Skip to content

Latest commit

 

History

History
130 lines (109 loc) · 7.01 KB

Grammar.md

File metadata and controls

130 lines (109 loc) · 7.01 KB
Raw

Grammar

Yes, there is a separate document for the grammar.

Fronting

  • Speak about that film, we will, but first...

Cleft-sentence

  • It is --- that ---.
  • It was David who convinced me to do it.
  • What really made the difference was that we had children.
  • There reason why I come here is to see you.

Inversion

  • Never again shall I visit your business!
  • Had I known that this would be what we found, we wouln't have left in the first place!
  • Nowhere in the world is there a city like Seville (for example).
  • Only by reading a book from the beginning to the end can you really have a clear opinion about it.
  • Not until you've tried will you truly know what good food is.
  • Not only do I speak --- but also speak ---.
  • Hardly had we arrived when...
  • Had I known / Had I not known.
  • Not until he came / yesterday / then did we realise...

Prepositions

  • Arrive at hotel, station / in "sitio grande".
  • Reflect on the matter.
  • I used to smoke.
  • I am used to driving.
  • I'm getting used to driving in the rain.

ING

As a rule of thumb, the -ing is used to indicate that whatever happened it took place in the past.

  • Suggest:
    • She suggested not smoking as a way to bla bla bla.
    • The dr. suggested that he should do exercise.
    • The dr. suggested that he eat/ate better. (The latter uses a subjunctive statement).
    • The dr. suggests that she not eat/didn't eat better. (The latter uses a subjunctive statement & the problem with this is present actions).
    • She advised me not to smoke.
    • (Suggest + Inf) NUNCA.
    • NUNCA ~~~He suggested her to go~~ -> He suggested that she should go. (W/ "advised" we can say "he advised her to go").
  • Remember:
    • To take: Pensarlo y hacerlo.
    • Taking: Algo que ocurrió en el pasado.
  • Enjoy:
    • To go.
  • Make / Let:
    • Me put on / be.
  • Start / Begin:
    • To do.
    • Doing.
  • Be / Get used to:
    • I used to smoke.
    • I am used to driving.
    • I'm getting used to driving in the rain.
  • Try:
    • To open -> Con un objetivo, habitualmente imposible.
    • Opening -> A modo de experimento. "Intentemos abrir esto a ver si...".

BEHOLD THE ALLMIGHTY TABLE OF SECRETS!

+ to + infinitive + gerund + infinitive w/o to
afford avoid had better (not come. You had better go, haven't you?)
agree be worth (it's no worth trying that) needn't (come next week)
tend (to overreact) can't help would rather (there's no place I'd rather be. You would rather stay, would you? )
happen (if you happen to see him) can't stand (waiting / people)
expect/manage (to pass the exam) deny (doing sth. in the past)
pretend (to be nice) imagine
intend involve
refuse be no use
regret (to tell you) look forward to (working with you)
suggest miss
prefer practise
don't want (I/Paco to smoke) regret
regret
remember
risk (losing a friend)

They

  • Someone is at the door, aren't they?

Conectors / Signposting

  • Even though = Although = Despite the fact that
Addition Comparison Contrast Time Cause Result
In addition Likewise However In the meantime Because Consequently
Furthermore Similarly Whereas At present Due to this Hence
Besides In the same way Nevertheless Nowadays Because of As a result
Moreover As well Having said that Meanwhile Since Thus
Additionally Equally Conversely Eventually As Therefore
Summary Illustrating Sequence Place Emphasis Clarification
To sum up For example First(ly) There Indeed In other words
In short Such as finally Beyond Notably To put it in another way
In conclusion For instance Next On the other side Absolutely Paraphrasing
On the whole As revealed by Subsequently Next to Especially To put it differently

Modals

Must > Should = Ought to ~ Probably > Will ~ Bound to > May > April Could > Might > Can't

Conditionals

Only the mixed ones:

  • If you had passed (past), you would be on holiday now (present).
  • If i were you (preseent), I would have done that already (past).

Conditionals with inversions

  • If it rained, I woulnd't go out -> Should it rain, I wouldn't go out.
  • If I had known -> Had I known / Had I not known.

Ellipsis

  • I think / hope / suppose so.
  • I like that and so does he.

Genitive

  • (People + Animals + Place + Time)'s.

Others

  • {Each other $\equiv$ One another} if (there are more than two involved) else {One another}.
  • How many miles is it to Manchester?
  • I don't speak English either = I neither speak English.
  • False participles: left-handed boy, red-haired girl.
  • Look + adj / (like + noun) / (as if + clause).
  • Seem + adj / (verb (to)) -> He seems to be angry. Note that $\nexists$ Seem + like.
  • A friend of mine / my friends / Jon's / his / theirs.