diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 1f80fad..079d497 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 =============
 stellar-model
 =============
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/StellarCN/stellar-model/GitHub%20Action/main?style=flat&maxAge=1800
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/StellarCN/stellar-model/continuous-integration-workflow.yml?branch=main&style=flat&maxAge=1800
     :alt: GitHub Action
     :target: https://github.com/StellarCN/stellar-model/actions
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Example
 
     url = "https://horizon.stellar.org/accounts/GALAXYVOIDAOPZTDLHILAJQKCVVFMD4IKLXLSZV5YHO7VY74IWZILUTO"
     raw_resp = requests.get(url).json()
-    parsed_resp = AccountResponse.parse_obj(raw_resp)
+    parsed_resp = AccountResponse.model_validate(raw_resp)
     print(f"Account Sequence: {parsed_resp.sequence}")
 
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Of course you can use it with `stellar-sdk`_.
     server = Server("https://horizon.stellar.org")
     account_id = "GALAXYVOIDAOPZTDLHILAJQKCVVFMD4IKLXLSZV5YHO7VY74IWZILUTO"
     raw_resp = server.accounts().account_id(account_id).call()
-    parsed_resp = AccountResponse.parse_obj(raw_resp)
+    parsed_resp = AccountResponse.model_validate(raw_resp)
     print(f"Account Sequence: {parsed_resp.sequence}")
 
 
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 6585efa..0607615 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,105 +1,213 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.5.1 and should not be changed by hand.
+
 [[package]]
 name = "alabaster"
-version = "0.7.12"
+version = "0.7.13"
 description = "A configurable sidebar-enabled Sphinx theme"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
+files = [
+    {file = "alabaster-0.7.13-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1ee19aca801bbabb5ba3f5f258e4422dfa86f82f3e9cefb0859b283cdd7f62a3"},
+    {file = "alabaster-0.7.13.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a27a4a084d5e690e16e01e03ad2b2e552c61a65469419b907243193de1a84ae2"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "annotated-types"
+version = "0.5.0"
+description = "Reusable constraint types to use with typing.Annotated"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "annotated_types-0.5.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:58da39888f92c276ad970249761ebea80ba544b77acddaa1a4d6cf78287d45fd"},
+    {file = "annotated_types-0.5.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:47cdc3490d9ac1506ce92c7aaa76c579dc3509ff11e098fc867e5130ab7be802"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.0.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.9\""}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "babel"
-version = "2.10.3"
+version = "2.12.1"
 description = "Internationalization utilities"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "Babel-2.12.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b4246fb7677d3b98f501a39d43396d3cafdc8eadb045f4a31be01863f655c610"},
+    {file = "Babel-2.12.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:cc2d99999cd01d44420ae725a21c9e3711b3aadc7976d6147f622d8581963455"},
+]
 
 [package.dependencies]
-pytz = ">=2015.7"
+pytz = {version = ">=2015.7", markers = "python_version < \"3.9\""}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
-version = "2022.9.24"
+version = "2023.7.22"
 description = "Python package for providing Mozilla's CA Bundle."
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
+files = [
+    {file = "certifi-2023.7.22-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:92d6037539857d8206b8f6ae472e8b77db8058fec5937a1ef3f54304089edbb9"},
+    {file = "certifi-2023.7.22.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:539cc1d13202e33ca466e88b2807e29f4c13049d6d87031a3c110744495cb082"},
+]
 
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-version = "2.0.12"
+version = "3.2.0"
 description = "The Real First Universal Charset Detector. Open, modern and actively maintained alternative to Chardet."
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.5.0"
-
-[package.extras]
-unicode_backport = ["unicodedata2"]
+python-versions = ">=3.7.0"
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-version = "0.4.5"
+version = "0.4.6"
 description = "Cross-platform colored terminal text."
-category = "dev"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.8"
-description = "A backport of the dataclasses module for Python 3.6"
-category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6, <3.7"
+python-versions = "!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*,!=3.4.*,!=3.5.*,!=3.6.*,>=2.7"
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-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.19"
 description = "Docutils -- Python Documentation Utilities"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
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 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
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-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
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+version = "6.7.0"
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-category = "dev"
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-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
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 [package.dependencies]
 typing-extensions = {version = ">=3.6.4", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
 zipp = ">=0.5"
 
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["sphinx", "jaraco.packaging (>=8.2)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)"]
+docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
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+testing = ["flufl.flake8", "importlib-resources (>=1.3)", "packaging", "pyfakefs", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=1.3)", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)", "pytest-perf (>=0.9.2)", "pytest-ruff"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jinja2"
-version = "3.0.3"
+version = "3.1.2"
 description = "A very fast and expressive template engine."
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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 [package.dependencies]
 MarkupSafe = ">=2.0"
@@ -109,102 +217,278 @@ i18n = ["Babel (>=2.7)"]
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "2.1.3"
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 description = "Core utilities for Python packages"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
-
-[package.dependencies]
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 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6.1"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
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 [package.dependencies]
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+annotated-types = ">=0.4.0"
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+typing-extensions = ">=4.6.1"
 
 [package.extras]
-dotenv = ["python-dotenv (>=0.10.4)"]
-email = ["email-validator (>=1.0.3)"]
+email = ["email-validator (>=2.0.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pygments"
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-description = "Pygments is a syntax highlighting package written in Python."
-category = "dev"
+name = "pydantic-core"
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 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
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-description = "Python parsing module"
-category = "dev"
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+description = "Pygments is a syntax highlighting package written in Python."
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 [package.extras]
-diagrams = ["jinja2", "railroad-diagrams"]
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+version = "2023.3"
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-category = "dev"
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 description = "Python HTTP for Humans."
-category = "dev"
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-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*, !=3.5.*"
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-idna = {version = ">=2.5,<4", markers = "python_version >= \"3\""}
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-socks = ["PySocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7)", "win-inet-pton"]
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+socks = ["PySocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7)"]
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 name = "snowballstemmer"
 version = "2.2.0"
 description = "This package provides 29 stemmers for 28 languages generated from Snowball algorithms."
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
+files = [
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 name = "sphinx"
-version = "5.2.3"
+version = "5.3.0"
 description = "Python documentation generator"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
+files = [
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+]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 alabaster = ">=0.7,<0.8"
@@ -227,171 +511,142 @@ sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml = ">=1.1.5"
 
 [package.extras]
 docs = ["sphinxcontrib-websupport"]
-lint = ["flake8 (>=3.5.0)", "flake8-comprehensions", "flake8-bugbear", "flake8-simplify", "isort", "mypy (>=0.981)", "sphinx-lint", "docutils-stubs", "types-typed-ast", "types-requests"]
-test = ["pytest (>=4.6)", "html5lib", "typed-ast", "cython"]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8 (>=3.5.0)", "flake8-bugbear", "flake8-comprehensions", "flake8-simplify", "isort", "mypy (>=0.981)", "sphinx-lint", "types-requests", "types-typed-ast"]
+test = ["cython", "html5lib", "pytest (>=4.6)", "typed_ast"]
 
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 version = "1.0.2"
 description = "sphinxcontrib-applehelp is a sphinx extension which outputs Apple help books"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
+files = [
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 test = ["pytest"]
-lint = ["docutils-stubs", "mypy", "flake8"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sphinxcontrib-devhelp"
 version = "1.0.2"
 description = "sphinxcontrib-devhelp is a sphinx extension which outputs Devhelp document."
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
+files = [
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 [package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
 test = ["pytest"]
-lint = ["docutils-stubs", "mypy", "flake8"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp"
 version = "2.0.0"
 description = "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp is a sphinx extension which renders HTML help files"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
+files = [
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 [package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
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-lint = ["docutils-stubs", "mypy", "flake8"]
 
 [[package]]
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 version = "1.0.1"
 description = "A sphinx extension which renders display math in HTML via JavaScript"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
+files = [
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+]
 
 [package.extras]
-test = ["mypy", "flake8", "pytest"]
+test = ["flake8", "mypy", "pytest"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sphinxcontrib-qthelp"
 version = "1.0.3"
 description = "sphinxcontrib-qthelp is a sphinx extension which outputs QtHelp document."
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
+files = [
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 [package.extras]
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 [[package]]
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 description = "sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml is a sphinx extension which outputs \"serialized\" HTML files (json and pickle)."
-category = "dev"
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 python-versions = ">=3.5"
+files = [
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 [package.extras]
-lint = ["flake8", "mypy", "docutils-stubs"]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
 test = ["pytest"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.1.1"
-description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.6+"
-category = "main"
+version = "4.7.1"
+description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.7+"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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 [[package]]
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 description = "HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more."
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+python-versions = ">=3.7"
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+socks = ["pysocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7,<2.0)"]
+zstd = ["zstandard (>=0.18.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zipp"
-version = "3.6.0"
+version = "3.15.0"
 description = "Backport of pathlib-compatible object wrapper for zip files"
-category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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+docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
+testing = ["big-O", "flake8 (<5)", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=1.3)", "pytest-flake8", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)"]
 
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-
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-sphinxcontrib-devhelp = []
-sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp = []
-sphinxcontrib-jsmath = []
-sphinxcontrib-qthelp = []
-sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml = []
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diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index f941b2e..47c4e50 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ classifiers = [
 ]
 
 [tool.poetry.dependencies]
-python = ">=3.6.1"
-pydantic = "^1.8.1"
+python = ">=3.7"
+pydantic = "^2.3.0"
 
 [tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
 Sphinx = "^5.2.3"
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/account.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/account.py
index b7136cf..2f6dacf 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/account.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/account.py
@@ -75,33 +75,40 @@ class Balance(BaseModel):
     )
     liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="This liquidity pool’s id encoded in a "
-        "hex string representation."
+        "hex string representation.",
+        default=None,
     )
     limit: Optional[Decimal] = Field(
         description="The maximum amount of this asset that this account "
-        "is willing to accept. Specified when opening a trustline."
+        "is willing to accept. Specified when opening a trustline.",
+        default=None,
     )
     buying_liabilities: Optional[Decimal] = Field(
-        description="The sum of all buy offers owned by this account " "for this asset."
+        description="The sum of all buy offers owned by this account for this asset.",
+        default=None,
     )
     selling_liabilities: Optional[Decimal] = Field(
         description="The sum of all sell offers owned by this account "
-        "for this asset."
+        "for this asset.",
+        default=None,
     )
     sponsor: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The account ID of the sponsor who is paying "
-        "the reserves for this trustline."
+        "the reserves for this trustline.",
+        default=None,
     )
-    last_modified_ledger: Optional[int]
-    is_authorized: Optional[bool]
-    is_authorized_to_maintain_liabilities: Optional[bool]
-    is_clawback_enabled: Optional[bool]
+    last_modified_ledger: Optional[int] = None
+    is_authorized: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_authorized_to_maintain_liabilities: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_clawback_enabled: Optional[bool] = None
     asset_type: str = Field(
         description="Either **native**, **credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
-    asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(description="The code for this asset.")
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
+        description="The code for this asset.", default=None
+    )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of this asset's issuer."
+        description="The Stellar address of this asset's issuer.", default=None
     )
 
 
@@ -129,24 +136,28 @@ class Account(BaseModel):
         "For use when submitting this account's next transaction."
     )
     sequence_ledger: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="The unsigned 32-bit ledger " "number of the sequence number's age."
+        description="The unsigned 32-bit ledger "
+        "number of the sequence number's age.",
+        default=None,
     )
     sequence_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(
-        description="The time of the sequence number's age."
+        description="The time of the sequence number's age.", default=None
     )
     subentry_count: int = Field(description="The number of subentries on this account.")
     inflation_destination: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The inflation destination set for this account."
+        description="The inflation destination set for this account.", default=None
     )
     home_domain: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The domain that hosts this account's stellar.toml file."
+        description="The domain that hosts this account's stellar.toml file.",
+        default=None,
     )
     last_modified_ledger: int = Field(
         description="The ID of the last ledger that included changes to this account."
     )
     last_modified_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(
         description="The time of the last ledger that included "
-        "changes to this account."
+        "changes to this account.",
+        default=None,
     )
     thresholds: AccountThresholds = Field(
         description="Operations have varying levels of access. "
@@ -170,7 +181,8 @@ class Account(BaseModel):
     )
     sponsor: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The account ID of the sponsor who is paying the "
-        "reserves for this account."
+        "reserves for this account.",
+        default=None,
     )
     paging_token: str = Field(description="A cursor value for use in pagination.")
     links: Links = Field(alias="_links")
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/account_data.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/account_data.py
index 6a300a6..36ab081 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/account_data.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/account_data.py
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ class AccountData(BaseModel):
 
     value: str = Field(description="The key value for this data.")
     # TODO: add description
-    sponsor: Optional[str]
+    sponsor: Optional[str] = None
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/asset.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/asset.py
index 548c248..64e386f 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/asset.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/asset.py
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ class Asset(BaseModel):
         description="The type for this asset. Either **native**, "
         "**credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
-    asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(description="The code for this asset.")
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
+        description="The code for this asset.", default=None
+    )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of this asset's issuer."
+        description="The Stellar address of this asset's issuer.", default=None
     )
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/claimable_balance.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/claimable_balance.py
index c90e3e1..c7eb251 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/claimable_balance.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/claimable_balance.py
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ class ClaimPredicate(BaseModel):
     # TODO: add type in the future.
     unconditional: Optional[bool] = Field(
         description="If **True** it means this clause of the condition "
-        "is always satisfied."
+        "is always satisfied.",
+        default=None,
     )
     # https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/postponed_annotations/
     and_predicates: Optional[List["ClaimPredicate"]] = Field(
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ class ClaimPredicate(BaseModel):
         "condition is satisfied if both "
         "of the two elements in the array "
         "are satisfied.",
+        default=None,
     )
     or_predicates: Optional[List["ClaimPredicate"]] = Field(
         alias="or",
@@ -46,26 +48,31 @@ class ClaimPredicate(BaseModel):
         "condition is satisfied if at "
         "least one of the two elements "
         "in the array are satisfied.",
+        default=None,
     )
     not_predicate: Optional["ClaimPredicate"] = Field(
         alias="not",
         description="The value is also a predicate. This "
         "clause of the condition is satisfied "
         "if the value is not satisfied.",
+        default=None,
     )
     abs_before: Optional[datetime] = Field(
         description="The datetime representing a deadline for when the claimable "
         "balance can be claimed. If the balance is claimed before the "
-        "date then this clause of the condition is satisfied."
+        "date then this clause of the condition is satisfied.",
+        default=None,
     )
     abs_before_epoch: Optional[int] = Field(
-        "The Unix Epoch value represented by the same custom extended "
-        "ISO date value in the abs_before field."
+        description="The Unix Epoch value represented by the same custom extended "
+        "ISO date value in the abs_before field.",
+        default=None,
     )
     rel_before: Optional[int] = Field(
         description="A relative deadline for when the claimable balance can be "
         "claimed. The value represents the number of seconds since the "
-        "close time of the ledger which created the claimable balance."
+        "close time of the ledger which created the claimable balance.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
 
@@ -100,13 +107,14 @@ class ClaimableBalance(BaseModel):
     )
     amount: Decimal = Field(description="The amount of **asset** that can be claimed.")
     sponsor: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The account id of the sponsor who is paying the reserves for this claimable balance."
+        description="The account id of the sponsor who is paying the reserves for this claimable balance.",
+        default=None,
     )
     last_modified_ledger: int = Field(
         description="The sequence number of the last ledger in which this claimable balance was modified."
     )
     last_modified_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(
-        description="The datetime of last modification time."
+        description="The datetime of last modification time.", default=None
     )
     claimants: List[Claimant] = Field(
         description="The list of entries which could claim the claimable balance."
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/effects.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/effects.py
index 1353191..544adf3 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/effects.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/effects.py
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class BaseEffect(BaseModel):
     id: str
     paging_token: str
     account: str
-    account_muxed: Optional[str]
-    account_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    account_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    account_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     type: str
     type_i: int
     # The maximum year in Python is 9999
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ class AccountCreditedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset_code: Optional[str]
-    asset_issuer: Optional[str]
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
     amount: Decimal
 
 
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ class AccountDebitedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset_code: Optional[str]
-    asset_issuer: Optional[str]
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
     amount: Decimal
 
 
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ class AccountFlagsUpdatedEffect(BaseEffect):
     type_i: 6
     """
 
-    auth_required_flag: Optional[bool]
-    auth_revokable_flag: Optional[bool]
+    auth_required_flag: Optional[bool] = None
+    auth_revokable_flag: Optional[bool] = None
 
 
 class AccountInflationDestinationUpdatedEffect(BaseEffect):
@@ -238,9 +238,9 @@ class TrustlineCreatedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset_code: Optional[str]
-    asset_issuer: Optional[str]
-    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str]
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
+    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = None
     limit: Decimal
 
 
@@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ class TrustlineRemovedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset_code: Optional[str]
-    asset_issuer: Optional[str]
-    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str]
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
+    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = None
     limit: Decimal
 
 
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ class TrustlineUpdatedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset_code: Optional[str]
-    asset_issuer: Optional[str]
-    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str]
+    asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
+    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = None
     limit: Decimal
 
 
@@ -327,9 +327,9 @@ class TrustlineFlagsUpdatedEffect(BaseEffect):
     asset_code: str
     asset_issuer: str
     trustor: str
-    authorized_flag: Optional[bool]
-    authorized_to_maintain_liabilites_flag: Optional[bool]
-    clawback_enabled_flag: Optional[bool]
+    authorized_flag: Optional[bool] = None
+    authorized_to_maintain_liabilites_flag: Optional[bool] = None
+    clawback_enabled_flag: Optional[bool] = None
 
 
 class OfferCreatedEffect(BaseEffect):
@@ -368,17 +368,17 @@ class TradeEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     seller: str
-    seller_muxed: Optional[str]
-    seller_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    seller_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    seller_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     offer_id: str
     sold_amount: Decimal
     sold_asset_type: str
-    sold_asset_code: Optional[str]
-    sold_asset_issuer: Optional[str]
+    sold_asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    sold_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
     bought_amount: Decimal
     bought_asset_type: str
-    bought_asset_code: Optional[str]
-    bought_asset_issuer: Optional[str]
+    bought_asset_code: Optional[str] = None
+    bought_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = None
 
 
 class DataCreatedEffect(BaseEffect):
@@ -510,8 +510,8 @@ class TrustlineSponsorshipCreatedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset: Optional[str]
-    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str]
+    asset: Optional[str] = None
+    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = None
     sponsor: str
 
 
@@ -524,8 +524,8 @@ class TrustlineSponsorshipUpdatedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset: Optional[str]
-    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str]
+    asset: Optional[str] = None
+    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = None
     former_sponsor: str
     new_sponsor: str
 
@@ -539,8 +539,8 @@ class TrustlineSponsorshipRemovedEffect(BaseEffect):
     """
 
     asset_type: str
-    asset: Optional[str]
-    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str]
+    asset: Optional[str] = None
+    liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = None
     former_sponsor: str
 
 
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/ledger.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/ledger.py
index fa61142..4c4ad4a 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/ledger.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/ledger.py
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ class Ledger(BaseModel):
         description="A hex-encoded SHA-256 hash of this ledger's XDR-encoded form."
     )
     prev_hash: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The hash of the ledger immediately preceding this ledger."
+        description="The hash of the ledger immediately preceding this ledger.",
+        default=None,
     )
     sequence: int = Field(
         description="The sequence number of this ledger, and the parameter used in Horizon "
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/link.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/link.py
index c737a68..37c3e7d 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/link.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/link.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 
 class Link(BaseModel):
     href: str
-    templated: Optional[bool]
+    templated: Optional[bool] = None
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/liquidity_pool.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/liquidity_pool.py
index 11d5470..79d733c 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/liquidity_pool.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/liquidity_pool.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ class LiquidityPool(BaseModel):
         "in which this offer was modified."
     )
     last_modified_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(
-        description="The time of the last ledger " "in which this offer was modified."
+        description="The time of the last ledger " "in which this offer was modified.",
+        default=None,
     )
     links: Links = Field(alias="_links")
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/offer.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/offer.py
index cbfaccc..4d30fe7 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/offer.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/offer.py
@@ -44,10 +44,12 @@ class Offer(BaseModel):
         "in which this offer was modified."
     )
     last_modified_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(
-        description="The time of the last ledger " "in which this offer was modified."
+        description="The time of the last ledger " "in which this offer was modified.",
+        default=None,
     )
     sponsor: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The account id of the sponsor "
-        "who is paying the reserves for this offer."
+        "who is paying the reserves for this offer.",
+        default=None,
     )
     links: Links = Field(alias="_links")
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/operations.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/operations.py
index 669a40e..59f5ea1 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/operations.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/operations.py
@@ -66,16 +66,16 @@ class BaseOperation(BaseModel):
     source_account: str = Field(
         description="The account that originates the operation."
     )
-    source_account_muxed: Optional[str]
-    source_account_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    source_account_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    source_account_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     type: str = Field(description="The name of the operation type.")
     type_i: int = Field(description="A number indicating the operation type.")
     created_at: datetime = Field(description="The datetime this operation was created.")
     transaction_hash: str = Field(
         description="A unique identifier for the transaction this operation belongs to."
     )
-    transaction: Optional[Transaction]
-    sponsor: Optional[str]
+    transaction: Optional[Transaction] = None
+    sponsor: Optional[str] = None
     links: Links = Field(alias="_links")
 
 
@@ -98,19 +98,23 @@ class BaseOfferOperation(BaseOperation):
         description="The type for the buying asset. Either **native**, **credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     buying_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of the buying asset’s issuer. Appears if the **buying_asset_type** is not **native**."
+        description="The Stellar address of the buying asset’s issuer. Appears if the **buying_asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     buying_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the buying asset.  Appears if the **buying_asset_type** is not **native**."
+        description="The code for the buying asset.  Appears if the **buying_asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     selling_asset_type: str = Field(
         description="The type for the selling asset. Either **native**, **credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     selling_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of the selling asset’s issuer. Appears if the **selling_asset_type** is not **native**."
+        description="The Stellar address of the selling asset’s issuer. Appears if the **selling_asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     selling_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the selling asset.  Appears if the **selling_asset_type** is not **native**."
+        description="The code for the selling asset.  Appears if the **selling_asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
 
@@ -126,8 +130,8 @@ class CreateAccountOperation(BaseOperation):
         description="The amount of XLM to send the newly created account."
     )
     funder: str = Field(description="The account that funds the new account.")
-    funder_muxed: Optional[str]
-    funder_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    funder_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    funder_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     account: str = Field(description="A new account that is funded.")
 
 
@@ -143,22 +147,24 @@ class PaymentOperation(BaseOperation):
         description="The type of asset being sent. Either **native**, **credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the asset being sent. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        description="The code for the asset being sent. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The Stellar address of the issuer of the asset being sent. "
-        "Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     from_: str = Field(
         alias="from",
         description="The payment sender’s public key. This variable should be called `from`, "
         "but `from` is a keyword in Python, so we named it `from_`.",
     )
-    from_muxed: Optional[str]
-    from_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    from_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    from_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     to: str = Field(description="The payment recipient’s public key.")
-    to_muxed: Optional[str]
-    to_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    to_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    to_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     amount: Decimal = Field(description="Amount sent.")
 
 
@@ -176,11 +182,13 @@ class PathPaymentStrictReceiveOperation(BaseOperation):
     )
     asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The code for the asset being received. Appears if the "
-        "**asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "**asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The Stellar address of the issuer of the asset being "
-        "received. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "received. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     from_: str = Field(
         alias="from",
@@ -207,11 +215,13 @@ class PathPaymentStrictReceiveOperation(BaseOperation):
     )
     source_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The code for the source asset. Appears if the "
-        "**source_asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "**source_asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     source_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The Stellar address of the source asset’s issuer. "
-        "Appears if the **source_asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "Appears if the **source_asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
 
@@ -244,47 +254,56 @@ class SetOptionsOperation(BaseOperation):
     """
 
     home_domain: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The home domain used for stellar.toml file discovery."
+        description="The home domain used for stellar.toml file discovery.",
+        default=None,
     )
-    inflation_dest: Optional[str] = Field(description="")
+    inflation_dest: Optional[str] = Field(description="", default=None)
 
     master_key_weight: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="The weight of the master key. Can range from **1** to **255**."
+        description="The weight of the master key. Can range from **1** to **255**.",
+        default=None,
+    )
+    signer_key: Optional[str] = Field(
+        description="The public key of the new signer. ", default=None
     )
-    signer_key: Optional[str] = Field(description="The public key of the new signer. ")
     signer_weight: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="The weight of the new signer. Can range from **1** to **255**."
+        description="The weight of the new signer. Can range from **1** to **255**.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
     set_flags: Optional[List[int]] = Field(
         description="The array of numeric values of flags that has been set in "
         "this operation. Options include **1** for **AUTH_REQUIRED_FLAG**, "
-        "**2** for **AUTH_REVOCABLE_FLAG**, and **4** for **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**."
+        "**2** for **AUTH_REVOCABLE_FLAG**, and **4** for **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     set_flags_s: Optional[List[str]] = Field(
         description="The array of string values of flags that has been set in this operation. "
         "Options include **AUTH_REQUIRED_FLAG**, **AUTH_REVOCABLE_FLAG**, "
-        "and **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**."
+        "and **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     clear_flags: Optional[List[int]] = Field(
         description="The array of numeric values of flags that has been cleared in this operation. "
         "Options include **1** for **AUTH_REQUIRED_FLAG**, **2** for "
-        "**AUTH_REVOCABLE_FLAG**, and **4** for **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**."
+        "**AUTH_REVOCABLE_FLAG**, and **4** for **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     clear_flags_s: Optional[List[str]] = Field(
         description="The array of string values of flags that has been cleared in this "
         "operation. Options include **AUTH_REQUIRED_FLAG**, **AUTH_REVOCABLE_FLAG**, "
-        "and **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**."
+        "and **AUTH_IMMUTABLE_FLAG**.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
     low_threshold: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="The sum weight for the low threshold."
+        description="The sum weight for the low threshold.", default=None
     )
     med_threshold: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="The sum weight for the medium threshold."
+        description="The sum weight for the medium threshold.", default=None
     )
     high_threshold: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="The sum weight for the high threshold."
+        description="The sum weight for the high threshold.", default=None
     )
 
 
@@ -301,21 +320,21 @@ class ChangeTrustOperation(BaseOperation):
         "**credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code of the asset being trusted."
+        description="The code of the asset being trusted.", default=None
     )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The issuer for the asset being trusted."
+        description="The issuer for the asset being trusted.", default=None
     )
     liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the liquidity pool being trusted."
+        description="The id of the liquidity pool being trusted.", default=None
     )
     limit: Decimal = Field(
         description="Limits the amount of an asset that the source account can hold."
     )
-    trustee: Optional[str] = Field(description="The issuing account.")
+    trustee: Optional[str] = Field(description="The issuing account.", default=None)
     trustor: str = Field(description="The source account.")
-    trustor_muxed: Optional[str]
-    trustor_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    trustor_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    trustor_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class AllowTrustOperation(BaseOperation):
@@ -330,18 +349,20 @@ class AllowTrustOperation(BaseOperation):
         description="The type of asset. Either **native**, **credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the asset. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        description="The code for the asset. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The Stellar address of the issuer of the asset. "
-        "Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
     trustee: str = Field(
         description="The issuing account, or source account in this instance."
     )
-    trustee_muxed: Optional[str]
-    trustee_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    trustee_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    trustee_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     trustor: str = Field(
         description="The trusting account, or the account being authorized or unauthorized."
     )
@@ -364,13 +385,13 @@ class AccountMergeOperation(BaseOperation):
     """
 
     account: str = Field(description="The Stellar address being removed.")
-    account_muxed: Optional[str]
-    account_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    account_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    account_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     into: str = Field(
         description="The Stellar address receiving the deleted account’s lumens."
     )
-    into_muxed: Optional[str]
-    into_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    into_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    into_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class InflationOperation(BaseOperation):
@@ -440,11 +461,13 @@ class PathPaymentStrictSendOperation(BaseOperation):
     )
     asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The code for the asset being send. Appears if the "
-        "**asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "**asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The Stellar address of the issuer of the asset being "
-        "send. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "send. Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     from_: str = Field(
         alias="from",
@@ -470,11 +493,13 @@ class PathPaymentStrictSendOperation(BaseOperation):
     )
     source_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The code for the source asset. Appears if the **asset_type** "
-        "is not **native**."
+        "is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     source_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The Stellar address of the source asset’s issuer. "
-        "Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**."
+        "Appears if the **asset_type** is not **native**.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
 
@@ -507,8 +532,8 @@ class ClaimClaimableBalanceOperation(BaseOperation):
     claimant: str = Field(
         description="The id of the account which claimed the balance."
     )
-    claimant_muxed: Optional[str]
-    claimant_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    claimant_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    claimant_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class BeginSponsoringFutureReservesOperation(BaseOperation):
@@ -533,10 +558,11 @@ class EndSponsoringFutureReservesOperation(BaseOperation):
     """
 
     begin_sponsor: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the account which initiated the sponsorship."
+        description="The id of the account which initiated the sponsorship.",
+        default=None,
     )
-    begin_sponsor_muxed: Optional[str]
-    begin_sponsor_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    begin_sponsor_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    begin_sponsor_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class RevokeSponsorshipOperation(BaseOperation):
@@ -548,34 +574,41 @@ class RevokeSponsorshipOperation(BaseOperation):
     """
 
     account_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the account which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The id of the account which is no longer sponsored.", default=None
     )
     claimable_balance_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the claimable balance which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The id of the claimable balance which is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     data_account_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the account whose data entry is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The id of the account whose data entry is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     data_name: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The name of the data entry which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The name of the data entry which is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     offer_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the offer which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The id of the offer which is no longer sponsored.", default=None
     )
     trustline_account_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The id of the account whose trustline is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The id of the account whose trustline is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     trustline_liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        default="The liquidity pool of the trustline which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The liquidity pool of the trustline which is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     trustline_asset: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The asset of the trustline which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The asset of the trustline which is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     signer_account_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The account id of the signer which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The account id of the signer which is no longer sponsored.",
+        default=None,
     )
     signer_key: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The type of the signer which is no longer sponsored."
+        description="The type of the signer which is no longer sponsored.", default=None
     )
 
 
@@ -595,8 +628,8 @@ class ClawbackOperation(BaseOperation):
         description="This variable should be called `from`, "
         "but `from` is a keyword in Python, so we named it `from_`.",
     )
-    from_muxed: Optional[str]
-    from_muxed_id: Optional[int]
+    from_muxed: Optional[str] = None
+    from_muxed_id: Optional[int] = None
     amount: Decimal
 
 
@@ -608,7 +641,7 @@ class ClawbackClaimableBalanceOperation(BaseOperation):
     type_i: 20
     """
 
-    balance_id: Optional[str]
+    balance_id: Optional[str] = None
 
 
 class SetTrustLineFlagsOperation(BaseOperation):
@@ -623,10 +656,10 @@ class SetTrustLineFlagsOperation(BaseOperation):
     asset_code: str
     asset_issuer: str
     trustor: str
-    set_flags: Optional[List[int]]
-    set_flags_s: Optional[List[str]]
-    clear_flags: Optional[List[int]]
-    clear_flags_s: Optional[List[str]]
+    set_flags: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    set_flags_s: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    clear_flags: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    clear_flags_s: Optional[List[str]] = None
 
 
 class LiquidityPoolDepositOperation(BaseOperation):
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/path.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/path.py
index 149fc98..dbd2bb0 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/path.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/path.py
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ class Path(BaseModel):
         "**credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     source_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the source asset."
+        description="The code for the source asset.", default=None
     )
     source_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of the source asset's issuer."
+        description="The Stellar address of the source asset's issuer.", default=None
     )
     source_amount: Decimal = Field(
         description="An estimated cost for making a payment of destination_amount on "
@@ -36,10 +36,11 @@ class Path(BaseModel):
         "**credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     destination_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the destination asset."
+        description="The code for the destination asset.", default=None
     )
     destination_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of the destination asset's issuer."
+        description="The Stellar address of the destination asset's issuer.",
+        default=None,
     )
     destination_amount: Decimal = Field(
         description="The destination amount specified in the s"
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/root.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/root.py
index 3548f1b..cb74540 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/root.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/root.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Links(BaseModel):
     assets: Link
     effects: Link
     fee_stats: Link
-    friendbot: Optional[Link]
+    friendbot: Optional[Link] = None
     ledger: Link
     ledgers: Link
     offer: Link
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/trade.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/trade.py
index 39be3e7..b7cf4c3 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/trade.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/trade.py
@@ -29,23 +29,27 @@ class Trade(BaseModel):
     ledger_close_time: datetime = Field(
         description="The datetime of when the ledger with this trade was closed."
     )
-    offer_id: Optional[str] = Field(description="The sell offer ID. **DECPRECATED**")
+    offer_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+        description="The sell offer ID. **DECPRECATED**", default=None
+    )
     trade_type: str = Field(
-        default="Can be set to **all**, **orderbook**, "
+        description="Can be set to **all**, **orderbook**, "
         "or **liquidity_pools** to filter only "
         "trades executed across a given mechanism."
     )
-    liquidity_pool_fee_bp: Optional[int]
+    liquidity_pool_fee_bp: Optional[int] = None
     base_liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The base liquidity pool ID. If this trade "
-        "was executed against a liquidity pool."
+        "was executed against a liquidity pool.",
+        default=None,
     )
     base_offer_id: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The base offer ID. If this offer was immediately and "
-        "fully consumed, this will be a synethic ID."
+        "fully consumed, this will be a synethic ID.",
+        default=None,
     )
     base_account: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The account ID of the base party for this trade."
+        description="The account ID of the base party for this trade.", default=None
     )
     base_amount: Decimal = Field(
         description="The amount of the base asset that was moved "
@@ -55,21 +59,25 @@ class Trade(BaseModel):
         description="The type for the base asset. Either **native**, "
         "**credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
-    base_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(description="The code for the base asset.")
+    base_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
+        description="The code for the base asset.", default=None
+    )
     base_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of the base asset's issuer."
+        description="The Stellar address of the base asset's issuer.", default=None
     )
     counter_liquidity_pool_id: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The counter liquidity pool ID. "
-        "If this trade was executed against a liquidity pool."
+        "If this trade was executed against a liquidity pool.",
+        default=None,
     )
     counter_offer_id: Optional[str] = Field(
         description="The counter offer ID. If this offer was "
         "immediately and fully consumed, this will "
-        "be a synethic ID."
+        "be a synethic ID.",
+        default=None,
     )
     counter_account: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The account ID of the counter party for this trade."
+        description="The account ID of the counter party for this trade.", default=None
     )
     counter_amount: Decimal = Field(
         description="The amount of the counter asset that was "
@@ -80,15 +88,16 @@ class Trade(BaseModel):
         "Either **native**, **credit_alphanum4**, or **credit_alphanum12**."
     )
     counter_asset_code: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The code for the counter asset."
+        description="The code for the counter asset.", default=None
     )
     counter_asset_issuer: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The Stellar address of the counter asset's issuer."
+        description="The Stellar address of the counter asset's issuer.", default=None
     )
     base_is_seller: bool = Field(description="Indicates with party is the seller.")
     price: Optional[Price] = Field(
         description="An object of a number numerator and number denominator that represents "
         "the original offer price. To derive the price, "
-        "divide **n** by **d**."
+        "divide **n** by **d**.",
+        default=None,
     )
     links: Links = Field(alias="_links")
diff --git a/stellar_model/model/horizon/transaction.py b/stellar_model/model/horizon/transaction.py
index 8e96a32..5c345d5 100644
--- a/stellar_model/model/horizon/transaction.py
+++ b/stellar_model/model/horizon/transaction.py
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class InnerTransaction(BaseModel):
 
 
 class TimeBounds(BaseModel):
-    min_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(description="The lower bound.")
-    max_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(description="The upper bound.")
+    min_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(description="The lower bound.", default=None)
+    max_time: Optional[datetime] = Field(description="The upper bound.", default=None)
 
 
 class LedgerBounds(BaseModel):
@@ -57,29 +57,35 @@ class LedgerBounds(BaseModel):
 class TransactionPreconditions(BaseModel):
     timebounds: Optional[TimeBounds] = Field(
         description="The time range for which this transaction is valid, "
-        "with bounds as unsigned 64-bit UNIX timestamps."
+        "with bounds as unsigned 64-bit UNIX timestamps.",
+        default=None,
     )
     ledgerbounds: Optional[LedgerBounds] = Field(
-        description="The ledger range for which this transaction is valid, as unsigned 32-bit integers."
+        description="The ledger range for which this transaction is valid, as unsigned 32-bit integers.",
+        default=None,
     )
     min_account_sequence: Optional[int] = Field(
         description="Containing a positive, signed 64-bit "
         "integer representing the lowest source account "
-        "sequence number for which the transaction is valid."
+        "sequence number for which the transaction is valid.",
+        default=None,
     )
     min_account_sequence_age: Optional[int] = Field(
         description="The minimum duration of time (in seconds as an unsigned 64-bit "
         "integer) that must have passed since the source account's sequence "
-        "number changed for the transaction to be valid."
+        "number changed for the transaction to be valid.",
+        default=None,
     )
     min_account_sequence_ledger_gap: Optional[int] = Field(
         description="An unsigned 32-bit integer representing the minimum number of "
         "ledgers that must have closed since the source account's "
-        "sequence number changed for the transaction to be valid."
+        "sequence number changed for the transaction to be valid.",
+        default=None,
     )
     extra_signers: Optional[List[str]] = Field(
         description="The list of up to two additional signers that must "
-        "have corresponding signatures for this transaction to be valid."
+        "have corresponding signatures for this transaction to be valid.",
+        default=None,
     )
 
 
@@ -106,10 +112,10 @@ class Transaction(BaseModel):
         description="The account that originates the transaction."
     )
     account_muxed: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="account_muxed for source_account."
+        description="account_muxed for source_account.", default=None
     )
     account_muxed_id: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="account_muxed_id for source_account."
+        description="account_muxed_id for source_account.", default=None
     )
     source_account_sequence: int = Field(
         description="The source account's sequence number that "
@@ -117,10 +123,10 @@ class Transaction(BaseModel):
     )
     fee_account: str = Field(description="Account for paying transaction fees.")
     fee_account_muxed: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="account_muxed for fee_account."
+        description="account_muxed for fee_account.", default=None
     )
     fee_account_muxed_id: Optional[int] = Field(
-        description="account_muxed_id for fee_account."
+        description="account_muxed_id for fee_account.", default=None
     )
     fee_charged: int = Field(
         description="The fee (in stroops) paid by the fee account to "
@@ -153,25 +159,28 @@ class Transaction(BaseModel):
         "**MEMO_ID**, **MEMO_HASH**, **MEMO_RETURN**."
     )
     memo: Optional[str] = Field(
-        description="The optional memo attached to a transaction."
+        description="The optional memo attached to a transaction.", default=None
     )
-    memo_bytes: Optional[bytes]
+    memo_bytes: Optional[bytes] = None
     signatures: List[str] = Field(
         description="An array of signatures used to sign this transaction."
     )
     valid_after: Optional[datetime] = Field(
         description="The datetime after which a transaction is valid. This field is deprecated in lieu "
-        "of `preconditions.time_bounds.min_time` and will be removed in Horizon v3."
+        "of `preconditions.time_bounds.min_time` and will be removed in Horizon v3.",
+        default=None,
     )
     valid_before: Optional[datetime] = Field(
         description="The datetime before which a transaction is valid. This field is deprecated in lieu "
-        "of `preconditions.time_bounds.max_time` and will be removed in Horizon v3."
+        "of `preconditions.time_bounds.max_time` and will be removed in Horizon v3.",
+        default=None,
     )
     preconditions: Optional[TransactionPreconditions] = Field(
-        description="A set of transaction preconditions affecting its validity."
+        description="A set of transaction preconditions affecting its validity.",
+        default=None,
     )
-    fee_bump_transaction: Optional[FeeBumpTransaction]
-    inner_transaction: Optional[InnerTransaction]
+    fee_bump_transaction: Optional[FeeBumpTransaction] = None
+    inner_transaction: Optional[InnerTransaction] = None
     links: Links = Field(alias="_links")
 
     def __init__(self, **data):
diff --git a/stellar_model/response/effect_response.py b/stellar_model/response/effect_response.py
index a570868..31c88c2 100644
--- a/stellar_model/response/effect_response.py
+++ b/stellar_model/response/effect_response.py
@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ def __init__(self, **data):
                 f"Please try to upgrade the library or raise an issue at {__issues__}."
             )
         parser = _EFFECT_TYPE_I_MAP[effect_type]
-        record = parser.parse_obj(data)
+        record = parser.model_validate(data)
         super().__init__(record=record)
diff --git a/stellar_model/response/effects_response.py b/stellar_model/response/effects_response.py
index fe95674..f10b77e 100644
--- a/stellar_model/response/effects_response.py
+++ b/stellar_model/response/effects_response.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def __init__(self, records):
                     f"Please try to upgrade the library or raise an issue at {__issues__}."
                 )
             parser = _EFFECT_TYPE_I_MAP[effect_type]
-            model = parser.parse_obj(record)
+            model = parser.model_validate(record)
             model_records.append(model)
         super().__init__(records=model_records)
 
diff --git a/stellar_model/response/error_response.py b/stellar_model/response/error_response.py
index 814983d..e91bb2d 100644
--- a/stellar_model/response/error_response.py
+++ b/stellar_model/response/error_response.py
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ class ErrorResponse(BaseModel):
     type: str
     title: str
     status: int
-    detail: Optional[str]
-    extras: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]
+    detail: Optional[str] = None
+    extras: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None
diff --git a/stellar_model/response/operation_response.py b/stellar_model/response/operation_response.py
index 05a7670..6645654 100644
--- a/stellar_model/response/operation_response.py
+++ b/stellar_model/response/operation_response.py
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ def __init__(self, **data):
                 f"Please try to upgrade the library or raise an issue at {__issues__}."
             )
         parser = _OPERATION_TYPE_I_MAP[op_type]
-        record = parser.parse_obj(data)
+        record = parser.model_validate(data)
         super().__init__(record=record)
diff --git a/stellar_model/response/operations_response.py b/stellar_model/response/operations_response.py
index 086768a..0ff491f 100644
--- a/stellar_model/response/operations_response.py
+++ b/stellar_model/response/operations_response.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def __init__(self, records):
                     f"Please try to upgrade the library or raise an issue at {__issues__}."
                 )
             parser = _OPERATION_TYPE_I_MAP[op_type]
-            model = parser.parse_obj(record)
+            model = parser.model_validate(record)
             model_records.append(model)
         super().__init__(records=model_records)
 
diff --git a/stellar_model/response/payments_response.py b/stellar_model/response/payments_response.py
index 7c8c7b8..fd7b84e 100644
--- a/stellar_model/response/payments_response.py
+++ b/stellar_model/response/payments_response.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def __init__(self, records):
                     f"Please try to upgrade the library or raise an issue at {__issues__}."
                 )
             parser = _OPERATION_TYPE_I_MAP[op_type]
-            model = parser.parse_obj(record)
+            model = parser.model_validate(record)
             model_records.append(model)
 
         super().__init__(records=model_records)
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_account.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_account.py
index ed510a7..30182b3 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_account.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_account.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class TestAccount(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("account.json")
-        parsed_data = Account.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Account.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id, "GDI73WJ4SX7LOG3XZDJC3KCK6ED6E5NBYK2JUBQSPBCNNWEG3ZN7T75U"
         )
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_account_data.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_account_data.py
index 350d3a6..1e4756d 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_account_data.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_account_data.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 class TestAccountData(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("account_data.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountData.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountData.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.value, "MQ==")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.sponsor, None)
 
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_asset_stat.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_asset_stat.py
index 38be597..cf09b68 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_asset_stat.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_asset_stat.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 class TestAssetStat(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("asset_stat.json")
-        parsed_data = AssetStat.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AssetStat.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.asset_type, "credit_alphanum4")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.asset_code, "ZX2")
         self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_claimable_balance.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_claimable_balance.py
index f81c3b8..7dead55 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_claimable_balance.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_claimable_balance.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class TestClaimableBalance(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_unconditional_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("claimable_balance_unconditional.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalance.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalance.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id,
             "0000000035950db8eb2f303c37b67890aff15a26b5c16693aba4b40dcd31b54162e60456",
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_unconditional_valid(self):
 
     def test_conditional_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("claimable_balance_conditional.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalance.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalance.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.claimants), 2)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.claimants[0].destination,
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_effects.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_effects.py
index 0b22cd1..98ff630 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_effects.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_effects.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 """
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/")
-        parsed_data = AccountCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.account, "")
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 class TestEffects(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid_account_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_created.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661856401629185-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661856401629185-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def test_valid_account_created(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661749027127297-0000000003")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661749027127297-3")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def test_valid_account_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_credited(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_credited.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountCreditedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountCreditedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661749027127297-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661749027127297-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def test_valid_account_credited(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_debited(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_debited.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountDebitedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountDebitedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661856401629185-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661856401629185-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def test_valid_account_debited(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_thresholds_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_thresholds_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountThresholdsUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountThresholdsUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660954458435585-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660954458435585-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def test_valid_account_thresholds_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_home_domain_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_home_domain_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountHomeDomainUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountHomeDomainUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150665691807358978-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150665691807358978-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def test_valid_account_home_domain_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_flags_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_flags_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountFlagsUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountFlagsUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150740432828043265-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150740432828043265-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def test_valid_account_inflation_destination_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file(
             "effects/account_inflation_destination_updated.json"
         )
-        parsed_data = AccountInflationDestinationUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountInflationDestinationUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660920098471939-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660920098471939-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def test_valid_account_inflation_destination_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_signer_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/signer_created.json")
-        parsed_data = SignerCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SignerCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661856401629185-0000000003")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661856401629185-3")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def test_valid_signer_created(self):
 
     def test_valid_signer_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/signer_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = SignerRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SignerRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661134846902279-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661134846902279-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ def test_valid_signer_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_signer_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/signer_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = SignerUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SignerUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660954458435585-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660954458435585-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def test_valid_signer_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_created.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660636630859777-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660636630859777-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_created(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660924393627649-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660924393627649-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660975933218817-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660975933218817-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_authorized(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_authorized.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineAuthorizedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineAuthorizedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660791249526785-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660791249526785-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_authorized(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_deauthorized(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_deauthorized.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineDeauthorizedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineDeauthorizedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150662573661081605-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150662573661081605-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_authorized_to_maintain_liabilities(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file(
             "effects/trustline_authorized_to_maintain_liabilities.json"
         )
-        parsed_data = TrustlineAuthorizedToMaintainLiabilitiesEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineAuthorizedToMaintainLiabilitiesEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660791249526794-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660791249526794-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_authorized_to_maintain_liabilities(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_flags_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_flags_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineFlagsUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineFlagsUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660791249526785-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660791249526785-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ def test_valid_offer_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_trade(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trade.json")
-        parsed_data = TradeEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TradeEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660580796153857-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660580796153857-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ def test_valid_trade(self):
 
     def test_valid_data_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/data_created.json")
-        parsed_data = DataCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = DataCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660636630765571-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660636630765571-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def test_valid_data_created(self):
 
     def test_valid_data_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/data_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = DataRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = DataRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150660636630765572-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660636630765572-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ def test_valid_data_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_data_updated(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/data_updated.json")
-        parsed_data = DataUpdatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = DataUpdatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661027472793603-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661027472793603-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ def test_valid_data_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_sequence_bumped(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/sequence_bumped.json")
-        parsed_data = SequenceBumpedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SequenceBumpedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0151249850311778305-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "151249850311778305-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ def test_valid_sequence_bumped(self):
 
     def test_valid_claimable_balance_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/claimable_balance_created.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150684654087864322-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150684654087864322-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_created(self):
 
     def test_valid_claimable_balance_claimant_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/claimable_balance_claimant_created.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceClaimantCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceClaimantCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150684654087864322-0000000003")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150684654087864322-3")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_claimant_created(self):
 
     def test_valid_claimable_balance_claimed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/claimable_balance_claimed.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceClaimedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceClaimedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150803053451329538-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150803053451329538-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_claimed(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_sponsorship_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_sponsorship_created.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountSponsorshipCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountSponsorshipCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661134846902274-0000000004")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661134846902274-4")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ def test_valid_account_sponsorship_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_sponsorship_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/account_sponsorship_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountSponsorshipRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountSponsorshipRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0151324471070908417-0000000004")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "151324471070908417-4")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ def test_valid_account_sponsorship_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_sponsorship_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_sponsorship_created.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineSponsorshipCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineSponsorshipCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661134846902276-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661134846902276-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_sponsorship_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_trustline_sponsorship_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/trustline_sponsorship_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = TrustlineSponsorshipRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TrustlineSponsorshipRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150671008977530881-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150671008977530881-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ def test_valid_trustline_sponsorship_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_data_sponsorship_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/data_sponsorship_created.json")
-        parsed_data = DataSponsorshipCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = DataSponsorshipCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0003520460138483714-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "3520460138483714-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ def test_valid_data_sponsorship_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_data_sponsorship_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/data_sponsorship_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = DataSponsorshipRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = DataSponsorshipRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0003520511678095361-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "3520511678095361-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_sponsorship_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file(
             "effects/claimable_balance_sponsorship_created.json"
         )
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceSponsorshipCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceSponsorshipCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150684654087864322-0000000005")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150684654087864322-5")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_sponsorship_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file(
             "effects/claimable_balance_sponsorship_removed.json"
         )
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceSponsorshipRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceSponsorshipRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150803053451329538-0000000003")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150803053451329538-3")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_sponsorship_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_signer_sponsorship_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/signer_sponsorship_created.json")
-        parsed_data = SignerSponsorshipCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SignerSponsorshipCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661134846902275-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661134846902275-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ def test_valid_signer_sponsorship_updated(self):
 
     def test_valid_signer_sponsorship_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/signer_sponsorship_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = SignerSponsorshipRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SignerSponsorshipRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0150661624473337857-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661624473337857-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ def test_valid_signer_sponsorship_removed(self):
 
     def test_valid_claimable_balance_clawed_back(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/claimable_balance_clawed_back.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceClawedBackEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceClawedBackEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0003513936083165185-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "3513936083165185-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ def test_valid_claimable_balance_clawed_back(self):
 
     def test_liquidity_pool_deposited(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/liquidity_pool_deposited.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolDepositedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolDepositedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0001579044726386689-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1579044726386689-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ def test_liquidity_pool_deposited(self):
 
     def test_liquidity_pool_withdrew(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/liquidity_pool_withdrew.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolWithdrewEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolWithdrewEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0001579096265998337-0000000001")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1579096265998337-1")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ def test_liquidity_pool_withdrew(self):
 
     def test_liquidity_pool_trade(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/liquidity_pool_trade.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolTradeEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolTradeEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0001579418388553729-0000000003")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1579418388553729-3")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ def test_liquidity_pool_trade(self):
 
     def test_liquidity_pool_created(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/liquidity_pool_created.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolCreatedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolCreatedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0001578868632723457-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1578868632723457-2")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ def test_liquidity_pool_created(self):
 
     def test_liquidity_pool_removed(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("effects/liquidity_pool_removed.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolRemovedEffect.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolRemovedEffect.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "0179972298072752130-0000000002")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "179972298072752130-2")
         self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_fee_stats.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_fee_stats.py
index 9f28437..7298795 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_fee_stats.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_fee_stats.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 class TestFeeStats(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("fee_stats.json")
-        parsed_data = FeeStats.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = FeeStats.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.last_ledger, 35068310)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.last_ledger_base_fee, 100)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.ledger_capacity_usage, Decimal("0.16"))
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_ledger.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_ledger.py
index d57bae7..9ea5226 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_ledger.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_ledger.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class TestLedger(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("ledger.json")
-        parsed_data = Ledger.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Ledger.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id,
             "548393ec23959e1959a62f003029ecf96be89e13df036073bf64918996ec4227",
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_liquidity_pool.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_liquidity_pool.py
index 0323278..17f8f7d 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_liquidity_pool.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_liquidity_pool.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class TestLiquidityPool(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid_native(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("liquidity_pool_native.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPool.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPool.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id,
             "2389378a6156eedfac66daa000d24c926431c3e667b9f754771964f27a6da6ab",
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_valid_native(self):
 
     def test_valid_alphanum(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("liquidity_pool_alphanum.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPool.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPool.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id,
             "2389378a6156eedfac66daa000d24c926431c3e667b9f754771964f27a6da6ab",
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_offer.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_offer.py
index 1647382..370e6fa 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_offer.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_offer.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class TestOffer(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("offer.json")
-        parsed_data = Offer.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Offer.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "544689347")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "544689347")
         self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_operations.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_operations.py
index 833378f..1e6d87b 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_operations.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 """
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/")
-        parsed_data = CreateAccountOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = CreateAccountOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 class TestOperations(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid_create_account_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/create_account.json")
-        parsed_data = CreateAccountOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = CreateAccountOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661852106629126")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661852106629126")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def test_valid_create_account_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_payment_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/payment.json")
-        parsed_data = PaymentOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = PaymentOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661113372200961")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661113372200961")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_valid_payment_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_path_payment_strict_receive_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/path_payment_strict_receive.json")
-        parsed_data = PathPaymentStrictReceiveOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = PathPaymentStrictReceiveOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661572933464065")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661572933464065")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, False)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def test_valid_path_payment_strict_receive_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_manage_sell_offer_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/manage_sell_offer.json")
-        parsed_data = ManageSellOfferOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ManageSellOfferOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661572935458818")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661572935458818")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def test_valid_manage_sell_offer_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_create_passive_sell_offer_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/create_passive_sell_offer.json")
-        parsed_data = CreatePassiveSellOfferOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = CreatePassiveSellOfferOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150701833957081089")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150701833957081089")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ def test_valid_create_passive_sell_offer_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_set_options_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/set_options.json")
-        parsed_data = SetOptionsOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SetOptionsOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "2696453482881025")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "2696453482881025")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def test_valid_set_options_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_change_trust_operation_asset(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/change_trust_asset.json")
-        parsed_data = ChangeTrustOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ChangeTrustOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661512804089860")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661512804089860")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def test_valid_change_trust_operation_asset(self):
 
     def test_valid_change_trust_operation_liquidity_pool_id(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/change_trust_liquidity_pool_id.json")
-        parsed_data = ChangeTrustOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ChangeTrustOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "1578868632723457")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1578868632723457")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ def test_valid_change_trust_operation_liquidity_pool_id(self):
 
     def test_valid_allow_trust_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/allow_trust.json")
-        parsed_data = AllowTrustOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AllowTrustOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150662449110290439")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150662449110290439")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ def test_valid_allow_trust_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_account_merge_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/account_merge.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountMergeOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountMergeOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661877876133889")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661877876133889")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ def test_valid_account_merge_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_inflation_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/inflation.json")
-        parsed_data = InflationOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = InflationOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "85376614040350721")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "85376614040350721")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, False)
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ def test_valid_inflation_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_manage_data_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/manage_data.json")
-        parsed_data = ManageDataOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ManageDataOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150660585091022850")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660585091022850")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ def test_valid_manage_data_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_bump_sequence_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/bump_sequence.json")
-        parsed_data = BumpSequenceOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = BumpSequenceOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150675003296243713")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150675003296243713")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ def test_valid_bump_sequence_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_manage_buy_offer_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/manage_buy_offer.json")
-        parsed_data = ManageBuyOfferOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ManageBuyOfferOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150661598703333378")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150661598703333378")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ def test_valid_manage_buy_offer_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_path_payment_strict_send_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/path_payment_strict_send.json")
-        parsed_data = PathPaymentStrictSendOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = PathPaymentStrictSendOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150660589386170369")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660589386170369")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ def test_valid_path_payment_strict_send_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_create_claimable_balance_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/create_claimable_balance.json")
-        parsed_data = CreateClaimableBalanceOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = CreateClaimableBalanceOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150684654087864322")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150684654087864322")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ def test_valid_create_claimable_balance_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_claim_claimable_balance_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/claim_claimable_balance.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimClaimableBalanceOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimClaimableBalanceOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "2730894825627649")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "2730894825627649")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ def test_valid_claim_claimable_balance_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_begin_sponsoring_future_reserves_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/begin_sponsoring_future_reserves.json")
-        parsed_data = BeginSponsoringFutureReservesOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = BeginSponsoringFutureReservesOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150660619450806273")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660619450806273")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ def test_valid_begin_sponsoring_future_reserves_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_end_sponsoring_future_reserves_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/end_sponsoring_future_reserves.json")
-        parsed_data = EndSponsoringFutureReservesOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = EndSponsoringFutureReservesOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150660606565855256")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150660606565855256")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ def test_valid_end_sponsoring_future_reserves_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_revoke_sponsorship_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/revoke_sponsorship.json")
-        parsed_data = RevokeSponsorshipOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = RevokeSponsorshipOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "2731345797189633")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "2731345797189633")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ def test_valid_revoke_sponsorship_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_clawback_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/clawback.json")
-        parsed_data = ClawbackOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClawbackOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "3510036252856321")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "3510036252856321")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ def test_valid_clawback_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_clawback_claimable_balance_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/clawback_claimable_balance.json")
-        parsed_data = ClawbackClaimableBalanceOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClawbackClaimableBalanceOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "3513936083165185")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "3513936083165185")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ def test_valid_clawback_claimable_balance_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_set_trust_line_flags_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/set_trust_line_flags.json")
-        parsed_data = SetTrustLineFlagsOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = SetTrustLineFlagsOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "3513373442449409")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "3513373442449409")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ def test_valid_set_trust_line_flags_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_liquidity_pool_deposit_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/liquidity_pool_deposit.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolDepositOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolDepositOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "1579044726386689")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1579044726386689")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ def test_valid_liquidity_pool_deposit_operation(self):
 
     def test_valid_liquidity_pool_withdraw_operation(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("operations/liquidity_pool_withdraw.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolWithdrawOperation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolWithdrawOperation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "1579096265998337")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1579096265998337")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.transaction_successful, True)
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_order_book_summary.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_order_book_summary.py
index e284ad6..9f41a67 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_order_book_summary.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_order_book_summary.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 class TestOrderBookSummary(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("order_book_summary.json")
-        parsed_data = OrderBookSummary.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = OrderBookSummary.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.base.asset_type, "native")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.base.asset_code, None)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.base.asset_issuer, None)
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_path.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_path.py
index fb91a9c..3dedf1f 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_path.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_path.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 class TestPath(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("path.json")
-        parsed_data = Path.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Path.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.source_asset_type, "credit_alphanum4")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.source_asset_code, "CNY")
         self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_root.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_root.py
index 8510d0d..ddde3e4 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_root.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_root.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestRoot(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("root.json")
-        parsed_data = Root.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Root.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.horizon_version,
             "2.2.0-7d7e58007af55e7697223009fd24daf76aa908e2",
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_trade.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_trade.py
index 27ea771..527bb9b 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_trade.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_trade.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class TestTrade(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid_orderbook(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("trade_orderbook.json")
-        parsed_data = Trade.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Trade.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "150615114272284677-0")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "150615114272284677-0")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def test_valid_orderbook(self):
 
     def test_valid_liquidity_pool(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("trade_liquidity_pool.json")
-        parsed_data = Trade.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Trade.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.id, "1567602933510145-0")
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.paging_token, "1567602933510145-0")
         self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_trade_aggregation.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_trade_aggregation.py
index 93609de..a03d1c2 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_trade_aggregation.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_trade_aggregation.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 class TestTradeAggregation(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("trade_aggregation.json")
-        parsed_data = TradeAggregation.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TradeAggregation.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.timestamp, 1619081700000)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.trade_count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_data.base_volume, Decimal("3.9000000"))
diff --git a/tests/model/horizon/test_transaction.py b/tests/model/horizon/test_transaction.py
index 23a755f..f324094 100644
--- a/tests/model/horizon/test_transaction.py
+++ b/tests/model/horizon/test_transaction.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestTransaction(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_transaction_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("transaction.json")
-        parsed_data = Transaction.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Transaction.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id,
             "5ebd5c0af4385500b53dd63b0ef5f6e8feef1a7e1c86989be3cdcce825f3c0cc",
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def test_transaction_valid(self):
 
     def test_transaction_fee_bump_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("transaction_fee_bump.json")
-        parsed_data = Transaction.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Transaction.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.id,
             "ac8cf91a1c0559091ba26573c0966191ae81466d5df4931af302f135d99c0d72",
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def test_transaction_fee_bump_valid(self):
 
     def test_transaction_muxed_account_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("transaction_muxed_account.json")
-        parsed_data = Transaction.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = Transaction.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.account_muxed,
             "MDSPXRRA5D4WD4LCR6NNZEHQJHHZ74UCPHXJT4SC7HCFWJFOFOLUUAAAAAAAAAAAPMRCO",
diff --git a/tests/response/test_account_data_response.py b/tests/response/test_account_data_response.py
index f8be2c2..21700e9 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_account_data_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_account_data_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestAccountDataResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("account_data.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountDataResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountDataResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, AccountDataResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, AccountData))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_account_response.py b/tests/response/test_account_response.py
index 0c3ba13..039c841 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_account_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_account_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestAccountResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("account.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, AccountResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, Account))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_accounts_response.py b/tests/response/test_accounts_response.py
index e9a1c96..4e2b754 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_accounts_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_accounts_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestAccountsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("accounts_response.json")
-        parsed_data = AccountsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AccountsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 10)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, Account))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_assets_response.py b/tests/response/test_assets_response.py
index 8b1c451..f754a19 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_assets_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_assets_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestAssetsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("assets_response.json")
-        parsed_data = AssetsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = AssetsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 100)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, AssetStat))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_claimable_balance_response.py b/tests/response/test_claimable_balance_response.py
index 284ef8f..7904732 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_claimable_balance_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_claimable_balance_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestClaimableBalanceResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("claimable_balance_conditional.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalanceResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, ClaimableBalanceResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, ClaimableBalance))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_claimable_balances_response.py b/tests/response/test_claimable_balances_response.py
index 1b52b9b..20d7e0c 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_claimable_balances_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_claimable_balances_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestClaimableBalancesResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("claimable_balances_response.json")
-        parsed_data = ClaimableBalancesResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ClaimableBalancesResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 20)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, ClaimableBalance))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_effect_response.py b/tests/response/test_effect_response.py
index 3b0f5fa..d6464ad 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_effect_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_effect_response.py
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class TestEffectResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         for op in ops:
             raw_data = load_horizon_file(f"effects/{op['filename']}")
-            parsed_data = EffectResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+            parsed_data = EffectResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, EffectResponse))
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data.record, op["class"]))
             self.assertEqual(raw_data["id"], parsed_data.record.id)
diff --git a/tests/response/test_effects_response.py b/tests/response/test_effects_response.py
index f98c891..34311dd 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_effects_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_effects_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestEffectsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("effects_response.json")
-        parsed_data = EffectsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = EffectsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 200)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, BaseEffect))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_error_response.py b/tests/response/test_error_response.py
index 4e362fe..a587e1e 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_error_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_error_response.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 class TestErrorResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("error_response.json")
-        parsed_data = ErrorResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = ErrorResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(
             parsed_data.type, "https://stellar.org/horizon-errors/transaction_failed"
         )
diff --git a/tests/response/test_fee_stats_response.py b/tests/response/test_fee_stats_response.py
index 0e54a44..99f2c50 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_fee_stats_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_fee_stats_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestFeeStatsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("fee_stats.json")
-        parsed_data = FeeStatsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = FeeStatsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, FeeStatsResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, FeeStats))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_ledger_response.py b/tests/response/test_ledger_response.py
index 31281de..3b76a0a 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_ledger_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_ledger_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestLedgerResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("ledger.json")
-        parsed_data = LedgerResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LedgerResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, LedgerResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, Ledger))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_ledgers_response.py b/tests/response/test_ledgers_response.py
index 28ed94c..85b90aa 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_ledgers_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_ledgers_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestLedgersResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("ledgers_response.json")
-        parsed_data = LedgersResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LedgersResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 20)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, Ledger))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_liquidity_pool_response.py b/tests/response/test_liquidity_pool_response.py
index b52ead7..131c88c 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_liquidity_pool_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_liquidity_pool_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestLiquidityPoolResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("liquidity_pool_alphanum.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, LiquidityPoolResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, LiquidityPool))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_liquidity_pools_response.py b/tests/response/test_liquidity_pools_response.py
index 24c1122..8abc731 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_liquidity_pools_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_liquidity_pools_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestLiquidityPoolsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("liquidity_pools_response.json")
-        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = LiquidityPoolsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 10)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, LiquidityPool))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_offer_response.py b/tests/response/test_offer_response.py
index a9c47ad..2855d2c 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_offer_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_offer_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestOfferResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("offer.json")
-        parsed_data = OfferResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = OfferResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, OfferResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, Offer))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_offers_response.py b/tests/response/test_offers_response.py
index cef8152..4f96d3a 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_offers_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_offers_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestOffersResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("offers_response.json")
-        parsed_data = OffersResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = OffersResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 20)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, Offer))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_operation_response.py b/tests/response/test_operation_response.py
index 2ed46b9..15b6d17 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_operation_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_operation_response.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class TestOperationResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         for op in ops:
             raw_data = load_horizon_file(f"operations/{op['filename']}")
-            parsed_data = OperationResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+            parsed_data = OperationResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, OperationResponse))
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data.record, op["class"]))
             self.assertEqual(raw_data["id"], parsed_data.record.id)
diff --git a/tests/response/test_operations_response.py b/tests/response/test_operations_response.py
index e8f4742..b02b365 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_operations_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_operations_response.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 class TestOperationsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("operations_response.json")
-        parsed_data = OperationsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = OperationsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 18)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(record.type in ops)
diff --git a/tests/response/test_order_book_response.py b/tests/response/test_order_book_response.py
index 6bb97c2..a140464 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_order_book_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_order_book_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestLedgerResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("order_book_response.json")
-        parsed_data = OrderBookResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = OrderBookResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, OrderBookResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, OrderBookSummary))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_paths_response.py b/tests/response/test_paths_response.py
index 77f827d..864cbfb 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_paths_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_paths_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestPathsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("paths_response.json")
-        parsed_data = PathsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = PathsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 5)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, Path))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_payments_response.py b/tests/response/test_payments_response.py
index e557ad0..1fdc622 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_payments_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_payments_response.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 class TestPaymentsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("payments_response.json")
-        parsed_data = PaymentsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = PaymentsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 100)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(record.type in payment_ops)
diff --git a/tests/response/test_root_response.py b/tests/response/test_root_response.py
index 656d3ec..ef87d4f 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_root_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_root_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestRootResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("root.json")
-        parsed_data = RootResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = RootResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, RootResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, Root))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_trade_aggregations_response.py b/tests/response/test_trade_aggregations_response.py
index cf48f1d..eb8e995 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_trade_aggregations_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_trade_aggregations_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestTradeAggregationsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("trade_aggregations_response.json")
-        parsed_data = TradeAggregationsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TradeAggregationsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 100)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, TradeAggregation))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_trades_response.py b/tests/response/test_trades_response.py
index a79be71..141fabf 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_trades_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_trades_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestTradesResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("trades_response.json")
-        parsed_data = TradesResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TradesResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 100)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, Trade))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_transaction_response.py b/tests/response/test_transaction_response.py
index bf43147..af11a50 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_transaction_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_transaction_response.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 class TestTransactionResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_horizon_file("transaction.json")
-        parsed_data = TransactionResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TransactionResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, TransactionResponse))
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(parsed_data, Transaction))
diff --git a/tests/response/test_transactions_response.py b/tests/response/test_transactions_response.py
index 244bfe4..5425843 100644
--- a/tests/response/test_transactions_response.py
+++ b/tests/response/test_transactions_response.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 class TestTransactionsResponse(TestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         raw_data = load_response_file("transactions_response.json")
-        parsed_data = TransactionsResponse.parse_obj(raw_data)
+        parsed_data = TransactionsResponse.model_validate(raw_data)
         self.assertEqual(len(parsed_data.embedded.records), 100)
         for record in parsed_data.embedded.records:
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(record, Transaction))