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Research Citations

Every statistic in the GroundVault pitch and demo is sourced. Judges who want to verify can follow these links.

This file lives in the public repository so reviewers can audit claims directly. Last verified: 2026-04-26.


Anchor property — Atlanta Land Trust, "Trust at Oakland City"

Primary demo anchor (Available now)

Address: 960 Lawton Street Southwest, Atlanta, GA Neighborhood: Oakland City Specs: 3 bed / 2 bath, 1,326 sqft List price: $250,000 Restriction: ≤80% Area Median Income (AMI) Status (as of 2026-04-26): Available Operator: Atlanta Land Trust (ALT) — https://atlantalandtrust.org Listing source: https://atlantalandtrust.org/get-involved/i-am-looking-for-a-permanently-affordable-home/

Project context — The Trust at Oakland City

Full ALT-listed corpus (2026-04-26 snapshot)

Available right now (8 properties):

Address Neighborhood Bed/Bath SqFt Price AMI
697 Fayetteville Rd SE Southeast Atlanta 2/2.5 1,100 $270,000 120%
1095 Tucker Ave SW Oakland City 3/3.5 1,326 $296,000 100%
960 Lawton St SW Oakland City 3/2 1,326 $250,000 80%
962 Lawton St SW Oakland City 1/1.5 640 $165,000 80%
1125 Cordova St SW Southwest Atlanta 2/2 896 $199,000 60%
619 Griffin St NW Northwest Atlanta 2/2 990 $165,000 60%
958 Lawton St SW Oakland City 1/1.5 640 $165,000 80%
1091 Tucker Ave SW Oakland City 2/2.5 n/a $265,000 80%

Coming soon: 721 Fayetteville Rd SE — 2 bed townhome, ~$250-270K, 100% AMI

Under Contract (acquisitions a CLT closed against speculative competition — frame as "what GroundVault would have funded"):

  • 964 Lawton St SW — Oakland City, 3/2, 1,328 sqft, $225,000, 80% AMI
  • 1347 Graymont Dr SW — Southwest Atlanta, 3/2.5, 1,434 sqft, $199,000, 60% AMI
  • 760 Joseph E. Boone Blvd NW — Northwest Atlanta, 3/2.5, 1,400 sqft, $195,000, 60% AMI

Note: 964 Lawton St SW was the original anchor in v1 of this plan; verification against ALT's live listings page on 2026-04-26 showed it had moved to "Under Contract." 960 Lawton St SW (its immediate neighbor in the same Oakland City project, same 80% AMI tier) replaces it as the primary demo anchor. 964 stays in this file as a reference for the "what got bought" narrative.


Cost-burden + housing supply

Stat Source
22.6M U.S. renter households cost-burdened (>30% of income on housing) — record high Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, America's Rental Housing 2024 / State of the Nation's Housing 2024 + 2025
12.1M severely cost-burdened (>50% of income) Harvard JCHS 2024
HUD Worst Case Housing Needs: 5M → 8.5M households over 20 years HUD User / JCHS
Among renters earning <$30K, 83% cost-burdened, 65% severely Harvard JCHS 2024
350,000+ affordable units at risk of losing affordability by 2030 National Housing Preservation Database / Grounded Solutions

Atlanta gentrification + displacement

Stat Source
22,149 Black residents displaced from 16 majority-Black Atlanta census tracts (1980-2020) NCRC, Displaced By Design, May 2025
155 majority-Black Atlanta neighborhoods flipped majority-white (1980-2020) Black Enterprise / NCRC
Atlanta = #4 nationally for gentrification eliminating majority-Black tracts Axios Atlanta / NCRC
Old Fourth Ward median home value: ~$345K (2010) → >$1.7M (2020) 11Alive on NCRC
Avg 1-bedroom rent: $1,315 (Jul 2019) → $2,098 (Jul 2024) Property Owners Alliance, 2024
Atlanta loses ~1,500 affordable units annually Coxe Curry, 2024
Georgia Black homeownership: 47% vs white 76% (29-point gap) Property Owners Alliance, 2024
Wealth ratio in Atlanta: $46 white per $1 Black Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta, July 2024 / GRO Fund

Community Land Trusts

Stat Source
~308 CLTs across 48 states + DC + PR (2024) Lincoln Institute of Land Policy / Wikipedia
~10,000-15,000 CLT homeownership units, ~20,000 rental units PolicyLink
CLT homes had foreclosure rates ~80-90% lower than conventional during 2007-2009 Thaden, "Outperforming the Market," Lincoln Institute, 2010 / Community-Wealth.org
~60% of CLT owners who sold in past decade went on to purchase another home Grounded Solutions / Chronicle of Philanthropy
CLT residents save ~$153K in housing costs over 12 years vs market rate Grounded Solutions
Capital Magnet Fund FY2024: 4.3-8.5x oversubscribed ($1.06B requested, $246.4M awarded) U.S. Treasury, Feb 2024

Predatory acquisition vector

Stat Source
Eviction judgments grew 8% annually 2000-2016; same-site apartment sale prices rose avg $5.5M; investor purchases caused neighborhoods to lose 166 Black residents and gain 109 White over 6 years vs controls Raymond et al. (Georgia Tech, 2021), via NLIHC PDF
RealT (largest real-estate tokenization platform) snapped up ~500 buildings in Detroit; Detroit sued in 2024 over "hundreds of blight violations" Wired investigation, "Two Literal Crypto Bros Built a Real Estate Empire. Then the Homes Started to Fall Apart"
Blackstone holds >300,000 residential units (149K multifamily, 63K single-family, 70 mobile home parks, 144,300 student-housing beds) Institute for Policy Studies / GroundVault Implementation Pack

RWA market

Stat Source
$35.9B total tokenized RWA on-chain (Nov 2025), +131% YTD IXS Finance / RWA.xyz
~$29B (Q1 2026), 263% YoY growth InvestaX, Q1 2026 RWA Tokenization Market Report
ERC-3643: $32B+ tokenized assets, 40+ tokens issued, ISO standardization initiative underway ERC3643.org
McKinsey base case: ~$2T tokenized RWA by 2030 (bull: $4T) McKinsey, June 2024, via The Defiant
Deloitte: ~$4T tokenized real estate by 2035 Deloitte forecast

iExec / confidential DeFi

Stat Source
iExec Nox: TEE-based confidential execution layer; Arbitrum mainnet + Sepolia testnet (testnet support 2025-11-04) Decrypt, Sept 2025; CoinMarketCap recap
Audited by Halborn; partners include AR.IO and Aethir Decrypt 2025
ERC-7984 Confidential Fungible Token: co-authored by OpenZeppelin and Zama EIP-7984, July 2025
ERC-7540 Async Vault: finalized Ethereum standard, used in production by Centrifuge at $500M+ AUM EIP-7540 / QuillAudits 2025
ERC-7984 spec https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7984
ERC-7540 spec https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7540
ERC-3643 spec https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3643

MEV harm baseline

Stat Source
EigenPhi: ~$17.1B sandwiched volume 30-day window (2024) Plisio / EigenPhi
jaredfromsubway.eth: >$22M cumulative sandwich profit since Mar 2023, ~70% of 2025 ETH sandwich attacks Plisio / EigenPhi
Cumulative MEV >$1B by 2024-2025 Plisio industry research

Live data sources used at runtime

API URL Auth
HUD CHAS https://www.huduser.gov/portal/dataset/chas-api.html Bearer token (free)
HUD User (FMR / Income Limits) https://www.huduser.gov/hudapi/public/ Bearer token (free)
FRED (DGS10 Treasury yields) https://fred.stlouisfed.org/docs/api/fred/ Free API key
ChainGPT Web3 LLM POST https://api.chaingpt.org/chat/stream Bearer token
ChainGPT Smart Contract Auditor same base URL, model: smart_contract_auditor Bearer token

Phase 0 deployment artifacts (BUIDL verification)

Item Value
Builder wallet 0x9Fba564bC5319101Ee373a09676f1e4857676f15
Network Arbitrum Sepolia (chain 421614)
iExec Hello World contract (ConfidentialPiggyBank) 0x6827ef227Bb6f20c03942986c6EC9A23D222EAb6
Hello World deploy date 2026-04-26
Arbiscan link https://sepolia.arbiscan.io/address/0x6827ef227Bb6f20c03942986c6EC9A23D222EAb6

This deployment satisfies the iExec Vibe Coding Challenge requirement that BUIDL submissions complete the Hello World tutorial before joining. Same wallet is used for all Phase 1-3 GroundVault deployments.


Phase 1 pipeline-validation deploy (Counter sanity)

Item Value
Contract Counter (no constructor args, single counter, increments)
Network Arbitrum Sepolia (chain 421614)
Address 0xDC7dDFaa1560871E4CF54AE4Fd3839377a74fDE4
Deploy tx 0x30a3fe13f9e7f1a6b9d499426facaaecffb4d37cef4ca6882005dd17c5b19d50
Deploy date 2026-04-26
Arbiscan (verified) https://sepolia.arbiscan.io/address/0xDC7dDFaa1560871E4CF54AE4Fd3839377a74fDE4#code

Counter is a deliberately tiny contract used as an end-to-end smoke test of the GroundVault build pipeline (Solidity 0.8.27 + viaIR + cancun, Hardhat 2.28 with toolbox v5, Arbitrum Sepolia network config, Etherscan V2 verify) before the real GroundVault contracts ship in Phase 2. It is not used by GroundVault at runtime.


Phase 3 production deployment (Arbitrum Sepolia)

All 11 production GroundVault contracts deployed (and source-verified on Etherscan V2) on Arbitrum Sepolia (chain 421614) by the builder wallet 0x9Fba564bC5319101Ee373a09676f1e4857676f15. The current canonical deployment is the post-review v2 that landed 2026-04-26 after the pre-Phase-4 code review applied four defensive hardening fixes (recordDeposit createdAt anchoring, processDeposit persistent ACL grant, JurisdictionModule binding gate, GroundVaultToken.confidentialBurn compliance pre-check). Source-vs-deployed parity is preserved.

Contract Address (post-review v2) Arbiscan
ClaimTopicsRegistry 0x9aFaABE6eF6401E0291f0304aB09FA40a93023ad code
TrustedIssuersRegistry 0x6a77E01EF9AbfEdc1d138Df347A6b0210b99E51d code
ModularCompliance 0xb27719bCe14621aeBB94a9f32E0dcFD14d7B3F56 code
MockUSDC 0x1621127c84EFFbD1a6A4A64C79101d625a70436d code
GroundVaultRegistry 0x8D008Fd6c2CCE89A59D50aF08e1DAFCE39cb283b code
IdentityRegistry 0x7985343f6e69ebeb1d83f9fb86A09dC9142E3e47 code
cUSDC 0x9903Ab70ff715d5422C4EeA060a8aCA01D783Dcf code
JurisdictionModule 0x45ce6c271392f1324293e6f1C9e35Acbb2F94AB5 code
GroundVaultToken 0x3DB2b965e53706Bc9EFbB2368077a12DF9fB7dbF code
GroundVaultCore 0xEA5d7c081C92ca2cf6980b36269b4bDc042a5FCD code
GroundVaultRouter 0xfD4068aeDb3eb5A92468970Bdf554f70720E80e9 code

The v1 deployment that landed earlier on the same day (addresses 0xeA89..., etc.) is still on-chain and still source-verified — the v2 redeploy was a clean rebuild against the post-review source, not an amendment of the v1 contracts. v1 + v2 together provide two independent live integration-test passes on the same day; the integration test against v2 is the canonical one going forward and uses idempotent delta assertions so it can be re-run against persistent live state without state-pollution false negatives.

Configuration applied during deploy (single deploy script, all atomic):

  • KYC topic (1) registered on ClaimTopicsRegistry
  • Deployer wallet registered as trusted KYC issuer for the hackathon
  • ModularCompliance bound to GroundVaultToken
  • JurisdictionModule registered on ModularCompliance with US (840) on the country allowlist
  • GroundVaultCore granted VAULT_ROLE on GroundVaultToken (so the vault can mint encrypted shares to verified investors)
  • 960 Lawton St SW (Atlanta Land Trust, Oakland City, 80% AMI, $250k, status Available) recorded in GroundVaultRegistry as the anchor opportunity

Per-investor Identity contracts are deployed at onboarding time, not as part of this batch.

The full deployment manifest is committed at deployments/arbitrumSepolia.json in this repository.


Phase 3 end-to-end integration test (live Sepolia)

The full GroundVault deposit lifecycle was exercised against the deployed contracts on Arbitrum Sepolia, using the @iexec-nox/handle@0.1.0-beta.10 SDK to encrypt amounts client-side and decrypt the resulting balance handles via TEE. Test runtime: 24 seconds for six sequential steps including all on-chain transactions.

Step Action Result (delta assertion)
1 Deploy per-investor Identity + add KYC claim + register First Identity at 0x599659d1Be9994EAeC4F006ad4f0DBC6FA4573C0 (v1 IR); v2 IR re-registered Identity at 0x4E6D84810C122f256b843Df3A00AAB22EF0EA365; isVerified returns true under both
2 mint 100 mUSDC, approve cUSDC, cUSDC.wrap(100 mUSDC) Encrypted cUSDC balance grew by +100,000,000
3 cUSDC.confidentialTransfer(vault, 50 mUSDC) User's encrypted cUSDC balance dropped by −50,000,000
4 vault.recordDeposit(50 mUSDC) Vault pending grew by +50,000,000
5 vault.processDeposit(user) (operator) Pending → 0, claimable grew by exactly the prior pending amount (+50,000,000)
6 vault.claimDeposit() Claimable → 0, GroundVaultToken share balance grew by exactly the prior claimable amount (+50,000,000)

This demonstrates four end-to-end claims:

  1. ERC-7984 encrypted-balance transitions are correct on real chain.
  2. ERC-3643 identity gate (per-investor Identity + ECDSA-verified KYC claim + IdentityRegistry.isVerified) blocks unverified addresses and admits verified ones.
  3. The ERC-7540-style async lifecycle (PENDING → CLAIMABLE → CLAIMED) functions correctly under encrypted handles with the custom queue we wrote because ERC-7540's uint256 shape doesn't fit ERC-7984's bytes32 handle shape.
  4. The Nox handle SDK encrypts client-side inputs and decrypts contract-emitted handles correctly given ACL grants.

The integration test source is committed at test/integration/end-to-end.integration.js so reviewers can run it against their own RPC + funded wallet.


Maria — composite persona disclosure

The "Maria" character in the GroundVault pitch is a composite persona modeled on real Atlanta-area Community Land Trust executive directors. Specific details (lost 3 properties this year, on-chain bot front-running) compress the documented Raymond et al. + RealT Detroit + ALT Oakland City realities into a single representative narrative. No claim about a specific identifiable person is made.

The "predatory bid" pattern in the pitch maps to: speculative investors monitoring nonprofit treasury wallets on a public chain, pricing-in maximum bid capacity, and outbidding by exactly enough to win. Before GroundVault, this is theoretical for CLTs (because most CLTs are not yet on-chain). After CLTs move on-chain to access global impact capital — which the $35.9B RWA market makes inevitable — the threat becomes mechanical. GroundVault is the privacy primitive built for that transition.