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<HTML><BODY>An overview of <i>The</i> Jewish Religion, that is, <i>Orthodox</i> Jewish religion, as taught by the head of the (Jewish) Theological Collage in England. An interesting 40-page long review of this work is available from <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1449978?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents">JSTOR</a>.
<p>A preview of the text as entered in the previous round, but with all transcriptions converted to the original script is available <a href="https://gutenberg.ph/previews/Friedlaender/JewishReligion.html">here</a>.
</p><p>Since this book is aimed at Jewish adults whose first language is English, but who are assumed to know Hebrew as well, most technical terms are also given in Hebrew. For this project, please transcribe these as shown below. With just 22 letters, Hebrew script isn't that hard to learn typing (although reading is harder, as vowels are normally omitted) Please attempt to do the transcription, and if you encounter a page you feel you're not up to handling, just return it to the rounds. Please do not save pages without the Hebrew. I am willing to help in the forum.
</p><p>As an example, to type <b style="font-size:large;">שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים</b>, you enter <code>[HE: S/iyr haS/.iyriym/]</code>. The large S for the shin, the slash / for the shin-dot, the i for the hiriq, the . for the dagesh in the second shin, etc.
</p><p>The source of the scans is <a href="https://archive.org/details/thejewishreligio00frie">The Internet Archive</a>.
</p><div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">Transcribing Hebrew</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="first">Hebrew script is used for the Hebrew language (in which the Old Testament originally
was written), as well as modern Hebrew (Ivrit), used in Israel. Finally, Hebrew script
is used for Yiddish, a language closely related to German.
</p>
<p>The most conspicious differences with our alphabet are that it is written from right
to left, and in principle only expresses the consonants. Some vowels are sometimes
indicated with the letters <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">א</span> or <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">י</span>. For learners, and to make sure the Torah is pronounced correctly, a system of diacritical
marks was developed to indicate the vowels; however, in most running texts these are
not used.
</p>
<p>Another feature to be aware of is the use of final letters. Five letters have a slightly
different form when they appear at the end of a word:
</p>
<p></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">כ</span> </td>
<td class="cellTop"><i>k</i> </td>
<td class="cellTop">versus </td>
<td class="cellTop"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ך</span> </td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">final <i>k</i>, </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">מ</span> </td>
<td><i>m</i> </td>
<td>versus </td>
<td><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ם</span> </td>
<td class="cellRight">final <i>m</i>, </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">נ</span> </td>
<td><i>n</i> </td>
<td>versus </td>
<td><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ן</span> </td>
<td class="cellRight">final <i>n</i>, </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">פ</span> </td>
<td><i>p</i> </td>
<td>versus </td>
<td><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ף</span> </td>
<td class="cellRight">final <i>p</i>, and </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">צ</span> </td>
<td class="cellBottom"><i>ts</i> </td>
<td class="cellBottom">versus </td>
<td class="cellBottom"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ץ</span> </td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom">final <i>ts</i>. </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div><p>
</p>
<p>Hebrew fragments are to be placed between <span class="tt">[HE: … ]</span>.
</p>
<p></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1314 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Hebrew. </td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1315 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Transliteration </td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1316 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Name </td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1317 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Numerical value
</td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1314 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Hebrew. </td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1315 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Transliteration </td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1316 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Name </td>
<td class="xd29e1318 xd29e1317 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Numerical value
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">א </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">’ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Alef </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">1 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ץ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">x/ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Final tsadi </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ב </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">b </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Bet </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">2 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">צ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">x </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Tsadi </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">90 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ג </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">g </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Gimel </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">3 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ק </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">q </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Qof </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">100 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ד </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">d </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Dalet </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">4 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ר </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">r </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Resh </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">200 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ה </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">h </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">He </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">5 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ש </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">S </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Shin </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">300 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ו </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">v </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Vav </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">6 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ת </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">t </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Tav </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">400 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ז </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">z </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Zayin </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">7 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ְ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">^e </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Sheva </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ח </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">H </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Het </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">8 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֱ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">e: </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Hataf segol </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ט </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">T </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Tet </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">9 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֲ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">a: </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Hataf patah </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">י </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">y </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Yod </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">10 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֳ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">o: </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Hataf qamats </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ך </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">k/ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Final kaf </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ִ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">i </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Hiriq </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">כ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">k </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Kaf </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">20 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֵ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">E </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Tsere </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ל </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">l </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Lamed </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">30 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֶ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">e </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Seqol </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ם </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">m/ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Final mem </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ַ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">a </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Patah </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">מ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">m </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Mem </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">40 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ָ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">o </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Qamats </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ן </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">n/ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Final nun </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֹ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">O </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Holam </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">נ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">n </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Nun </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">50 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ֻ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">u </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Qubuts </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ס </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">s </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Samekh </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">60 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ּ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">. </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Dagesh </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ע </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">` </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Ayin </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">70 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">־ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">_ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Maqaf </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ף </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">p/ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Final pe </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">שׁ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">S/ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Shin with shindot </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">פ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315">p </td>
<td class="xd29e1316">Pe </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight">80 </td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="xd29e1314 cellLeft cellBottom"><span lang="he" xml:lang="he">שׂ </span> </td>
<td class="xd29e1315 cellBottom">S\ </td>
<td class="xd29e1316 cellBottom">Shin with sindot </td>
<td class="xd29e1317 cellRight cellBottom"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div><p>
</p>
<p>Besides the common punctuation marks, you may encounter a few uniquely Hebrew punctuation
marks. An important one is the <i>geresh</i>, which looks like a prime <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">׳</span>, and is used to indicate a single letter is used as a numeral, as well as for indication
abbreviations and representing non-Hebrew sounds. It is to be transcribed as <span class="tt">#</span>. The <i>gershayim</i>, <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">״</span> is the same symbol doubled, used to indicate acronyms and multi-letter numerals.
Just type <span class="tt">"</span> to represent it. The year 5779 is written in Hebrew as <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ה׳תשע״ט</span> and can be transcribed as <span class="tt">[HE: h#tS`"T]</span> [Interpretation: <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ה</span> (5 × 1000) + <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ת</span> (400) + <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ש</span> (300) + <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ע</span> (70) + <span lang="he" xml:lang="he">ט</span> (9) = 5779].
</p>
<p>Since this transcription scheme was mostly designed to transcribe single words in
an otherwise Latin script context, the full stop is used to represent the diacritical
mark <i>dagesh</i>. If a full stop in a Hebrew context needs to be represented, please use <span class="tt">{.}</span>. Similarly, the colon and the quotation marks can be inserted using <span class="tt">{:}</span>, <span class="tt">{’}</span> and <span class="tt">{"}</span>. Please do not end the Hebrew context for a punctuation mark, as that will introduce
swapping, due to the change of directionality.
</p>
<p>In religious texts you may encounter cantilation marks, an elaborate system of indicating
the way texts are to be sung or chanted. When they appear in a relevant text, I will
update these instructions.
</p>
<h3>Bidirectional text and line-breaks</h3>
<p>When Hebrew is typeset in a book that is mainly set in Latin script, you sometimes will have to deal with a line-break in the middle of a Hebrew passage. The normal procedure in such cases is to first set the beginning of the Hebrew passage, starting at the right margin of the page on the current line, as much as will fit, and then to continue the Hebrew on the next line(s), until the end of the last (partial) line of the Hebrew passage is at the left margin of the page. On that line, to the right of the Hebrew, the text Latin script will continue. (The same rule applies for dealing with other right-to-left scripts mixed in a left-to-right document, and also, swapping left and right, with left-to-right fragments in a document that is mainly written in a right-left script, for example, a Hebrew book including phrases in English.)
</p></div></BODY></HTML>