32.50\n\n\n2023-09-28 10:30:00\n2023-09-30 08:15:00\n46.00\n\n\n2023-09-30 10:45:00\n2023-10-02 06:45:00\n44.25\n\n\n2023-10-02 07:15:00\n2023-10-04 03:30:00\n44.50\n\n\n2023-10-04 06:30:00\n2023-10-06 02:45:00\n44.50\n\n\n2023-11-01 11:00:00\n2023-11-03 03:00:00\n40.25\n\n\n2023-12-13 18:15:00\n2023-12-15 08:30:00\n38.50\n\n\n2023-12-19 14:00:00\n2023-12-20 15:30:00\n25.75\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6.1: Daily median wind speeds observed in 2023 at the Pellicer Creek weather station. Winds from the north-northeast and east-northeast directions are identified with color, all other values are gray.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Averaged hourly wind speeds\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) Maximum wind gust recorded within each hour\n\n\n\nFigure 6.2: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of a Noreaster within the state of Florida, USA (Friday, April 7 - Friday, April 14, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Averaged hourly wind speeds\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) Maximum wind gust recorded within each hour\n\n\n\nFigure 6.3: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of the longest Noreaster observed at the station (Thursday, September 28 - Friday, October 6, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station."
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+ "title": "6 Environmental Drivers",
+ "section": "6.3 King Tides",
+ "text": "6.3 King Tides\n“King Tides” are the highest predicted tides of the year and in northeast Florida, these typically occur during the fall months. For the city of St. Augustine, these events often bring nuisance flooding in coastal and low-lying areas. For the estuary, this typically also means reduced tidal exchange, a lack of low tide events, and more and prolonged flooding in the intertidal wetlands. The city reports these events on their website.\nPredicted king tide events for 2023 were:\n\nSeptember 26-30th\nOctober 1st-3rd\nOctober 27th-31st\nNovember 25-28th\nDecember 13-15th\n\nThe effect of the King Tides on daily average water depths at all the stations is observable in the steady climb of the water beginning in mid-September (Figure 6.4); however, the individual “events” are not quite as clear outside of the Pellicer Creek station (Figure 6.4 (d)) where clear increases in water levels are closely aligned with these periods. Unfortunately, September King Tide, which was coupled with a Nor’easter, was not captured at this station due to equipment maintenance issues.\n\n6.3.1 Water Depth\nNote that the water level data at Pellicer Creek only includes data from 2021-2023, which is due to this station switching from reporting depth to reporting level (NAVD88) in 2021 (Figure 6.4 (d)).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 6.4: Historical daily range of water depth at each SWMP water quality station with current year daily average overlaid in blue."
},
{
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- "href": "text/environmental-drivers.html#water-depth",
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+ "href": "text/environmental-drivers.html#temperature-anomalies",
"title": "6 Environmental Drivers",
- "section": "9.1 Water Depth",
- "text": "9.1 Water Depth\nNote that the water level data at Pellicer Creek only includes data from 2021-2023, which is due to this station switching from reporting depth to reporting level (NAVD88) in 2021 (Figure 9.1 (d)).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(a) Pine Island\n\n\n\n\n\n(b) San Sebastian\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c) Fort Matanzas\n\n\n\n\n\n(d) Pellicer Creek\n\n\n\nFigure 9.1: Historical daily range of water depth at each SWMP water quality station with current year daily average overlaid in blue."
+ "section": "6.4 Temperature anomalies",
+ "text": "6.4 Temperature anomalies\nExtreme temperatures, both high and low, have drastic impacts on environmental function. For black mangroves (Avicennia germinans), temperatures under -4°C have been found to reduce mangrove cover (Cavanaugh et al. 2013). Extreme high temperatures are often health risks as they result in many heat-related illnesses.\nOverall, examining monthly temperature anomalies this year, the first part of the year (January - April) and August were higher than “normal” (Figure 6.5). With February of this year almost setting a record on the time series (2018 had the hottest February). May, June, and October were “cooler” than normal.\nDue to news reports of extremely high temperatures in the summer months this year, a comparison was made of previous data for the months of June and July with average dew point (°C) and average air temperature (°C) with total monthly precipitation (mm) (Figure 6.6). The greater the dew point, the greater the moisture in the air. This year, 2023, is indicated in red. This year, 2023, has been one of the hotter and wetter summers on record (Figure 6.6).\nIn Florida, excessive heat warnings are issued with the heat index (what the temperature “feels like”, which takes relative humidity into consideration) exceeds 113 degrees. The Pellicer Creek station recorded several times when the hourly average heat index exceeded this threshold (Figure 6.7), particularly in August.\nHeat waves are periods of abnormally hot weather that extend for more than two days (https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during). But what makes a heat wave? https://www.stormgeo.com/weather/articles/what-constitutes-a-heat-wave-around-the-world/#:~:text=In%20the%20Northeast%20United%20States,F%20(32.2%20%C2%B0C). For the purposes here, periods of time where temperatures were in excess of 90 degrees fahrenheit for greater than 2 hours were examined (?tbl-high-temp-duration) and most of these periods were observed daily from August 7 - August 15, 2023, the longest of which was approximately 9.25 hours on August 10, 2023.\nNo freezing events were recorded in this recording year.\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6.5: Monthly temperature anomalies at GTMNERR Pellicer Creek weather station from 2002-2023\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6.6: Comparison of average dew point and air temperature with total monthly precipitation for the months of June and July. This year is indicated in red.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFigure 6.7: Hourly averaged heat index values recorded at the Pellicer Creek weather station in 2023 with values in excess of 113 degrees colored in red.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n?(caption)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nDuration (hrs)\n\n\n\n\n2023-06-08\n2.25\n\n\n2023-06-13\n6.75\n\n\n2023-06-14\n3.00\n\n\n2023-06-27\n6.75\n\n\n2023-07-21\n9.00\n\n\n2023-07-22\n4.25\n\n\n2023-07-30\n5.25\n\n\n2023-08-07\n4.00\n\n\n2023-08-08\n9.00\n\n\n2023-08-09\n5.50\n\n\n2023-08-10\n9.25\n\n\n2023-08-11\n6.25\n\n\n2023-08-12\n3.50\n\n\n2023-08-14\n2.75\n\n\n2023-08-15\n4.75\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCallahan, John A, Daniel J Leathers, and Christina L Callahan. 2022. “Comparison of Extreme Coastal Flooding Events Between Tropical and Midlatitude Weather Systems in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays for 19802019.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 61.\n\n\nCavanaugh, Kyle C., James R. Kellner, Alexander J. Forde, Daniel S. Gruner, John D. Parker, Wilfrid Rodriguez, and Ilka C. Feller. 2013. “Poleward Expansion of Mangroves Is a Threshold Response to Decreased Frequency of Extreme Cold Events.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2): 723–27. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315800111."
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index 991c4d2..dc3be0f 100644
--- a/sitemap.xml
+++ b/sitemap.xml
@@ -2,50 +2,50 @@
https://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/index.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:37.302Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.169Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/background.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:37.302Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.179Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/sites.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.110Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.207Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/collection.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.126Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.214Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/qaqc.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.126Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.219Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/results.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.142Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.225Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/environmental.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.157Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.244Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/nut-indicators.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.173Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.274Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/environmental-drivers.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.189Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.410Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/misc-bac.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.211Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.426Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/maintenance.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.211Z
+ 2024-01-30T14:57:15.437Zhttps://GTMNERR.github.io/swmp-quarter-report/text/a1-cmecs.html
- 2024-01-29T22:00:38.226Z
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diff --git a/text/collection.html b/text/collection.html
index 37d59c5..f2a2ca3 100644
--- a/text/collection.html
+++ b/text/collection.html
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@
There were no tropical cyclones that had direct impacts in the GTM estuary during this reporting year.
-
-
8 Nor’easters
+
+
6.2 Nor’easters
Typically, a Nor’easter is a storm along the East Coast of the United States with predominating winds from the northeast. These storms can last anywhere from a single day (24 hours) to several days or weeks. Callahan, Leathers, and Callahan (2022) found that these events can produce surges just as severe as tropical cyclone events, and occur much more frequently. These events are often in the news associated with blizzards in the New England area of the US; however, their impacts to northeast Florida are not insignificant. Often these storms bring higher water levels, heavy prevailing winds, precipitation, and reduced tidal exchange.
-
Using duration of wind directions between 0-100 degrees for greater than 24-hrs, several “Nor’easter” events were identified using data from the Pellicer Creek weather station (Table 8.1). Occasionally, localized wind directions result in values outside of this 0-100 degree window, which in turn affects the duration calculations, but it appears that there were at least 11-14 possible Nor’easter events identified in this way for 2023. The longest event occurred in the second half of the year from September 28th - October 6th, approximately nine days. This table does not identify strength of the winds during these events, just the time frames in which winds were originating and prevailing in the 0-100 degree directions. When examining daily median wind speeds over the year, the highest values are most often associated with winds in the north-northeast (NNE) and east-northeast (ENE) directions (Figure 8.1).
-
The April Nor’easter had strong winds from the N and NE directions for four days (Figure 8.2). Strong winds from all of the Nor’easters initially raised salinity at all stations (Figure 4.5), and the effect was especially pronounced at Pellicer Creek (Figure 4.5 (d)). After the winds died down, the effects of the heavy rainfall were evident in the drops in salinity following the storm events. Compared to the Nor’easter in April, the longest one that occurred between September 27 - October 6, 2023 did not have as high of winds for quite as long, but they were from the NNE and ENE directions for a much longer period of time (Figure 8.3).
+
Using duration of wind directions between 0-100 degrees for greater than 24-hrs, several “Nor’easter” events were identified using data from the Pellicer Creek weather station (Table 6.1). Occasionally, localized wind directions result in values outside of this 0-100 degree window, which in turn affects the duration calculations, but it appears that there were at least 11-14 possible Nor’easter events identified in this way for 2023. The longest event occurred in the second half of the year from September 28th - October 6th, approximately nine days. This table does not identify strength of the winds during these events, just the time frames in which winds were originating and prevailing in the 0-100 degree directions. When examining daily median wind speeds over the year, the highest values are most often associated with winds in the north-northeast (NNE) and east-northeast (ENE) directions (Figure 6.1).
+
The April Nor’easter had strong winds from the N and NE directions for four days (Figure 6.2). Strong winds from all of the Nor’easters initially raised salinity at all stations (Figure 4.5), and the effect was especially pronounced at Pellicer Creek (Figure 4.5 (d)). After the winds died down, the effects of the heavy rainfall were evident in the drops in salinity following the storm events. Compared to the Nor’easter in April, the longest one that occurred between September 27 - October 6, 2023 did not have as high of winds for quite as long, but they were from the NNE and ENE directions for a much longer period of time (Figure 6.3).
-
+
Weather Service Image from Flagler Live showing the wind speed predictions for the April Nor'easter
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@
8 Nor’easters
-
Table 8.1: Identification and Duration of Wind from 0-100 degrees for periods greater than 24 hours
+
Table 6.1: Identification and Duration of Wind from 0-100 degrees for periods greater than 24 hours
Start Time
@@ -416,8 +416,8 @@
8 Nor’easters
-
-Figure 8.1: Daily median wind speeds observed in 2023 at the Pellicer Creek weather station. Winds from the north-northeast and east-northeast directions are identified with color, all other values are gray.
+
+Figure 6.1: Daily median wind speeds observed in 2023 at the Pellicer Creek weather station. Winds from the north-northeast and east-northeast directions are identified with color, all other values are gray.
@@ -427,18 +427,18 @@
8 Nor’easters
-
+
(a) Averaged hourly wind speeds
-
+
(b) Maximum wind gust recorded within each hour
-
Figure 8.2: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of a Noreaster within the state of Florida, USA (Friday, April 7 - Friday, April 14, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.
+Figure 6.2: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of a Noreaster within the state of Florida, USA (Friday, April 7 - Friday, April 14, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.
@@ -446,23 +446,23 @@
8 Nor’easters
-
+
(a) Averaged hourly wind speeds
-
+
(b) Maximum wind gust recorded within each hour
-Figure 8.3: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of the longest Noreaster observed at the station (Thursday, September 28 - Friday, October 6, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.
+Figure 6.3: Hourly wind speed and direction from the Pellicer Creek weather station during the timeperiod of the longest Noreaster observed at the station (Thursday, September 28 - Friday, October 6, 2023). The warmer the color, the higher the recorded wind speed. The arrows indicate the direction the wind was blowing towards and the length of the arrow reflects the wind speed information with longer meaning faster. All data is based upon 5 second readings at the weather station.
-
-
9 King Tides
+
+
6.3 King Tides
“King Tides” are the highest predicted tides of the year and in northeast Florida, these typically occur during the fall months. For the city of St. Augustine, these events often bring nuisance flooding in coastal and low-lying areas. For the estuary, this typically also means reduced tidal exchange, a lack of low tide events, and more and prolonged flooding in the intertidal wetlands. The city reports these events on their website.
Predicted king tide events for 2023 were:
@@ -472,22 +472,22 @@
9 King Tides
November 25-28th
December 13-15th
-
The effect of the King Tides on daily average water depths at all the stations is observable in the steady climb of the water beginning in mid-September (Figure 9.1); however, the individual “events” are not quite as clear outside of the Pellicer Creek station (Figure 9.1 (d)) where clear increases in water levels are closely aligned with these periods. Unfortunately, September King Tide, which was coupled with a Nor’easter, was not captured at this station due to equipment maintenance issues.
-
-
9.1 Water Depth
-
Note that the water level data at Pellicer Creek only includes data from 2021-2023, which is due to this station switching from reporting depth to reporting level (NAVD88) in 2021 (Figure 9.1 (d)).
+
The effect of the King Tides on daily average water depths at all the stations is observable in the steady climb of the water beginning in mid-September (Figure 6.4); however, the individual “events” are not quite as clear outside of the Pellicer Creek station (Figure 6.4 (d)) where clear increases in water levels are closely aligned with these periods. Unfortunately, September King Tide, which was coupled with a Nor’easter, was not captured at this station due to equipment maintenance issues.
+
+
6.3.1 Water Depth
+
Note that the water level data at Pellicer Creek only includes data from 2021-2023, which is due to this station switching from reporting depth to reporting level (NAVD88) in 2021 (Figure 6.4 (d)).
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -495,36 +495,36 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
-Figure 9.1: Historical daily range of water depth at each SWMP water quality station with current year daily average overlaid in blue.
+Figure 6.4: Historical daily range of water depth at each SWMP water quality station with current year daily average overlaid in blue.
-
-
10 Temperature anomalies
+
+
6.4 Temperature anomalies
Extreme temperatures, both high and low, have drastic impacts on environmental function. For black mangroves (Avicennia germinans), temperatures under -4°C have been found to reduce mangrove cover (Cavanaugh et al. 2013). Extreme high temperatures are often health risks as they result in many heat-related illnesses.
-
Overall, examining monthly temperature anomalies this year, the first part of the year (January - April) and August were higher than “normal” (Figure 10.1). With February of this year almost setting a record on the time series (2018 had the hottest February). May, June, and October were “cooler” than normal.
-
Due to news reports of extremely high temperatures in the summer months this year, a comparison was made of previous data for the months of June and July with average dew point (°C) and average air temperature (°C) with total monthly precipitation (mm) (Figure 10.2). The greater the dew point, the greater the moisture in the air. This year, 2023, is indicated in red. This year, 2023, has been one of the hotter and wetter summers on record (Figure 10.2).
-
In Florida, excessive heat warnings are issued with the heat index (what the temperature “feels like”, which takes relative humidity into consideration) exceeds 113 degrees. The Pellicer Creek station recorded several times when the hourly average heat index exceeded this threshold (Figure 10.3), particularly in August.
+
Overall, examining monthly temperature anomalies this year, the first part of the year (January - April) and August were higher than “normal” (Figure 6.5). With February of this year almost setting a record on the time series (2018 had the hottest February). May, June, and October were “cooler” than normal.
+
Due to news reports of extremely high temperatures in the summer months this year, a comparison was made of previous data for the months of June and July with average dew point (°C) and average air temperature (°C) with total monthly precipitation (mm) (Figure 6.6). The greater the dew point, the greater the moisture in the air. This year, 2023, is indicated in red. This year, 2023, has been one of the hotter and wetter summers on record (Figure 6.6).
+
In Florida, excessive heat warnings are issued with the heat index (what the temperature “feels like”, which takes relative humidity into consideration) exceeds 113 degrees. The Pellicer Creek station recorded several times when the hourly average heat index exceeded this threshold (Figure 6.7), particularly in August.
Heat waves are periods of abnormally hot weather that extend for more than two days (https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during). But what makes a heat wave? https://www.stormgeo.com/weather/articles/what-constitutes-a-heat-wave-around-the-world/#:~:text=In%20the%20Northeast%20United%20States,F%20(32.2%20%C2%B0C). For the purposes here, periods of time where temperatures were in excess of 90 degrees fahrenheit for greater than 2 hours were examined (?tbl-high-temp-duration) and most of these periods were observed daily from August 7 - August 15, 2023, the longest of which was approximately 9.25 hours on August 10, 2023.
No freezing events were recorded in this recording year.
-
-
-Figure 10.1: Monthly temperature anomalies at GTMNERR Pellicer Creek weather station from 2002-2023
+
+
+Figure 6.5: Monthly temperature anomalies at GTMNERR Pellicer Creek weather station from 2002-2023
@@ -532,8 +532,8 @@
10 Temperature a
-
-Figure 10.2: Comparison of average dew point and air temperature with total monthly precipitation for the months of June and July. This year is indicated in red.
+
+Figure 6.6: Comparison of average dew point and air temperature with total monthly precipitation for the months of June and July. This year is indicated in red.
@@ -542,8 +542,8 @@
10 Temperature a
-
-Figure 10.3: Hourly averaged heat index values recorded at the Pellicer Creek weather station in 2023 with values in excess of 113 degrees colored in red.
+
+Figure 6.7: Hourly averaged heat index values recorded at the Pellicer Creek weather station in 2023 with values in excess of 113 degrees colored in red.
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@
10 Temperature a
-
+
diff --git a/text/environmental.html b/text/environmental.html
index 90727a1..1de5e22 100644
--- a/text/environmental.html
+++ b/text/environmental.html
@@ -283,13 +283,13 @@
-
+
(a) Quarterly total precipitation for 2023.
-
+
(b) Monthly total precipitation for 2023.
@@ -297,13 +297,13 @@
-
+
(c) Daily rainfall totals for days with more than 1mm of day.
-
+
(d) Hourly rainfall intensity counts by category per month.
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@
-
-
+
+
Figure 4.2: Total light intensity by time of day for each month based on photosynthetically active radiation data collected at the Pellicer Creek weather station.
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
-
+
Figure 4.3: Historical daily range of air temperature at the SWMP weather station with current year daily average overlaid in blue.
@@ -343,13 +343,13 @@
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -357,13 +357,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -379,13 +379,13 @@
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -393,13 +393,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
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(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@
Built with Quarto.
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diff --git a/text/misc-bac.html b/text/misc-bac.html
index e056a12..bf784d2 100644
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@@ -265,13 +265,13 @@
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+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -279,13 +279,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
-
+
(a) Enterococcus detected in water samples showing only values over the minimum detection limit of 10 MPN/100mL.
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
-
+
(b) Fecal coliforms detected in water samples showing only values over the minimum detection limit of 10 CFU/100mL.
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
Built with Quarto.
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+
diff --git a/text/nut-indicators.html b/text/nut-indicators.html
index b244f9d..c2482f9 100644
--- a/text/nut-indicators.html
+++ b/text/nut-indicators.html
@@ -292,13 +292,13 @@
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -306,13 +306,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -326,13 +326,13 @@
-
+
(a) For the past five years
-
+
(b) For the current 2023 year
@@ -536,13 +536,13 @@
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+
(a) For the past five years
-
+
(b) For the current 2023 year
@@ -608,13 +608,13 @@
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -622,13 +622,13 @@
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(c) Fort Matanzas
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(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -641,13 +641,13 @@
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(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -655,13 +655,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -681,13 +681,13 @@
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(a) Pine Island
-
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(b) San Sebastian
@@ -695,13 +695,13 @@
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(c) Fort Matanzas
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+
(d) Pellicer Creek
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-
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(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
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(c) Fort Matanzas
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+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -755,13 +755,13 @@
-
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(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -769,13 +769,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -794,13 +794,13 @@
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -808,13 +808,13 @@
-
+
(c) Fort Matanzas
-
+
(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -830,13 +830,13 @@
-
+
(a) Pine Island
-
+
(b) San Sebastian
@@ -844,13 +844,13 @@
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(c) Fort Matanzas
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(d) Pellicer Creek
@@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@
Built with Quarto.
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diff --git a/text/sites.html b/text/sites.html
index 58896ef..771adb2 100644
--- a/text/sites.html
+++ b/text/sites.html
@@ -289,8 +289,8 @@
-
-
+
+
Figure 1.1: Map of location for water quality, which includes data sonde and monthly grab samples for nutrients, and weather stations within the GTM Research Reserve. The red line represents the boundary of the GTM Research Reserve and the sites are indicated with a blue pin. The sites are named based on the nomenclature of the NERRs SWMP.
