diff --git a/src/NGen.cpp b/src/NGen.cpp
index a2cd220b02..0b50127ce0 100644
--- a/src/NGen.cpp
+++ b/src/NGen.cpp
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     //arg 7 is the partition file path
     //arg 8 is an optional flag that driver should, if not already preprocessed this way, subdivided the hydrofabric
 
-    std::vector<string> catchment_subset_ids;
-    std::vector<string> nexus_subset_ids;
+    std::vector<std::string> catchment_subset_ids;
+    std::vector<std::string> nexus_subset_ids;
 
     if( argc < 2) {
         // Usage
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                   << "Use \"all\" as explicit argument when no subset is needed." << std::endl;
 
         // Build and environment information
-        cout<<std::endl<<"Build Info:"<<std::endl;
-        cout<<"  NGen version: " // This is here mainly so that there will be *some* output if somehow no other options are enabled.
+        std::cout<<std::endl<<"Build Info:"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  NGen version: " // This is here mainly so that there will be *some* output if somehow no other options are enabled.
           << ngen_VERSION_MAJOR << "."
           << ngen_VERSION_MINOR << "."
           << ngen_VERSION_PATCH << std::endl;
@@ -100,32 +100,32 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         cout<<"  Parallel build"<<std::endl;
         #endif
         #ifdef NETCDF_ACTIVE
-        cout<<"  NetCDF lumped forcing enabled"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  NetCDF lumped forcing enabled"<<std::endl;
         #endif
         #ifdef NGEN_BMI_FORTRAN_ACTIVE
-        cout<<"  Fortran BMI enabled"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  Fortran BMI enabled"<<std::endl;
         #endif
         #ifdef NGEN_C_LIB_ACTIVE
         cout<<"  C BMI enabled"<<std::endl;
         #endif
         #ifdef ACTIVATE_PYTHON
-        cout<<"  Python active"<<std::endl;
-        cout<<"    Embedded interpreter version: "<<PY_MAJOR_VERSION<<"."<<PY_MINOR_VERSION<<"."<<PY_MICRO_VERSION<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  Python active"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"    Embedded interpreter version: "<<PY_MAJOR_VERSION<<"."<<PY_MINOR_VERSION<<"."<<PY_MICRO_VERSION<<std::endl;
         #endif
         #ifdef NGEN_ROUTING_ACTIVE
-        cout<<"  Routing active"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  Routing active"<<std::endl;
         #endif
         #ifdef ACTIVATE_PYTHON
-        cout<<std::endl<<"Python Environment Info:"<<std::endl;
-        cout<<"  VIRTUAL_ENV environment variable: "<<(std::getenv("VIRTUAL_ENV") == nullptr ? "(not set)" : std::getenv("VIRTUAL_ENV"))<<std::endl;
-        cout<<"  Discovered venv: "<<_interp->getDiscoveredVenvPath()<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<std::endl<<"Python Environment Info:"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  VIRTUAL_ENV environment variable: "<<(std::getenv("VIRTUAL_ENV") == nullptr ? "(not set)" : std::getenv("VIRTUAL_ENV"))<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  Discovered venv: "<<_interp->getDiscoveredVenvPath()<<std::endl;
         auto paths = _interp->getSystemPath();
-        cout<<"  System paths:"<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<"  System paths:"<<std::endl;
         for(std::string& path: std::get<1>(paths)){
-          cout<<"    "<<path<<std::endl;
+          std::cout<<"    "<<path<<std::endl;
         }
         #endif
-        cout<<std::endl;
+        std::cout<<std::endl;
         exit(0); // Unsure if this path should have a non-zero exit code?
     } else if( argc < 6) {
         std::cout << "Missing required args:" << std::endl;
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         //std::cout<<"Running cat "<<id<<std::endl;
         auto r = features.catchment_at(id);
         //TODO redesign to avoid this cast
-        auto r_c = dynamic_pointer_cast<realization::Catchment_Formulation>(r);
+        auto r_c = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<realization::Catchment_Formulation>(r);
         double response = r_c->get_response(output_time_index, 3600.0);
         std::string output = std::to_string(output_time_index)+","+current_timestamp+","+
                              r_c->get_output_line_for_timestep(output_time_index)+"\n";
diff --git a/src/realizations/catchment/Bmi_Multi_Formulation.cpp b/src/realizations/catchment/Bmi_Multi_Formulation.cpp
index 5992c1807a..7574c22d12 100644
--- a/src/realizations/catchment/Bmi_Multi_Formulation.cpp
+++ b/src/realizations/catchment/Bmi_Multi_Formulation.cpp
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ void Bmi_Multi_Formulation::create_multi_formulation(geojson::PropertyMap proper
             #endif // ACTIVATE_PYTHON
         }
         if (inactive_type_requested) {
-            throw runtime_error(
+            throw std::runtime_error(
                     get_formulation_type() + " could not initialize sub formulation of type " + type_name +
                     " due to support for this type not being activated.");
         }
         if (module == nullptr) {
-            throw runtime_error(get_formulation_type() + " received unexpected subtype formulation " + type_name);
+            throw std::runtime_error(get_formulation_type() + " received unexpected subtype formulation " + type_name);
         }
         modules[i] = module;
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ const bool &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_allow_model_exceed_end_time() const {
  * @see ForcingProvider
  */
 //const vector<std::string> &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_available_forcing_outputs() {
-const vector<std::string> &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_available_variable_names() {
+const std::vector<std::string> &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_available_variable_names() {
     if (is_model_initialized() && available_forcings.empty()) {
         for (const nested_module_ptr &module: modules) {
             for (const std::string &out_var_name: module->get_bmi_output_variables()) {
@@ -210,17 +210,17 @@ const time_t &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_bmi_model_start_time_forcing_offset_s()
  * @return Either the translated equivalent variable name, or the provided name if there is not a mapping entry.
  * @see get_config_mapped_variable_name(string, shared_ptr, shared_ptr)
  */
-const string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const string &model_var_name) {
+const std::string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const std::string &model_var_name) {
     return get_config_mapped_variable_name(model_var_name, true, true);
 }
 
-const string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const string &model_var_name, bool check_first,
+const std::string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const std::string &model_var_name, bool check_first,
                                                                      bool check_last)
 {
     if (check_first) {
         // If an input var in first module, see if we get back a mapping (i.e., not the same thing), and return if so
         if (modules[0]->is_bmi_input_variable(model_var_name)) {
-            const string &mapped_name = modules[0]->get_config_mapped_variable_name(model_var_name);
+            const std::string &mapped_name = modules[0]->get_config_mapped_variable_name(model_var_name);
             if (mapped_name != model_var_name)
                 return mapped_name;
         }
@@ -258,19 +258,19 @@ const string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const strin
  * @param in_module The module needing a translation of ``output_var_name`` to one of its input variable names.
  * @return Either the translated equivalent variable name, or the provided name if there is not a mapping entry.
  */
-const string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const string &output_var_name,
+const std::string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const std::string &output_var_name,
                                                                      const shared_ptr<Bmi_Formulation>& out_module,
                                                                      const shared_ptr<Bmi_Formulation>& in_module)
 {
     if (!out_module->is_bmi_output_variable(output_var_name))
         return output_var_name;
 
-    const string &mapped_output = out_module->get_config_mapped_variable_name(output_var_name);
+    const std::string &mapped_output = out_module->get_config_mapped_variable_name(output_var_name);
     if (in_module->is_bmi_input_variable(mapped_output))
         return mapped_output;
 
-    for (const string &s : in_module->get_bmi_input_variables()) {
-        const string &mapped_s = in_module->get_config_mapped_variable_name(s);
+    for (const std::string &s : in_module->get_bmi_input_variables()) {
+        const std::string &mapped_s = in_module->get_config_mapped_variable_name(s);
         if (mapped_s == output_var_name || mapped_s == mapped_output)
             return mapped_s;
     }
@@ -278,11 +278,11 @@ const string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_config_mapped_variable_name(const strin
 }
 
 // TODO: remove from this level - it belongs (perhaps) as part of the ForcingProvider interface, but is general to it
-const string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_forcing_file_path() const {
+const std::string &Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_forcing_file_path() const {
     return modules[0]->get_forcing_file_path();
 }
 
-string Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_output_line_for_timestep(int timestep, std::string delimiter) {
+std::string Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_output_line_for_timestep(int timestep, std::string delimiter) {
     // TODO: have to do some figuring out to make sure this isn't ambiguous (i.e., same output var name from two modules)
     // TODO: need to verify that output variable names are valid, or else warn and return default
 
@@ -409,11 +409,11 @@ double Bmi_Multi_Formulation::get_response(time_step_t t_index, time_step_t t_de
         return get_module_var_value_as_double<Bmi_Py_Formulation>(get_bmi_main_output_var(), modules[index]);
     }
     #endif // ACTIVATE_PYTHON
-    throw runtime_error(get_formulation_type() + " unimplemented type " + module_types[index] +
+    throw std::runtime_error(get_formulation_type() + " unimplemented type " + module_types[index] +
                         " in get_response for main return value");
 }
 
-bool Bmi_Multi_Formulation::is_bmi_input_variable(const string &var_name) {
+bool Bmi_Multi_Formulation::is_bmi_input_variable(const std::string &var_name) {
     return modules[0]->is_bmi_input_variable(var_name);
 }
 
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ bool Bmi_Multi_Formulation::is_bmi_model_time_step_fixed() {
                        [](const std::shared_ptr<Bmi_Formulation>& m) { return m->is_bmi_model_time_step_fixed(); });
 }
 
-bool Bmi_Multi_Formulation::is_bmi_output_variable(const string &var_name) {
+bool Bmi_Multi_Formulation::is_bmi_output_variable(const std::string &var_name) {
     return modules.back()->is_bmi_output_variable(var_name);
 }
 
diff --git a/test/realizations/catchments/Bmi_Cpp_Formulation_Test.cpp b/test/realizations/catchments/Bmi_Cpp_Formulation_Test.cpp
index 1e262d70c7..8f8edb4261 100644
--- a/test/realizations/catchments/Bmi_Cpp_Formulation_Test.cpp
+++ b/test/realizations/catchments/Bmi_Cpp_Formulation_Test.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class Bmi_Cpp_Formulation_Test : public ::testing::Test {
         return formulation.get_model_type_name();
     }
 
-    static double get_friend_var_value_as_double(Bmi_Cpp_Formulation& formulation, const string& var_name) {
+    static double get_friend_var_value_as_double(Bmi_Cpp_Formulation& formulation, const std::string& var_name) {
         return formulation.get_var_value_as_double(var_name);
     }