diff --git a/src/agent_audit/auditing/audit_primitives.py b/src/agent_audit/auditing/audit_primitives.py
index bb30624..9f6fad8 100644
--- a/src/agent_audit/auditing/audit_primitives.py
+++ b/src/agent_audit/auditing/audit_primitives.py
@@ -173,6 +173,10 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         _active_auditor.reset(self._token)
 
     def set_replay(self):
+        if not self.log:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot enter replay mode because no noise additions "
+                             "were recorded. Make sure your noise functions are "
+                             "annotated with @audit_spec.")
         self.mode = AuditMode.REPLAY
         self._cursor = 0
 
@@ -437,6 +441,10 @@ def _flatten_sample(sample):
             )
 
     def compute_overall_pld(self) -> pld.PrivacyLossDistribution:
+        if not self.log:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot compute privacy loss because no noise additions "
+                             "were recorded. Make sure your noise functions are "
+                             "annotated with @audit_spec.")
         curr_pld = None
         for entry in self.log:
             entry_pld = (