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+//Exercises_9_1-2-10-11-12-15-16.cpp Exercises at end of Chapter 8
+#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace cv;
+using namespace std;
+
+ 
+void help(const char **argv) {
+	cout << "\n\n"
+		<< "This program solves the Exercise 1 at the end of Chapter 9 \n"
+		<< "Call:\n"
+		<< argv[0] << " <path/image_name>\n\n"
+		<< "For example: ./" << argv[0] << " ../lena.jpg\n"
+		<< endl;
+}
+
+int main( int argc, const char** argv )
+{
+	help(argv);
+	if(argc < 2) {
+		cout << "\nERROR: You had too few parameters.\n" << endl;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	Mat src ;
+	Mat gray;
+	Mat mask;
+	Mat temp;
+	Mat temp2;
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 1.  Load an image with interesting textures. Smooth the image in several ways using
+	cv::smooth() with smoothtype=cv::GAUSSIAN.
+	a.  Use a symmetric 3 × 3, 5 × 5, 9 × 9, and 11 × 11 smoothing window size and
+	display the results.
+	b.  Are the output results nearly the same by smoothing the image twice with a
+	5 × 5 Gaussian filter as when you smooth once with two 11 × 11 filters? Why
+	or why not?                                                                     */
+	/************************************************************************/	
+	src = imread(argv[1]);
+	if (src.empty())
+	{
+		cout << "\nERROR: parameters is not a image name.\n" << endl;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	double minPixelValue, maxPixelValue;
+	//a
+	Mat smooth33;Mat smooth55;Mat smooth99;Mat smooth111;
+	GaussianBlur(src,smooth33,cv::Size(3,3),0);
+	GaussianBlur(src,smooth55,cv::Size(5,5),0);
+	GaussianBlur(src,smooth99,cv::Size(9,9),0);
+	GaussianBlur(src,smooth111,cv::Size(11,11),0);
+	//b
+	GaussianBlur(smooth55,smooth55,cv::Size(5,5),0);
+	temp = smooth55 - smooth111;
+	cv::minMaxIdx(temp, &minPixelValue, &maxPixelValue);
+	// maxPixelVaule  = 19 ,the result is " 5 × 5 Gaussian filter twice" is much like "11 × 11 filters"
+
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 2.  Create a 100 × 100 single-channel image. Set all pixels to 0. Finally, set the center
+	pixel equal to 255.
+	a.  Smooth this image with a 5 × 5 Gaussian filter and display the results. What
+	did you find?
+	b.  Do this again but with a 9 × 9 Gaussian filter.
+	c.  What does it look like if you start over and smooth the image twice with the 5
+	× 5 filter? Compare this with the 9 × 9 results. Are they nearly the same? Why
+	or why not?
+	*/
+	/************************************************************************/
+	Mat singleChanel100 = Mat(100,100,CV_8U,Scalar(0));
+	singleChanel100.at<uchar>(50,50) = 255;
+	
+	//a
+	GaussianBlur(singleChanel100,temp,cv::Size(5,5),0);
+	imshow("5 × 5 Gaussian filter",temp);
+	//b
+	GaussianBlur(singleChanel100,temp,cv::Size(9,9),0);
+	imshow("9 × 9Gaussian filter",temp);
+	//c
+	GaussianBlur(singleChanel100,temp,cv::Size(5,5),0);
+	GaussianBlur(temp,temp,cv::Size(5,5),0);
+	GaussianBlur(singleChanel100,temp2,cv::Size(9,9),0);
+	absdiff(temp,temp2,temp2);
+	cv::minMaxIdx(temp2, &minPixelValue, &maxPixelValue);
+	//maxPixelVaule = 5,the result are nearly the same
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 10.  Create  a  low-variance  random  image  (use  a  random  number  call  such  that  the
+	numbers don’t differ by much more than three and most numbers are near zero).
+	Load  the  image  into  a  drawing  program  such  as  PowerPoint,  and  then  draw  a
+	wheel  of  lines  meeting  at  a  single  point.  Use  bilateral  filtering  on  the  resulting
+	image and explain the results.                                                                     */
+	/************************************************************************/
+	Mat matLowVariance  = Mat(512,512,CV_8U,Scalar(0));
+	RNG arng = cv::theRNG();
+	arng.fill(matLowVariance,RNG::UNIFORM,0,30);
+	//draw a wheel of lines meeting at the center
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256,256-100),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256+100,256+100),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256+100,256),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256+100,256-100),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256,256+100),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256-100,256-100),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256-100,256),Scalar(255),1);
+	line(matLowVariance,Point(256,256),Point(256-100,256+100),Scalar(255),1);
+	imshow("a wheel  of  lines  meeting  at  a  single  point",matLowVariance);
+	bilateralFilter(matLowVariance,temp,5,10.0,2.0); 
+	imshow("bilateralFilter",temp);
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 11.  Load an image of a scene and convert it to grayscale.
+	a.  Run  the  morphological  Top  Hat  operation  on  your  image  and  display  theresults.
+	b.  Convert the resulting image into an 8-bit mask.
+	c.  Copy a grayscale value into the original image where the Top Hat mask (from
+	Part b of this exercise) is nonzero. Display the results.                                                                     */
+	/************************************************************************/
+	cvtColor(src,gray,COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
+	//a 
+	morphologyEx(gray,temp,CV_MOP_TOPHAT,Mat());
+	imshow(" morphological  Top  Hat",temp);
+	//b
+	temp.convertTo(mask,CV_8UC1);
+	//c
+	cvtColor(gray,gray,COLOR_GRAY2BGR);
+	gray.copyTo(src,mask);
+	imshow("execrise 11 result",src);
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 12.  Load an image with many details.
+	a.  Use resize() to reduce the image by a factor of 2 in each dimension (hence
+	the image will be reduced by a factor of 4). Do this three times and display the
+	results.
+	b.  Now take the original image and use cv::pyrDown() to reduce it three times,
+	and then display the results.
+	c.  How are the two results different? Why are the approaches different?
+	*/
+	/************************************************************************/
+	//a
+	Mat matResize;
+	resize(src,matResize,cv::Size(0,0),0.5,0.5);
+	resize(matResize,matResize,cv::Size(0,0),0.5,0.5);
+	resize(matResize,matResize,cv::Size(0,0),0.5,0.5);
+	imshow("resize 3 times",matResize);
+	//b
+	Mat	matPyrDown;
+	pyrDown(src,matPyrDown);
+	pyrDown(matPyrDown,matPyrDown);
+	pyrDown(matPyrDown,matPyrDown);
+	imshow("pyrDown 3 times",matPyrDown);
+	//c
+	absdiff(matResize,matPyrDown,temp);
+	imshow("two results of resize and pyDown diff",temp);
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 15.  Use  cv::filter2D()  to  create  a  filter  that  detects  only  60-degree  lines  in  an
+	image. Display the results on a sufficiently interesting image scene.                                                                     */
+	/************************************************************************/
+	Mat matWithLines = Mat(512,512,CV_8UC1,Scalar(0));
+	// create 9 lines
+	for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
+	{
+		line(matWithLines,Point(arng.uniform(0,512),arng.uniform(0,521)),Point(arng.uniform(0,512),arng.uniform(0,521)),Scalar(255),1);
+	}
+	//45 degree line 
+	line(matWithLines,Point(0,512),Point(512,0),Scalar(255),1);
+	matWithLines.convertTo(matWithLines,CV_32FC1,1.0/255);
+	// detects  only  45-degree lines
+	Mat matKernel = Mat(3,3,CV_32FC1,Scalar(0));
+    matKernel.at<float>(0,0) =  0 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(0,1) =  0 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(0,2) =  1.0/3 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(1,0) =  0 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(1,1) =  1.0/3 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(1,2) =  0 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(2,0) =  1.0/3 ;
+	matKernel.at<float>(2,1) = 0;
+	matKernel.at<float>(2,2) = 0;
+	filter2D(matWithLines,temp,CV_32FC1,matKernel);
+	threshold(temp,temp,0.99,1,CV_THRESH_BINARY);
+	/************************************************************************/
+	/* 16.  Separable kernels: create a 3 × 3 Gaussian kernel using rows [(1/16, 2/16, 1/16),
+	(2/16, 4/16, 2/16), (1/16, 2/16, 1/16)] and with anchor point in the middle.
+	a.  Run this kernel on an image and display the results.
+	b.  Now  create  two  one-dimensional  kernels  with  anchors  in  the  center:  one
+	going  “across”  (1/4,  2/4,  1/4),  and  one  going  down  (1/4,  2/4,  1/4).  Load  the
+	same  original  image  and  use  cv::filter2D()  to  convolve  the  image  twice,
+	once with the first 1D kernel and once with the second 1D kernel. Describe
+	the results.
+	c.  Describe  the  order  of  complexity  (number  of  operations)  for  the  kernel  in
+	part a and for the kernels in part b. The difference is the advantage of being
+	able  to  use  separable  kernels  and  the  entire  Gaussian  class  of  filters—or  any
+	linearly  decomposable  filter  that  is  separable,  since  convolution  is  a  linear
+	operation.                                                                     */
+	/************************************************************************/
+	Mat matGaussianKernel = Mat(3,3,CV_32FC1,Scalar(0));
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(0,0) = 1.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(0,1) = 2.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(0,2) = 1.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(1,0) = 2.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(1,1) = 4.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(1,2) = 2.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(2,0) = 1.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(2,1) = 2.0/16;
+	matGaussianKernel.at<float>(2,2) = 1.0/16;
+	//a
+	src.convertTo(temp,CV_32F,1.0/255);
+	filter2D(temp,temp,CV_32F,matGaussianKernel);
+	imshow("a 3 × 3 Gaussian kernel",temp);
+	//b
+	Mat matKernel1 = Mat(1,3,CV_32FC1,Scalar(0));
+	Mat matKernel2 = Mat(3,1,CV_32FC1,Scalar(0));
+	matKernel1.at<float>(0,0) = 1.0/4;
+	matKernel1.at<float>(0,1) = 2.0/4;
+	matKernel1.at<float>(0,2) = 1.0/4;
+	matKernel2.at<float>(0,0) = 1.0/4;
+	matKernel2.at<float>(1,0) = 2.0/4;
+	matKernel2.at<float>(2,0) = 1.0/4;
+	filter2D(temp,temp2,CV_32F,matKernel1);
+	filter2D(temp2,temp2,CV_32F,matKernel2);
+	absdiff(temp,temp2,temp2);
+	//temp and temp2 is just the same mat,maxPixelValue is very small,nearly ZERO
+	cv::minMaxIdx(temp2, &minPixelValue, &maxPixelValue);
+	//c the order is no matter
+	waitKey();
+	return 0
+}