Building_your_Deep_Neural_Network_Step_by_Step.ipynb

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    "# Building your Deep Neural Network: Step by Step\n",
    "\n",
    "Welcome to your week 4 assignment (part 1 of 2)! Previously you trained a 2-layer Neural Network with a single hidden layer. This week, you will build a deep neural network with as many layers as you want!\n",
    "\n",
    "- In this notebook, you'll implement all the functions required to build a deep neural network.\n",
    "- For the next assignment, you'll use these functions to build a deep neural network for image classification.\n",
    "\n",
    "**By the end of this assignment, you'll be able to:**\n",
    "\n",
    "- Use non-linear units like ReLU to improve your model\n",
    "- Build a deeper neural network (with more than 1 hidden layer)\n",
    "- Implement an easy-to-use neural network class\n",
    "\n",
    "**Notation**:\n",
    "- Superscript $[l]$ denotes a quantity associated with the $l^{th}$ layer. \n",
    "    - Example: $a^{[L]}$ is the $L^{th}$ layer activation. $W^{[L]}$ and $b^{[L]}$ are the $L^{th}$ layer parameters.\n",
    "- Superscript $(i)$ denotes a quantity associated with the $i^{th}$ example. \n",
    "    - Example: $x^{(i)}$ is the $i^{th}$ training example.\n",
    "- Lowerscript $i$ denotes the $i^{th}$ entry of a vector.\n",
    "    - Example: $a^{[l]}_i$ denotes the $i^{th}$ entry of the $l^{th}$ layer's activations).\n",
    "\n",
    "Let's get started!\n",
    "\n",
    "## Important Note on Submission to the AutoGrader\n",
    "\n",
    "Before submitting your assignment to the AutoGrader, please make sure you are not doing the following:\n",
    "\n",
    "1. You have not added any _extra_ `print` statement(s) in the assignment.\n",
    "2. You have not added any _extra_ code cell(s) in the assignment.\n",
    "3. You have not changed any of the function parameters.\n",
    "4. You are not using any global variables inside your graded exercises. Unless specifically instructed to do so, please refrain from it and use the local variables instead.\n",
    "5. You are not changing the assignment code where it is not required, like creating _extra_ variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "If you do any of the following, you will get something like, `Grader Error: Grader feedback not found` (or similarly unexpected) error upon submitting your assignment. Before asking for help/debugging the errors in your assignment, check for these first. If this is the case, and you don't remember the changes you have made, you can get a fresh copy of the assignment by following these [instructions](https://www.coursera.org/learn/neural-networks-deep-learning/supplement/iLwon/h-ow-to-refresh-your-workspace)."
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    "## Table of Contents\n",
    "- [1 - Packages](#1)\n",
    "- [2 - Outline](#2)\n",
    "- [3 - Initialization](#3)\n",
    "    - [3.1 - 2-layer Neural Network](#3-1)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 1 - initialize_parameters](#ex-1)\n",
    "    - [3.2 - L-layer Neural Network](#3-2)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 2 - initialize_parameters_deep](#ex-2)\n",
    "- [4 - Forward Propagation Module](#4)\n",
    "    - [4.1 - Linear Forward](#4-1)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 3 - linear_forward](#ex-3)\n",
    "    - [4.2 - Linear-Activation Forward](#4-2)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 4 - linear_activation_forward](#ex-4)\n",
    "    - [4.3 - L-Layer Model](#4-3)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 5 - L_model_forward](#ex-5)\n",
    "- [5 - Cost Function](#5)\n",
    "    - [Exercise 6 - compute_cost](#ex-6)\n",
    "- [6 - Backward Propagation Module](#6)\n",
    "    - [6.1 - Linear Backward](#6-1)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 7 - linear_backward](#ex-7)\n",
    "    - [6.2 - Linear-Activation Backward](#6-2)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 8 - linear_activation_backward](#ex-8)\n",
    "    - [6.3 - L-Model Backward](#6-3)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 9 - L_model_backward](#ex-9)\n",
    "    - [6.4 - Update Parameters](#6-4)\n",
    "        - [Exercise 10 - update_parameters](#ex-10)"
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    "<a name='1'></a>\n",
    "## 1 - Packages\n",
    "\n",
    "First, import all the packages you'll need during this assignment. \n",
    "\n",
    "- [numpy](www.numpy.org) is the main package for scientific computing with Python.\n",
    "- [matplotlib](http://matplotlib.org) is a library to plot graphs in Python.\n",
    "- dnn_utils provides some necessary functions for this notebook.\n",
    "- testCases provides some test cases to assess the correctness of your functions\n",
    "- np.random.seed(1) is used to keep all the random function calls consistent. It helps grade your work. Please don't change the seed! "
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    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import h5py\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "from testCases import *\n",
    "from dnn_utils import sigmoid, sigmoid_backward, relu, relu_backward\n",
    "from public_tests import *\n",
    "\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots\n",
    "plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'\n",
    "plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'\n",
    "\n",
    "%load_ext autoreload\n",
    "%autoreload 2\n",
    "\n",
    "np.random.seed(1)"
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    "<a name='2'></a>\n",
    "## 2 - Outline\n",
    "\n",
    "To build your neural network, you'll be implementing several \"helper functions.\" These helper functions will be used in the next assignment to build a two-layer neural network and an L-layer neural network. \n",
    "\n",
    "Each small helper function will have detailed instructions to walk you through the necessary steps. Here's an outline of the steps in this assignment:\n",
    "\n",
    "- Initialize the parameters for a two-layer network and for an $L$-layer neural network\n",
    "- Implement the forward propagation module (shown in purple in the figure below)\n",
    "     - Complete the LINEAR part of a layer's forward propagation step (resulting in $Z^{[l]}$).\n",
    "     - The ACTIVATION function is provided for you (relu/sigmoid)\n",
    "     - Combine the previous two steps into a new [LINEAR->ACTIVATION] forward function.\n",
    "     - Stack the [LINEAR->RELU] forward function L-1 time (for layers 1 through L-1) and add a [LINEAR->SIGMOID] at the end (for the final layer $L$). This gives you a new L_model_forward function.\n",
    "- Compute the loss\n",
    "- Implement the backward propagation module (denoted in red in the figure below)\n",
    "    - Complete the LINEAR part of a layer's backward propagation step\n",
    "    - The gradient of the ACTIVATION function is provided for you(relu_backward/sigmoid_backward) \n",
    "    - Combine the previous two steps into a new [LINEAR->ACTIVATION] backward function\n",
    "    - Stack [LINEAR->RELU] backward L-1 times and add [LINEAR->SIGMOID] backward in a new L_model_backward function\n",
    "- Finally, update the parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"images/final outline.png\" style=\"width:800px;height:500px;\">\n",
    "<caption><center><b>Figure 1</b></center></caption><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "**Note**:\n",
    "\n",
    "For every forward function, there is a corresponding backward function. This is why at every step of your forward module you will be storing some values in a cache. These cached values are useful for computing gradients. \n",
    "\n",
    "In the backpropagation module, you can then use the cache to calculate the gradients. Don't worry, this assignment will show you exactly how to carry out each of these steps! "
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    "<a name='3'></a>\n",
    "## 3 - Initialization\n",
    "\n",
    "You will write two helper functions to initialize the parameters for your model. The first function will be used to initialize parameters for a two layer model. The second one generalizes this initialization process to $L$ layers.\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='3-1'></a>\n",
    "### 3.1 - 2-layer Neural Network\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-1'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 1 - initialize_parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "Create and initialize the parameters of the 2-layer neural network.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Instructions**:\n",
    "\n",
    "- The model's structure is: *LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID*. \n",
    "- Use this random initialization for the weight matrices: `np.random.randn(d0, d1, ..., dn) * 0.01` with the correct shape. The documentation for [np.random.randn](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/random/generated/numpy.random.randn.html)\n",
    "- Use zero initialization for the biases: `np.zeros(shape)`. The documentation for [np.zeros](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.zeros.html)"
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    "# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Argument:\n",
    "    n_x -- size of the input layer\n",
    "    n_h -- size of the hidden layer\n",
    "    n_y -- size of the output layer\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters:\n",
    "                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, n_x)\n",
    "                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)\n",
    "                    W2 -- weight matrix of shape (n_y, n_h)\n",
    "                    b2 -- bias vector of shape (n_y, 1)\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    np.random.seed(1)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #(≈ 4 lines of code)\n",
    "    # W1 = ...\n",
    "    # b1 = ...\n",
    "    # W2 = ...\n",
    "    # b2 = ...\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)\n",
    "    W1 = np.random.randn(n_h, n_x) * 0.01\n",
    "    b1 = np.zeros(shape=(n_h, 1))\n",
    "    W2 = np.random.randn(n_y, n_h) * 0.01\n",
    "    b2 = np.zeros(shape=(n_y, 1))\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    parameters = {\"W1\": W1,\n",
    "                  \"b1\": b1,\n",
    "                  \"W2\": W2,\n",
    "                  \"b2\": b2}\n",
    "    \n",
    "    return parameters    "
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      "W1 = [[ 0.01624345 -0.00611756 -0.00528172]\n",
      " [-0.01072969  0.00865408 -0.02301539]]\n",
      "b1 = [[0.]\n",
      " [0.]]\n",
      "W2 = [[ 0.01744812 -0.00761207]]\n",
      "b2 = [[0.]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
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    "parameters = initialize_parameters(3,2,1)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"W1 = \" + str(parameters[\"W1\"]))\n",
    "print(\"b1 = \" + str(parameters[\"b1\"]))\n",
    "print(\"W2 = \" + str(parameters[\"W2\"]))\n",
    "print(\"b2 = \" + str(parameters[\"b2\"]))\n",
    "\n",
    "initialize_parameters_test(initialize_parameters)"
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    "***Expected output***\n",
    "```\n",
    "W1 = [[ 0.01624345 -0.00611756 -0.00528172]\n",
    " [-0.01072969  0.00865408 -0.02301539]]\n",
    "b1 = [[0.]\n",
    " [0.]]\n",
    "W2 = [[ 0.01744812 -0.00761207]]\n",
    "b2 = [[0.]]\n",
    "```"
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    "<a name='3-2'></a>\n",
    "### 3.2 - L-layer Neural Network\n",
    "\n",
    "The initialization for a deeper L-layer neural network is more complicated because there are many more weight matrices and bias vectors. When completing the `initialize_parameters_deep` function, you should make sure that your dimensions match between each layer. Recall that $n^{[l]}$ is the number of units in layer $l$. For example, if the size of your input $X$ is $(12288, 209)$ (with $m=209$ examples) then:\n",
    "\n",
    "<table style=\"width:100%\">\n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "        <td>  </td> \n",
    "        <td> <b>Shape of W</b> </td> \n",
    "        <td> <b>Shape of b</b>  </td> \n",
    "        <td> <b>Activation</b> </td>\n",
    "        <td> <b>Shape of Activation</b> </td> \n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "        <td> <b>Layer 1</b> </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[1]},12288)$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[1]},1)$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $Z^{[1]} = W^{[1]}  X + b^{[1]} $ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[1]},209)$ </td> \n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "        <td> <b>Layer 2</b> </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[2]}, n^{[1]})$  </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[2]},1)$ </td> \n",
    "        <td>$Z^{[2]} = W^{[2]} A^{[1]} + b^{[2]}$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[2]}, 209)$ </td> \n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "       <tr>\n",
    "        <td> $\\vdots$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $\\vdots$  </td> \n",
    "        <td> $\\vdots$  </td> \n",
    "        <td> $\\vdots$</td> \n",
    "        <td> $\\vdots$  </td> \n",
    "    <tr>  \n",
    "   <tr>\n",
    "       <td> <b>Layer L-1</b> </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[L-1]}, n^{[L-2]})$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[L-1]}, 1)$  </td> \n",
    "        <td>$Z^{[L-1]} =  W^{[L-1]} A^{[L-2]} + b^{[L-1]}$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[L-1]}, 209)$ </td> \n",
    "   <tr>\n",
    "   <tr>\n",
    "       <td> <b>Layer L</b> </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[L]}, n^{[L-1]})$ </td> \n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[L]}, 1)$ </td>\n",
    "        <td> $Z^{[L]} =  W^{[L]} A^{[L-1]} + b^{[L]}$</td>\n",
    "        <td> $(n^{[L]}, 209)$  </td> \n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "</table>\n",
    "\n",
    "Remember that when you compute $W X + b$ in python, it carries out broadcasting. For example, if: \n",
    "\n",
    "$$ W = \\begin{bmatrix}\n",
    "    w_{00}  & w_{01} & w_{02} \\\\\n",
    "    w_{10}  & w_{11} & w_{12} \\\\\n",
    "    w_{20}  & w_{21} & w_{22} \n",
    "\\end{bmatrix}\\;\\;\\; X = \\begin{bmatrix}\n",
    "    x_{00}  & x_{01} & x_{02} \\\\\n",
    "    x_{10}  & x_{11} & x_{12} \\\\\n",
    "    x_{20}  & x_{21} & x_{22} \n",
    "\\end{bmatrix} \\;\\;\\; b =\\begin{bmatrix}\n",
    "    b_0  \\\\\n",
    "    b_1  \\\\\n",
    "    b_2\n",
    "\\end{bmatrix}\\tag{2}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "Then $WX + b$ will be:\n",
    "\n",
    "$$ WX + b = \\begin{bmatrix}\n",
    "    (w_{00}x_{00} + w_{01}x_{10} + w_{02}x_{20}) + b_0 & (w_{00}x_{01} + w_{01}x_{11} + w_{02}x_{21}) + b_0 & \\cdots \\\\\n",
    "    (w_{10}x_{00} + w_{11}x_{10} + w_{12}x_{20}) + b_1 & (w_{10}x_{01} + w_{11}x_{11} + w_{12}x_{21}) + b_1 & \\cdots \\\\\n",
    "    (w_{20}x_{00} + w_{21}x_{10} + w_{22}x_{20}) + b_2 &  (w_{20}x_{01} + w_{21}x_{11} + w_{22}x_{21}) + b_2 & \\cdots\n",
    "\\end{bmatrix}\\tag{3}  $$\n"
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    "<a name='ex-2'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 2 -  initialize_parameters_deep\n",
    "\n",
    "Implement initialization for an L-layer Neural Network. \n",
    "\n",
    "**Instructions**:\n",
    "- The model's structure is *[LINEAR -> RELU] $ \\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID*. I.e., it has $L-1$ layers using a ReLU activation function followed by an output layer with a sigmoid activation function.\n",
    "- Use random initialization for the weight matrices. Use `np.random.randn(d0, d1, ..., dn) * 0.01`.\n",
    "- Use zeros initialization for the biases. Use `np.zeros(shape)`.\n",
    "- You'll store $n^{[l]}$, the number of units in different layers, in a variable `layer_dims`. For example, the `layer_dims` for last week's Planar Data classification model would have been [2,4,1]: There were two inputs, one hidden layer with 4 hidden units, and an output layer with 1 output unit. This means `W1`'s shape was (4,2), `b1` was (4,1), `W2` was (1,4) and `b2` was (1,1). Now you will generalize this to $L$ layers! \n",
    "- Here is the implementation for $L=1$ (one layer neural network). It should inspire you to implement the general case (L-layer neural network).\n",
    "```python\n",
    "    if L == 1:\n",
    "        parameters[\"W\" + str(L)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[1], layer_dims[0]) * 0.01\n",
    "        parameters[\"b\" + str(L)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[1], 1))\n",
    "```"
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    "# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_deep\n",
    "\n",
    "def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the dimensions of each layer in our network\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters \"W1\", \"b1\", ..., \"WL\", \"bL\":\n",
    "                    Wl -- weight matrix of shape (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1])\n",
    "                    bl -- bias vector of shape (layer_dims[l], 1)\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    np.random.seed(3)\n",
    "    parameters = {}\n",
    "    L = len(layer_dims) # number of layers in the network\n",
    "\n",
    "    for l in range(1, L):\n",
    "        #(≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        # parameters['W' + str(l)] = ...\n",
    "        # parameters['b' + str(l)] = ...\n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l - 1]) * 0.01\n",
    "        parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[l], 1))\n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "        \n",
    "        assert(parameters['W' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l - 1]))\n",
    "        assert(parameters['b' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], 1))\n",
    "\n",
    "        \n",
    "    return parameters"
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     "text": [
      "W1 = [[ 0.01788628  0.0043651   0.00096497 -0.01863493 -0.00277388]\n",
      " [-0.00354759 -0.00082741 -0.00627001 -0.00043818 -0.00477218]\n",
      " [-0.01313865  0.00884622  0.00881318  0.01709573  0.00050034]\n",
      " [-0.00404677 -0.0054536  -0.01546477  0.00982367 -0.01101068]]\n",
      "b1 = [[0.]\n",
      " [0.]\n",
      " [0.]\n",
      " [0.]]\n",
      "W2 = [[-0.01185047 -0.0020565   0.01486148  0.00236716]\n",
      " [-0.01023785 -0.00712993  0.00625245 -0.00160513]\n",
      " [-0.00768836 -0.00230031  0.00745056  0.01976111]]\n",
      "b2 = [[0.]\n",
      " [0.]\n",
      " [0.]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
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    "parameters = initialize_parameters_deep([5,4,3])\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"W1 = \" + str(parameters[\"W1\"]))\n",
    "print(\"b1 = \" + str(parameters[\"b1\"]))\n",
    "print(\"W2 = \" + str(parameters[\"W2\"]))\n",
    "print(\"b2 = \" + str(parameters[\"b2\"]))\n",
    "\n",
    "initialize_parameters_deep_test(initialize_parameters_deep)"
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    "***Expected output***\n",
    "```\n",
    "W1 = [[ 0.01788628  0.0043651   0.00096497 -0.01863493 -0.00277388]\n",
    " [-0.00354759 -0.00082741 -0.00627001 -0.00043818 -0.00477218]\n",
    " [-0.01313865  0.00884622  0.00881318  0.01709573  0.00050034]\n",
    " [-0.00404677 -0.0054536  -0.01546477  0.00982367 -0.01101068]]\n",
    "b1 = [[0.]\n",
    " [0.]\n",
    " [0.]\n",
    " [0.]]\n",
    "W2 = [[-0.01185047 -0.0020565   0.01486148  0.00236716]\n",
    " [-0.01023785 -0.00712993  0.00625245 -0.00160513]\n",
    " [-0.00768836 -0.00230031  0.00745056  0.01976111]]\n",
    "b2 = [[0.]\n",
    " [0.]\n",
    " [0.]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='4'></a>\n",
    "## 4 - Forward Propagation Module\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='4-1'></a>\n",
    "### 4.1 - Linear Forward \n",
    "\n",
    "Now that you have initialized your parameters, you can do the forward propagation module. Start by implementing some basic functions that you can use again later when implementing the model. Now, you'll complete three functions in this order:\n",
    "\n",
    "- LINEAR\n",
    "- LINEAR -> ACTIVATION where ACTIVATION will be either ReLU or Sigmoid. \n",
    "- [LINEAR -> RELU] $\\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID (whole model)\n",
    "\n",
    "The linear forward module (vectorized over all the examples) computes the following equations:\n",
    "\n",
    "$$Z^{[l]} = W^{[l]}A^{[l-1]} +b^{[l]}\\tag{4}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "where $A^{[0]} = X$. \n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-3'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 3 - linear_forward \n",
    "\n",
    "Build the linear part of forward propagation.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Reminder**:\n",
    "The mathematical representation of this unit is $Z^{[l]} = W^{[l]}A^{[l-1]} +b^{[l]}$. You may also find `np.dot()` useful. If your dimensions don't match, printing `W.shape` may help."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
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   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_forward\n",
    "\n",
    "def linear_forward(A, W, b):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement the linear part of a layer's forward propagation.\n",
    "\n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    A -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)\n",
    "    W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)\n",
    "    b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)\n",
    "\n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    Z -- the input of the activation function, also called pre-activation parameter \n",
    "    cache -- a python tuple containing \"A\", \"W\" and \"b\" ; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #(≈ 1 line of code)\n",
    "    # Z = ...\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)\n",
    "    Z = np.dot(W, A) + b\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    cache = (A, W, b)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    return Z, cache"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "e3fd70fd81b04a2c70f37588ee21140c",
     "grade": true,
     "grade_id": "cell-df6ddb1e30f9c96d",
     "locked": true,
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Z = [[ 3.26295337 -1.23429987]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_A, t_W, t_b = linear_forward_test_case()\n",
    "t_Z, t_linear_cache = linear_forward(t_A, t_W, t_b)\n",
    "print(\"Z = \" + str(t_Z))\n",
    "\n",
    "linear_forward_test(linear_forward)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***Expected output***\n",
    "```\n",
    "Z = [[ 3.26295337 -1.23429987]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='4-2'></a>\n",
    "### 4.2 - Linear-Activation Forward\n",
    "\n",
    "In this notebook, you will use two activation functions:\n",
    "\n",
    "- **Sigmoid**: $\\sigma(Z) = \\sigma(W A + b) = \\frac{1}{ 1 + e^{-(W A + b)}}$. You've been provided with the `sigmoid` function which returns **two** items: the activation value \"`a`\" and a \"`cache`\" that contains \"`Z`\" (it's what we will feed in to the corresponding backward function). To use it you could just call: \n",
    "``` python\n",
    "A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "- **ReLU**: The mathematical formula for ReLu is $A = RELU(Z) = max(0, Z)$. You've been provided with the `relu` function. This function returns **two** items: the activation value \"`A`\" and a \"`cache`\" that contains \"`Z`\" (it's what you'll feed in to the corresponding backward function). To use it you could just call:\n",
    "``` python\n",
    "A, activation_cache = relu(Z)\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "For added convenience, you're going to group two functions (Linear and Activation) into one function (LINEAR->ACTIVATION). Hence, you'll implement a function that does the LINEAR forward step, followed by an ACTIVATION forward step.\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-4'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 4 - linear_activation_forward\n",
    "\n",
    "Implement the forward propagation of the *LINEAR->ACTIVATION* layer. Mathematical relation is: $A^{[l]} = g(Z^{[l]}) = g(W^{[l]}A^{[l-1]} +b^{[l]})$ where the activation \"g\" can be sigmoid() or relu(). Use `linear_forward()` and the correct activation function."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "f09e76f2a56c8ee77db3e89214a676b2",
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     "grade_id": "cell-eb48903dd8e48a90",
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   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_activation_forward\n",
    "\n",
    "def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement the forward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer\n",
    "\n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    A_prev -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)\n",
    "    W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)\n",
    "    b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)\n",
    "    activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: \"sigmoid\" or \"relu\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    A -- the output of the activation function, also called the post-activation value \n",
    "    cache -- a python tuple containing \"linear_cache\" and \"activation_cache\";\n",
    "             stored for computing the backward pass efficiently\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    if activation == \"sigmoid\":\n",
    "        #(≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        # Z, linear_cache = ...\n",
    "        # A, activation_cache = ...\n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev, W, b)\n",
    "        A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)\n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    elif activation == \"relu\":\n",
    "        # Inputs: \"A_prev, W, b\". Outputs: \"A, activation_cache\".\n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A_prev, W, b)\n",
    "        A, activation_cache = relu(Z)\n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    cache = (linear_cache, activation_cache)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return A, cache"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "2b2a80630d2ecb9d03df4ecf6d76170d",
     "grade": true,
     "grade_id": "cell-ed5c76db14d687dd",
     "locked": true,
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "With sigmoid: A = [[0.96890023 0.11013289]]\n",
      "With ReLU: A = [[3.43896131 0.        ]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_A_prev, t_W, t_b = linear_activation_forward_test_case()\n",
    "\n",
    "t_A, t_linear_activation_cache = linear_activation_forward(t_A_prev, t_W, t_b, activation = \"sigmoid\")\n",
    "print(\"With sigmoid: A = \" + str(t_A))\n",
    "\n",
    "t_A, t_linear_activation_cache = linear_activation_forward(t_A_prev, t_W, t_b, activation = \"relu\")\n",
    "print(\"With ReLU: A = \" + str(t_A))\n",
    "\n",
    "linear_activation_forward_test(linear_activation_forward)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***Expected output***\n",
    "```\n",
    "With sigmoid: A = [[0.96890023 0.11013289]]\n",
    "With ReLU: A = [[3.43896131 0.        ]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Note**: In deep learning, the \"[LINEAR->ACTIVATION]\" computation is counted as a single layer in the neural network, not two layers. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='4-3'></a>\n",
    "### 4.3 - L-Layer Model \n",
    "\n",
    "For even *more* convenience when implementing the $L$-layer Neural Net, you will need a function that replicates the previous one (`linear_activation_forward` with RELU) $L-1$ times, then follows that with one `linear_activation_forward` with SIGMOID.\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"images/model_architecture_kiank.png\" style=\"width:600px;height:300px;\">\n",
    "<caption><center> <b>Figure 2</b> : *[LINEAR -> RELU] $\\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID* model</center></caption><br>\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-5'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 5 -  L_model_forward\n",
    "\n",
    "Implement the forward propagation of the above model.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Instructions**: In the code below, the variable `AL` will denote $A^{[L]} = \\sigma(Z^{[L]}) = \\sigma(W^{[L]} A^{[L-1]} + b^{[L]})$. (This is sometimes also called `Yhat`, i.e., this is $\\hat{Y}$.) \n",
    "\n",
    "**Hints**:\n",
    "- Use the functions you've previously written \n",
    "- Use a for loop to replicate [LINEAR->RELU] (L-1) times\n",
    "- Don't forget to keep track of the caches in the \"caches\" list. To add a new value `c` to a `list`, you can use `list.append(c)`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "a0071c19f83d4b851dc8a67e66545262",
     "grade": false,
     "grade_id": "cell-9a8ec52ec8f6e04a",
     "locked": false,
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   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: L_model_forward\n",
    "\n",
    "def L_model_forward(X, parameters):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement forward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID computation\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    X -- data, numpy array of shape (input size, number of examples)\n",
    "    parameters -- output of initialize_parameters_deep()\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    AL -- activation value from the output (last) layer\n",
    "    caches -- list of caches containing:\n",
    "                every cache of linear_activation_forward() (there are L of them, indexed from 0 to L-1)\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "\n",
    "    caches = []\n",
    "    A = X\n",
    "    L = len(parameters) // 2                  # number of layers in the neural network\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Implement [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1). Add \"cache\" to the \"caches\" list.\n",
    "    # The for loop starts at 1 because layer 0 is the input\n",
    "    for l in range(1, L):\n",
    "        A_prev = A \n",
    "        #(≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        # A, cache = ...\n",
    "        # caches ...\n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, \n",
    "                                             parameters['W' + str(l)], \n",
    "                                             parameters['b' + str(l)], \n",
    "                                             activation='relu')\n",
    "        caches.append(cache)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Implement LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Add \"cache\" to the \"caches\" list.\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "    AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, \n",
    "                                          parameters['W' + str(L)], \n",
    "                                          parameters['b' + str(L)], \n",
    "                                          activation='sigmoid')\n",
    "    caches.append(cache)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "          \n",
    "    return AL, caches"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "18d99d8170d2fed802a3e97e362339c6",
     "grade": true,
     "grade_id": "cell-ddc3a524cd1a0782",
     "locked": true,
     "points": 10,
     "schema_version": 3,
     "solution": false,
     "task": false
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "AL = [[0.03921668 0.70498921 0.19734387 0.04728177]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_X, t_parameters = L_model_forward_test_case_2hidden()\n",
    "t_AL, t_caches = L_model_forward(t_X, t_parameters)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"AL = \" + str(t_AL))\n",
    "\n",
    "L_model_forward_test(L_model_forward)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***Expected output***\n",
    "```\n",
    "AL = [[0.03921668 0.70498921 0.19734387 0.04728177]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Awesome!** You've implemented a full forward propagation that takes the input X and outputs a row vector $A^{[L]}$ containing your predictions. It also records all intermediate values in \"caches\". Using $A^{[L]}$, you can compute the cost of your predictions."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='5'></a>\n",
    "## 5 - Cost Function\n",
    "\n",
    "Now you can implement forward and backward propagation! You need to compute the cost, in order to check whether your model is actually learning.\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-6'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 6 - compute_cost\n",
    "Compute the cross-entropy cost $J$, using the following formula: $$-\\frac{1}{m} \\sum\\limits_{i = 1}^{m} (y^{(i)}\\log\\left(a^{[L] (i)}\\right) + (1-y^{(i)})\\log\\left(1- a^{[L](i)}\\right)) \\tag{7}$$\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "17919bb7d82635554b52aed7e96e8d9b",
     "grade": false,
     "grade_id": "cell-abad606772066f14",
     "locked": false,
     "schema_version": 3,
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     "task": false
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   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_cost\n",
    "\n",
    "def compute_cost(AL, Y):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement the cost function defined by equation (7).\n",
    "\n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    AL -- probability vector corresponding to your label predictions, shape (1, number of examples)\n",
    "    Y -- true \"label\" vector (for example: containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat), shape (1, number of examples)\n",
    "\n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    cost -- cross-entropy cost\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    m = Y.shape[1]\n",
    "\n",
    "    # Compute loss from aL and y.\n",
    "    # (≈ 1 lines of code)\n",
    "    # cost = ...\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 lines of code)\n",
    "    cost = (-1 / m) * np.sum(np.multiply(Y, np.log(AL)) + np.multiply(1 - Y, np.log(1 - AL)))\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    cost = np.squeeze(cost)      # To make sure your cost's shape is what we expect (e.g. this turns [[17]] into 17).\n",
    "\n",
    "    \n",
    "    return cost"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "913bc99f9f1380196c0f88d82d1af893",
     "grade": true,
     "grade_id": "cell-e82b9dd1fa6e970b",
     "locked": true,
     "points": 10,
     "schema_version": 3,
     "solution": false,
     "task": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Cost: 0.2797765635793422\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_Y, t_AL = compute_cost_test_case()\n",
    "t_cost = compute_cost(t_AL, t_Y)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Cost: \" + str(t_cost))\n",
    "\n",
    "compute_cost_test(compute_cost)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Expected Output**:\n",
    "\n",
    "<table>\n",
    "    <tr>\n",
    "        <td><b>cost</b> </td>\n",
    "    <td> 0.2797765635793422</td> \n",
    "    </tr>\n",
    "</table>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='6'></a>\n",
    "## 6 - Backward Propagation Module\n",
    "\n",
    "Just as you did for the forward propagation, you'll implement helper functions for backpropagation. Remember that backpropagation is used to calculate the gradient of the loss function with respect to the parameters. \n",
    "\n",
    "**Reminder**: \n",
    "<img src=\"images/backprop_kiank.png\" style=\"width:650px;height:250px;\">\n",
    "<caption><center><font color='purple'><b>Figure 3</b>: Forward and Backward propagation for LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID <br> <i>The purple blocks represent the forward propagation, and the red blocks represent the backward propagation.</font></center></caption>\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "<!-- \n",
    "For those of you who are experts in calculus (which you don't need to be to do this assignment!), the chain rule of calculus can be used to derive the derivative of the loss $\\mathcal{L}$ with respect to $z^{[1]}$ in a 2-layer network as follows:\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\\frac{d \\mathcal{L}(a^{[2]},y)}{{dz^{[1]}}} = \\frac{d\\mathcal{L}(a^{[2]},y)}{{da^{[2]}}}\\frac{{da^{[2]}}}{{dz^{[2]}}}\\frac{{dz^{[2]}}}{{da^{[1]}}}\\frac{{da^{[1]}}}{{dz^{[1]}}} \\tag{8} $$\n",
    "\n",
    "In order to calculate the gradient $dW^{[1]} = \\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial W^{[1]}}$, use the previous chain rule and you do $dW^{[1]} = dz^{[1]} \\times \\frac{\\partial z^{[1]} }{\\partial W^{[1]}}$. During backpropagation, at each step you multiply your current gradient by the gradient corresponding to the specific layer to get the gradient you wanted.\n",
    "\n",
    "Equivalently, in order to calculate the gradient $db^{[1]} = \\frac{\\partial L}{\\partial b^{[1]}}$, you use the previous chain rule and you do $db^{[1]} = dz^{[1]} \\times \\frac{\\partial z^{[1]} }{\\partial b^{[1]}}$.\n",
    "\n",
    "This is why we talk about **backpropagation**.\n",
    "!-->\n",
    "\n",
    "Now, similarly to forward propagation, you're going to build the backward propagation in three steps:\n",
    "1. LINEAR backward\n",
    "2. LINEAR -> ACTIVATION backward where ACTIVATION computes the derivative of either the ReLU or sigmoid activation\n",
    "3. [LINEAR -> RELU] $\\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID backward (whole model)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "For the next exercise, you will need to remember that:\n",
    "\n",
    "- `b` is a matrix(np.ndarray) with 1 column and n rows, i.e: b = [[1.0], [2.0]] (remember that `b` is a constant)\n",
    "- np.sum performs a sum over the elements of a ndarray\n",
    "- axis=1 or axis=0 specify if the sum is carried out by rows or by columns respectively\n",
    "- keepdims specifies if the original dimensions of the matrix must be kept.\n",
    "- Look at the following example to clarify:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "axis=1 and keepdims=True\n",
      "[[3]\n",
      " [7]]\n",
      "axis=1 and keepdims=False\n",
      "[3 7]\n",
      "axis=0 and keepdims=True\n",
      "[[4 6]]\n",
      "axis=0 and keepdims=False\n",
      "[4 6]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])\n",
    "\n",
    "print('axis=1 and keepdims=True')\n",
    "print(np.sum(A, axis=1, keepdims=True))\n",
    "print('axis=1 and keepdims=False')\n",
    "print(np.sum(A, axis=1, keepdims=False))\n",
    "print('axis=0 and keepdims=True')\n",
    "print(np.sum(A, axis=0, keepdims=True))\n",
    "print('axis=0 and keepdims=False')\n",
    "print(np.sum(A, axis=0, keepdims=False))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='6-1'></a>\n",
    "### 6.1 - Linear Backward\n",
    "\n",
    "For layer $l$, the linear part is: $Z^{[l]} = W^{[l]} A^{[l-1]} + b^{[l]}$ (followed by an activation).\n",
    "\n",
    "Suppose you have already calculated the derivative $dZ^{[l]} = \\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{L} }{\\partial Z^{[l]}}$. You want to get $(dW^{[l]}, db^{[l]}, dA^{[l-1]})$.\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"images/linearback_kiank.png\" style=\"width:250px;height:300px;\">\n",
    "<caption><center><font color='purple'><b>Figure 4</b></font></center></caption>\n",
    "\n",
    "The three outputs $(dW^{[l]}, db^{[l]}, dA^{[l-1]})$ are computed using the input $dZ^{[l]}$.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here are the formulas you need:\n",
    "$$ dW^{[l]} = \\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{J} }{\\partial W^{[l]}} = \\frac{1}{m} dZ^{[l]} A^{[l-1] T} \\tag{8}$$\n",
    "$$ db^{[l]} = \\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{J} }{\\partial b^{[l]}} = \\frac{1}{m} \\sum_{i = 1}^{m} dZ^{[l](i)}\\tag{9}$$\n",
    "$$ dA^{[l-1]} = \\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{L} }{\\partial A^{[l-1]}} = W^{[l] T} dZ^{[l]} \\tag{10}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "$A^{[l-1] T}$ is the transpose of $A^{[l-1]}$. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='ex-7'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 7 - linear_backward \n",
    "\n",
    "Use the 3 formulas above to implement `linear_backward()`.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Hint**:\n",
    "\n",
    "- In numpy you can get the transpose of an ndarray `A` using `A.T` or `A.transpose()`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "137d11e28068848079eb6c315a59f2be",
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     "grade_id": "cell-418e156a9203fe72",
     "locked": false,
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_backward\n",
    "\n",
    "def linear_backward(dZ, cache):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement the linear portion of backward propagation for a single layer (layer l)\n",
    "\n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the linear output (of current layer l)\n",
    "    cache -- tuple of values (A_prev, W, b) coming from the forward propagation in the current layer\n",
    "\n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev\n",
    "    dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W\n",
    "    db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    A_prev, W, b = cache\n",
    "    m = A_prev.shape[1]\n",
    "\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)\n",
    "    dW = 1 / m * np.dot(dZ, A_prev.T)\n",
    "    db = 1 / m * np.sum(dZ, axis=1, keepdims=True)\n",
    "    dA_prev = np.dot(W.T, dZ)\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    assert (dA_prev.shape == A_prev.shape)\n",
    "    assert (dW.shape == W.shape)\n",
    "    assert (db.shape == b.shape)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    \n",
    "    return dA_prev, dW, db"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "35a1c64c59ad26318ab2f807acb9093c",
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     "locked": true,
     "points": 10,
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "dA_prev: [[-1.15171336  0.06718465 -0.3204696   2.09812712]\n",
      " [ 0.60345879 -3.72508701  5.81700741 -3.84326836]\n",
      " [-0.4319552  -1.30987417  1.72354705  0.05070578]\n",
      " [-0.38981415  0.60811244 -1.25938424  1.47191593]\n",
      " [-2.52214926  2.67882552 -0.67947465  1.48119548]]\n",
      "dW: [[ 0.07313866 -0.0976715  -0.87585828  0.73763362  0.00785716]\n",
      " [ 0.85508818  0.37530413 -0.59912655  0.71278189 -0.58931808]\n",
      " [ 0.97913304 -0.24376494 -0.08839671  0.55151192 -0.10290907]]\n",
      "db: [[-0.14713786]\n",
      " [-0.11313155]\n",
      " [-0.13209101]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_dZ, t_linear_cache = linear_backward_test_case()\n",
    "t_dA_prev, t_dW, t_db = linear_backward(t_dZ, t_linear_cache)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"dA_prev: \" + str(t_dA_prev))\n",
    "print(\"dW: \" + str(t_dW))\n",
    "print(\"db: \" + str(t_db))\n",
    "\n",
    "linear_backward_test(linear_backward)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Expected Output**:\n",
    "```\n",
    "dA_prev: [[-1.15171336  0.06718465 -0.3204696   2.09812712]\n",
    " [ 0.60345879 -3.72508701  5.81700741 -3.84326836]\n",
    " [-0.4319552  -1.30987417  1.72354705  0.05070578]\n",
    " [-0.38981415  0.60811244 -1.25938424  1.47191593]\n",
    " [-2.52214926  2.67882552 -0.67947465  1.48119548]]\n",
    "dW: [[ 0.07313866 -0.0976715  -0.87585828  0.73763362  0.00785716]\n",
    " [ 0.85508818  0.37530413 -0.59912655  0.71278189 -0.58931808]\n",
    " [ 0.97913304 -0.24376494 -0.08839671  0.55151192 -0.10290907]]\n",
    "db: [[-0.14713786]\n",
    " [-0.11313155]\n",
    " [-0.13209101]]\n",
    " ```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='6-2'></a>\n",
    "### 6.2 - Linear-Activation Backward\n",
    "\n",
    "Next, you will create a function that merges the two helper functions: **`linear_backward`** and the backward step for the activation **`linear_activation_backward`**. \n",
    "\n",
    "To help you implement `linear_activation_backward`, two backward functions have been provided:\n",
    "- **`sigmoid_backward`**: Implements the backward propagation for SIGMOID unit. You can call it as follows:\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "- **`relu_backward`**: Implements the backward propagation for RELU unit. You can call it as follows:\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "If $g(.)$ is the activation function, \n",
    "`sigmoid_backward` and `relu_backward` compute $$dZ^{[l]} = dA^{[l]} * g'(Z^{[l]}). \\tag{11}$$  \n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-8'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 8 -  linear_activation_backward\n",
    "\n",
    "Implement the backpropagation for the *LINEAR->ACTIVATION* layer."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "3497ac4aa36a57278edbfb84a44e1d72",
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   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_activation_backward\n",
    "\n",
    "def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement the backward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer.\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    dA -- post-activation gradient for current layer l \n",
    "    cache -- tuple of values (linear_cache, activation_cache) we store for computing backward propagation efficiently\n",
    "    activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: \"sigmoid\" or \"relu\"\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev\n",
    "    dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W\n",
    "    db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    linear_cache, activation_cache = cache\n",
    "    \n",
    "    if activation == \"relu\":\n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)\n",
    "        dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)\n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "        \n",
    "    elif activation == \"sigmoid\":\n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "        dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)\n",
    "        dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)\n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    return dA_prev, dW, db"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "2aa3ea709e212c8d39caf189f86b5866",
     "grade": true,
     "grade_id": "cell-d88535fde29cd1d6",
     "locked": true,
     "points": 10,
     "schema_version": 3,
     "solution": false,
     "task": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "With sigmoid: dA_prev = [[ 0.11017994  0.01105339]\n",
      " [ 0.09466817  0.00949723]\n",
      " [-0.05743092 -0.00576154]]\n",
      "With sigmoid: dW = [[ 0.10266786  0.09778551 -0.01968084]]\n",
      "With sigmoid: db = [[-0.05729622]]\n",
      "With relu: dA_prev = [[ 0.44090989  0.        ]\n",
      " [ 0.37883606  0.        ]\n",
      " [-0.2298228   0.        ]]\n",
      "With relu: dW = [[ 0.44513824  0.37371418 -0.10478989]]\n",
      "With relu: db = [[-0.20837892]]\n",
      "\u001b[92m All tests passed.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_dAL, t_linear_activation_cache = linear_activation_backward_test_case()\n",
    "\n",
    "t_dA_prev, t_dW, t_db = linear_activation_backward(t_dAL, t_linear_activation_cache, activation = \"sigmoid\")\n",
    "print(\"With sigmoid: dA_prev = \" + str(t_dA_prev))\n",
    "print(\"With sigmoid: dW = \" + str(t_dW))\n",
    "print(\"With sigmoid: db = \" + str(t_db))\n",
    "\n",
    "t_dA_prev, t_dW, t_db = linear_activation_backward(t_dAL, t_linear_activation_cache, activation = \"relu\")\n",
    "print(\"With relu: dA_prev = \" + str(t_dA_prev))\n",
    "print(\"With relu: dW = \" + str(t_dW))\n",
    "print(\"With relu: db = \" + str(t_db))\n",
    "\n",
    "linear_activation_backward_test(linear_activation_backward)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Expected output:**\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "With sigmoid: dA_prev = [[ 0.11017994  0.01105339]\n",
    " [ 0.09466817  0.00949723]\n",
    " [-0.05743092 -0.00576154]]\n",
    "With sigmoid: dW = [[ 0.10266786  0.09778551 -0.01968084]]\n",
    "With sigmoid: db = [[-0.05729622]]\n",
    "With relu: dA_prev = [[ 0.44090989  0.        ]\n",
    " [ 0.37883606  0.        ]\n",
    " [-0.2298228   0.        ]]\n",
    "With relu: dW = [[ 0.44513824  0.37371418 -0.10478989]]\n",
    "With relu: db = [[-0.20837892]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='6-3'></a>\n",
    "### 6.3 - L-Model Backward \n",
    "\n",
    "Now you will implement the backward function for the whole network! \n",
    "\n",
    "Recall that when you implemented the `L_model_forward` function, at each iteration, you stored a cache which contains (X,W,b, and z). In the back propagation module, you'll use those variables to compute the gradients. Therefore, in the `L_model_backward` function, you'll iterate through all the hidden layers backward, starting from layer $L$. On each step, you will use the cached values for layer $l$ to backpropagate through layer $l$. Figure 5 below shows the backward pass. \n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"images/mn_backward.png\" style=\"width:450px;height:300px;\">\n",
    "<caption><center><font color='purple'><b>Figure 5</b>: Backward pass</font></center></caption>\n",
    "\n",
    "**Initializing backpropagation**:\n",
    "\n",
    "To backpropagate through this network, you know that the output is: \n",
    "$A^{[L]} = \\sigma(Z^{[L]})$. Your code thus needs to compute `dAL` $= \\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{L}}{\\partial A^{[L]}}$.\n",
    "To do so, use this formula (derived using calculus which, again, you don't need in-depth knowledge of!):\n",
    "```python\n",
    "dAL = - (np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - AL)) # derivative of cost with respect to AL\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "You can then use this post-activation gradient `dAL` to keep going backward. As seen in Figure 5, you can now feed in `dAL` into the LINEAR->SIGMOID backward function you implemented (which will use the cached values stored by the L_model_forward function). \n",
    "\n",
    "After that, you will have to use a `for` loop to iterate through all the other layers using the LINEAR->RELU backward function. You should store each dA, dW, and db in the grads dictionary. To do so, use this formula : \n",
    "\n",
    "$$grads[\"dW\" + str(l)] = dW^{[l]}\\tag{15} $$\n",
    "\n",
    "For example, for $l=3$ this would store $dW^{[l]}$ in `grads[\"dW3\"]`.\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name='ex-9'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 9 -  L_model_backward\n",
    "\n",
    "Implement backpropagation for the *[LINEAR->RELU] $\\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID* model."
   ]
  },
  {
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   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
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   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: L_model_backward\n",
    "\n",
    "def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Implement the backward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU] * (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID group\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    AL -- probability vector, output of the forward propagation (L_model_forward())\n",
    "    Y -- true \"label\" vector (containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat)\n",
    "    caches -- list of caches containing:\n",
    "                every cache of linear_activation_forward() with \"relu\" (it's caches[l], for l in range(L-1) i.e l = 0...L-2)\n",
    "                the cache of linear_activation_forward() with \"sigmoid\" (it's caches[L-1])\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    grads -- A dictionary with the gradients\n",
    "             grads[\"dA\" + str(l)] = ... \n",
    "             grads[\"dW\" + str(l)] = ...\n",
    "             grads[\"db\" + str(l)] = ... \n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    grads = {}\n",
    "    L = len(caches) # the number of layers\n",
    "    m = AL.shape[1]\n",
    "    Y = Y.reshape(AL.shape) # after this line, Y is the same shape as AL\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Initializing the backpropagation\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (1 line of code)\n",
    "    dAL = - (np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - AL))\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Lth layer (SIGMOID -> LINEAR) gradients. Inputs: \"AL, Y, caches\". Outputs: \"grads[\"dAL\"], grads[\"dWL\"], grads[\"dbL\"]\n",
    "    ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 2 lines)\n",
    "    current_cache = caches[-1]\n",
    "    grads[\"dA\" + str(L)], grads[\"dW\" + str(L)], grads[\"db\" + str(L)] = linear_backward(sigmoid_backward(dAL,current_cache[1]), current_cache[0])\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    \n",
    "    for l in reversed(range(L-1)):\n",
    "        # lth layer: (RELU -> LINEAR) gradients.\n",
    "        # Inputs: \"grads[\"dA\" + str(l + 2)], caches\". Outputs: \"grads[\"dA\" + str(l + 1)] , grads[\"dW\" + str(l + 1)] , grads[\"db\" + str(l + 1)] \n",
    "        ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 5 lines)\n",
    "        current_cache = caches[l]\n",
    "        dA_prev_temp, dW_temp, db_temp = linear_backward(sigmoid_backward(dAL, caches[1]), caches[0])\n",
    "        grads[\"dA\" + str(l + 1)] = dA_prev_temp\n",
    "        grads[\"dW\" + str(l + 1)] = dW_temp\n",
    "        grads[\"db\" + str(l + 1)] = db_temp\n",
    "        ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "\n",
    "    return grads"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "bad operand type for unary -: 'tuple'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-40-3ace16762626>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mt_AL\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mt_Y_assess\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mt_caches\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mL_model_backward_test_case\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mL_model_backward\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mt_AL\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mt_Y_assess\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mt_caches\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"dA0 = \"\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'dA0'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"dA1 = \"\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'dA1'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-39-2bbdad931417>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mL_model_backward\u001b[0;34m(AL, Y, caches)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     39\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 5 lines)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     40\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mcurrent_cache\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcaches\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0ml\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 41\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0mdA_prev_temp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdW_temp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdb_temp\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlinear_backward\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msigmoid_backward\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdAL\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcaches\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcaches\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     42\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"dA\"\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ml\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdA_prev_temp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     43\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"dW\"\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ml\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdW_temp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;32m~/work/release/W4A1/dnn_utils.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36msigmoid_backward\u001b[0;34m(dA, cache)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     74\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mZ\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcache\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     75\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 76\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mexp\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mZ\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m     77\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mdZ\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdA\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     78\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: bad operand type for unary -: 'tuple'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_AL, t_Y_assess, t_caches = L_model_backward_test_case()\n",
    "grads = L_model_backward(t_AL, t_Y_assess, t_caches)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"dA0 = \" + str(grads['dA0']))\n",
    "print(\"dA1 = \" + str(grads['dA1']))\n",
    "print(\"dW1 = \" + str(grads['dW1']))\n",
    "print(\"dW2 = \" + str(grads['dW2']))\n",
    "print(\"db1 = \" + str(grads['db1']))\n",
    "print(\"db2 = \" + str(grads['db2']))\n",
    "\n",
    "L_model_backward_test(L_model_backward)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Expected output:**\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "dA0 = [[ 0.          0.52257901]\n",
    " [ 0.         -0.3269206 ]\n",
    " [ 0.         -0.32070404]\n",
    " [ 0.         -0.74079187]]\n",
    "dA1 = [[ 0.12913162 -0.44014127]\n",
    " [-0.14175655  0.48317296]\n",
    " [ 0.01663708 -0.05670698]]\n",
    "dW1 = [[0.41010002 0.07807203 0.13798444 0.10502167]\n",
    " [0.         0.         0.         0.        ]\n",
    " [0.05283652 0.01005865 0.01777766 0.0135308 ]]\n",
    "dW2 = [[-0.39202432 -0.13325855 -0.04601089]]\n",
    "db1 = [[-0.22007063]\n",
    " [ 0.        ]\n",
    " [-0.02835349]]\n",
    "db2 = [[0.15187861]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='6-4'></a>\n",
    "### 6.4 - Update Parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "In this section, you'll update the parameters of the model, using gradient descent: \n",
    "\n",
    "$$ W^{[l]} = W^{[l]} - \\alpha \\text{ } dW^{[l]} \\tag{16}$$\n",
    "$$ b^{[l]} = b^{[l]} - \\alpha \\text{ } db^{[l]} \\tag{17}$$\n",
    "\n",
    "where $\\alpha$ is the learning rate. \n",
    "\n",
    "After computing the updated parameters, store them in the parameters dictionary. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<a name='ex-10'></a>\n",
    "### Exercise 10 - update_parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "Implement `update_parameters()` to update your parameters using gradient descent.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Instructions**:\n",
    "Update parameters using gradient descent on every $W^{[l]}$ and $b^{[l]}$ for $l = 1, 2, ..., L$. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
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     "cell_type": "code",
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     "grade_id": "cell-3cb535f16aba3339",
     "locked": false,
     "schema_version": 3,
     "solution": true,
     "task": false
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndentationError",
     "evalue": "expected an indented block (<ipython-input-41-ac28e23e45ac>, line 25)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-41-ac28e23e45ac>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m25\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    for l in range(L):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m      ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mIndentationError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m expected an indented block\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# GRADED FUNCTION: update_parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "def update_parameters(params, grads, learning_rate):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Update parameters using gradient descent\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Arguments:\n",
    "    params -- python dictionary containing your parameters \n",
    "    grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients, output of L_model_backward\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Returns:\n",
    "    parameters -- python dictionary containing your updated parameters \n",
    "                  parameters[\"W\" + str(l)] = ... \n",
    "                  parameters[\"b\" + str(l)] = ...\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    parameters = params.copy()\n",
    "    L = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network\n",
    "\n",
    "    # Update rule for each parameter. Use a for loop.\n",
    "    #(≈ 2 lines of code)\n",
    "    for l in range(L):\n",
    "        # parameters[\"W\" + str(l+1)] = ...\n",
    "        # parameters[\"b\" + str(l+1)] = ...\n",
    "       ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)\n",
    "    for l in range(L):\n",
    "        parameters[\"W\" + str(l + 1)] = parameters[\"W\" + str(l + 1)] - learning_rate * grads[\"dW\" + str(l + 1)]\n",
    "        parameters[\"b\" + str(l + 1)] = parameters[\"b\" + str(l + 1)] - learning_rate * grads[\"db\" + str(l + 1)]\n",
    "    ### END CODE HERE ###\n",
    "    return parameters"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "deletable": false,
    "editable": false,
    "nbgrader": {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "checksum": "e0606cae114ec47754dc5383bc3dcdea",
     "grade": true,
     "grade_id": "cell-139de12ee845c39c",
     "locked": true,
     "points": 10,
     "schema_version": 3,
     "solution": false,
     "task": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'update_parameters' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-42-e0da3f3aab9d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mt_parameters\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mupdate_parameters_test_case\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mt_parameters\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mupdate_parameters\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mt_parameters\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgrads\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0.1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"W1 = \"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mt_parameters\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"W1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"b1 = \"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mt_parameters\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"b1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'update_parameters' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t_parameters, grads = update_parameters_test_case()\n",
    "t_parameters = update_parameters(t_parameters, grads, 0.1)\n",
    "\n",
    "print (\"W1 = \"+ str(t_parameters[\"W1\"]))\n",
    "print (\"b1 = \"+ str(t_parameters[\"b1\"]))\n",
    "print (\"W2 = \"+ str(t_parameters[\"W2\"]))\n",
    "print (\"b2 = \"+ str(t_parameters[\"b2\"]))\n",
    "\n",
    "update_parameters_test(update_parameters)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Expected output:**\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "W1 = [[-0.59562069 -0.09991781 -2.14584584  1.82662008]\n",
    " [-1.76569676 -0.80627147  0.51115557 -1.18258802]\n",
    " [-1.0535704  -0.86128581  0.68284052  2.20374577]]\n",
    "b1 = [[-0.04659241]\n",
    " [-1.28888275]\n",
    " [ 0.53405496]]\n",
    "W2 = [[-0.55569196  0.0354055   1.32964895]]\n",
    "b2 = [[-0.84610769]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Congratulations! \n",
    "\n",
    "You've just implemented all the functions required for building a deep neural network, including: \n",
    "\n",
    "- Using non-linear units improve your model\n",
    "- Building a deeper neural network (with more than 1 hidden layer)\n",
    "- Implementing an easy-to-use neural network class\n",
    "\n",
    "This was indeed a long assignment, but the next part of the assignment is easier. ;) \n",
    "\n",
    "In the next assignment, you'll be putting all these together to build two models:\n",
    "\n",
    "- A two-layer neural network\n",
    "- An L-layer neural network\n",
    "\n",
    "You will in fact use these models to classify cat vs non-cat images! (Meow!) Great work and see you next time. "
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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   "source": []
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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   "source": []
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