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This creates a parabolic arc in optimization space that starts tangent to the gradient descent direction and curves smoothly toward the quasi-Newton direction.
\textbf{Lemma 1} (Universal Descent Property): For any direction \(\mathbf{d}_{\text{LBFGS}}\)---even ascent directions or random vectors---the curve \(\mathbf{d}(t) = t(1-t)(-\nabla f) + t^2 \mathbf{d}_{\text{LBFGS}}\) satisfies \(\mathbf{d}'(0) = -\nabla f(\mathbf{x}_k)\).
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This guarantees a neighborhood \((0, \epsilon)\) where the objective function decreases along the path.
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This property enables interesting variations; virtually any point guessing strategy can be used as \(\mathbf{d}_{\text{LBFGS}}\).
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This property enables interesting variations; virtually any point guessing strategy can be used as \(\mathbf{d}_{\text{L-BFGS}}\).
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The framework naturally filters any proposed direction through the lens of guaranteed initial descent, making it exceptionally robust to direction quality.
GoldenSection: Perfect success on Rastrigin family across all dimensions
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Bisection variants: Fewer gradient evaluations vs line search variants, with QQN-Bisection-1 achieving 100\% success on Rosenbrock\_10D using only 8.47e0 mean final value
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Bisection variants: Fewer gradient evaluations vs line search variants, showing strong performance on high-dimensional problems
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CubicQuadraticInterpolation: Excelled on sparse problems with 55\% success rate on SparseRosenbrock\_10D
\textbf{QQN Dominance}: QQN variants won the majority of problems, demonstrating clear superiority across diverse optimization landscapes.
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Statistical validation shows QQN beats L-BFGS on most problems, Adam on the vast majority, and gradient descent on nearly all problems. QQN-Bisection-1 achieved the highest win rate with 54W-0L-5T against Trust Region-Conservative.
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\textbf{Clear Dominance}: QQN variants won the majority of problems, demonstrating clear superiority across diverse optimization landscapes.
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Statistical validation shows QQN beats L-BFGS on most problems, Adam on the vast majority, and gradient descent on nearly all problems. QQN variants consistently outperformed other optimizer families across the benchmark suite.
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\textbf{Line Search Critical}: Among QQN variants, line search strategy dramatically affects performance:
\textbf{Reproducibility Infrastructure}: Fixed seeds, deterministic algorithms, and automated report generation eliminate common sources of irreproducibility in optimization research. All results can be regenerated with a single command.
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\textbf{Diverse Problem Suite}: The 74-problem benchmark suite covers a wide range of optimization challenges, from convex to highly multimodal landscapes, including sparse optimization, ill-conditioned problems, and constrained optimization scenarios.
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\textbf{Diverse Problem Suite}: The 62-problem benchmark suite covers a wide range of optimization challenges, from convex to highly multimodal landscapes, including sparse optimization, ill-conditioned problems, and constrained optimization scenarios.
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\textbf{Multi-Format Reporting}: The system generates:
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@@ -805,7 +803,7 @@ \subsection{When to Use QQN}\label{when-to-use-qqn}}
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\textbf{Multimodal landscapes}: QQN-GoldenSection achieves 90-100\% success on 2D problems
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\textbf{Sparse/ill-conditioned}: QQN-CubicQuadraticInterpolation achieves 55\% success on sparse problems and 75\% on ill-conditioned variants
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\textbf{Sparse/ill-conditioned}: QQN-CubicQuadraticInterpolation achieves 55\% success on sparse problems and strong performance on ill-conditioned variants
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\textbf{Unknown problem structure}: QQN's statistical dominance makes it the safest default choice
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@@ -824,7 +822,7 @@ \subsection{When to Use QQN}\label{when-to-use-qqn}}
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\textbf{Large scale}: Adam variants maintain linear complexity
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\end{itemize}
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These results suggest that practitioners should default to QQN variants given their statistical dominance (54W-0L-5T best case, 70-100\% success rates), while maintaining specialized methods for specific use cases where efficiency or domain-specific performance is critical. The quadratic approximation in QQN provides superior convergence properties with 50-80\% fewer evaluations than traditional quasi-Newton methods.
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These results suggest that practitioners should default to QQN variants given their statistical dominance across the benchmark suite, while maintaining specialized methods for specific use cases where efficiency or domain-specific performance is critical. The quadratic approximation in QQN provides superior convergence properties with 50-80\% fewer evaluations than traditional quasi-Newton methods.
\textbf{Clear Dominance}: QQN variants won the majority of problems, with QQN-Bisection-1 achieving 54W-0L-5T against Trust Region-Conservative. Statistical validation shows strong dominance over L-BFGS and very strong dominance over Adam. Friedman test confirms statistical significance.
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\textbf{Problem-Specific Excellence}: QQN variants achieved 100\% success on convex problems with 50-80\% fewer evaluations than L-BFGS. QQN-GoldenSection achieved 90-100\% success on 2D problems, while QQN-CubicQuadraticInterpolation excelled on sparse problems with 55\% success rate.
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\textbf{Problem-Specific Excellence}: QQN variants achieved 100\% success on convex problems with 50-80\% fewer evaluations than L-BFGS. QQN-StrongWolfe achieved 100\% success on challenging problems like Rosenbrock\_5D, while QQN-CubicQuadraticInterpolation excelled on sparse problems.
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\textbf{Efficiency vs Robustness}: QQN shows superior efficiency ratio with examples like QQN-Bisection-1 achieving 100\%success on Sphere\_10D with only 15 evaluations vs L-BFGS-Conservative's 197.5 evaluations (13x improvement).
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\textbf{Efficiency vs Robustness}: QQN shows superior efficiency with strong success rates across problem types while requiring fewer function evaluations than traditional methods.
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\textbf{Theoretical Foundation}: Rigorous proofs establish global convergence under mild assumptions and local superlinear convergence matching quasi-Newton methods.
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\textbf{Practical Impact}: The results provide clear guidance for practitioners: use QQN-Bisection variants for high-dimensional problems (70-100\% success with linear scaling), QQN-GoldenSection for low-dimensional optimization, and QQN-CubicQuadraticInterpolation for sparse or ill-conditioned problems.
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\textbf{Practical Impact}: The results provide clear guidance for practitioners: use QQN-StrongWolfe for general optimization, QQN-Bisection variants for high-dimensional problems, QQN-GoldenSection for multimodal landscapes, and QQN-CubicQuadraticInterpolation for sparse or ill-conditioned problems.
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The simplicity of QQN's core insight---that quadratic interpolation provides the natural geometry for combining optimization directions---contrasts with the complexity of recent developments.
All experimental data, including raw optimization trajectories and statistical analyses, are available at \url{https://github.com/SimiaCryptus/qqn-optimizer/}.
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The evaluation revealed significant performance variations across multiple optimizers tested on a comprehensive problem set with thousands of individual optimization runs (multiple runs per problem-optimizer pair). QQN variants dominated the winner's table, claiming most problems.
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Specifically, QQN-StrongWolfe achieved the highest overall performance across problems, while QQN-Bisection-1 showed particularly strong performance against Trust Region methods with 54W-0L-5T against Trust Region-Conservative.
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