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<h1>LANG-F301 - Anglais scientifique II</h1>
<h2>Writing Task: Discussion Essay</h2>
<fieldset>
<legend>Introduction</legend>
<ul>
<li>A great deal of debate has surrounded the question of whether <span class="example">our climate is changing beyond its natural variability due to human activites</span>.</li>
<li>Many researchers have been involved in the science of <span class="example">climate modelling</span>, and although some organisations and governments remain sceptical about <span class="example">human-induced climate change</span>.</li>
<li>All the forecasts have indicated that if urgent action is not taken soon, <span class="example">Earth'sclimate</span> may change to the point where it threatens the livelihoods and survival of millions.</li>
<li>We need to find out how <span class="example">safe / build</span> it is.</li>
<li>Scientists try to understand how <span class="example">the universe works</span>.</li>
<li>We need to know what the best method is.</li>
<li>It is important to know if/whether it is possible <span class="example">to assess futre risks</span>.</li>
<li>It is important to understand why improving <span class="example">science education</span> is necessary.</li>
<li>It is not difficult to justify why <span class="example">renewable energies</span> are an urgent issue.</li>
<li><span class="example">Policy makers</span> need to know if/whether it will really be possible for <span class="example">the planet to support a population of 9 billion people</span>.</li>
<li>Many <span class="example">researchers</span> are trying to determine what are the major causes of <span class="example">climate change</span>.</li>
<li><span class="example">The researchers</span> aims to find how we can make our lifestyles more sustainable.</li>
<li>It is widely agreed by the scientific community that <span class="example">climate change</span> is already a reality.</li>
<li>It can be difficult to <span class="example">learn English.</span></li>
<li>We have to finish this survey to get a right conclusion ...</li>
<li>Recently we have seen evidence of <span class="example">climate change</span> ...</li>
<li>These changes are natural but they are being accelerated by <span class="example">global warming</span> ...</li>
<li>We have to find solutions to reduce <span class="example">global warming</span>.</li>
<li><span class="example">Currently</span>, humans is releasing too much <span class="example">carbon dioxide</span> by using of <span class="example">fossil fuel</span>.</li>
<li><span class="example">Actually</span>, humans is wasting too much <span class="example">fresh water</span> by using of <span class="example">housework or by industries</span>.</li>
<li><span class="example">Currently</span>, humans is consuming too much <span class="example">meat</span> to feed them</span>.</li>
<li><span class="example">Actually</span>, humans is developing many <span class="example">easily way</span> to inform them</span>.</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Body paragraph 1 (first point of view)</legend>
<ul>
<li>It would seem to be important that ...</li>
<li>It might be thought by some people that ...</li>
<li>Some people might feel/consider/think that ...</li>
<li>Research has shown that ...</li>
<li>Perhaps traditionnally it has been thought/considered that ...</li>
<li>It is possible that some people might consider ...</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<ul>
<li>For instance, some arguments suggest that ...</li>
<li><span class="example">In spite of</span> its price advantage, <span class="example">coal</span> is not an easily <span class="example">marketable fuel to industrial users</span>.</li>
<li><span class="example">In spite of</span> its price disadvantage, <span class="example">solar panels</span> are still <span class="example">sold at citizens</span>.</li>
<li>There is increasing observational evidence that ...</li>
<li>Opponents of <span class="example">...</span> have claimed/alleged that ... Nevertheless/Scientists however ...</li>
<li>Some argue that ...</li>
<li>It has been suggested that ...</li>
<li>One school of thought maintains that ...</li>
<li>There is a school of thought which/that ...</li>
<li>This can be done with the new system ... </li>
<li>It should be noted that ...</li>
<li>We must <span class="example">check/compare/use</span> whether ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The consumption of meat</span> incease all over the world regardless of <span class="example">the richness of the country</span>.</li>
<li>One idea is to develop low-carbon energy sources such as <span class="example">nuclear station or biofuel</span>.</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Body paragraph 2 (second point of view)</legend>
<ul>
<li>On the other hand, ...</li>
<li>Another point of view might be that ...</li>
<li>Contrary to this perspective is the idea that ...</li>
<li>In contrast to this point of view, ...</li>
<li>Other people, however, might consider that, ...</li>
<li>Another angle on this idea might be that ...</li>
<li>Scientists however ...</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<ul>
<li>Same of Body paragraph 1</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Concluding paragraph</legend>
<ul>
<li>To sum up, ...</li>
<li>In sum, ...</li>
<li>To conclude, ...</li>
<li>In conclusion, ...</li>
<li>On balance, ...</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">In sum</span>, <span class="example">climate change</span> is still a debate in which different people hold different perspective.</li>
<li>While some believe that urgent action is unnecessary, the scientific evidence points to potentially devastating changs without it.</li>
<li>If action is taken now, it may ne possible to avoid the worst-case scenario.</li>
<li>It is important that scientists are able to give clear opinions.</li>
<li>There are potential ways to solve these problems, or at least reduce effects.</li>
<li>Finally, small things like <span class="example">reducing electricity consumption</span> might also help.</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Topics of essay</legend>
<ul>
<li>Surveys reveal that many citizens do not have a firm grasp of basic scientific facts and concepts. The public understanding of science can only be improved by involving scientists in a substantial way. Discuss. (p. 121)</li>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">Scientists are the best people to explain an scentific things. These are the most concerned.</span></li>
<li><span class="example">No specially time, no specially good teacher. Others ways by media like TV programs, radio, podcasts, ...</span></li>
</ul>
<li>Developed countries should carry the cost of fighting climate change. Discuss. (p. 140)</li>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">Most richer so it is natural to think that they could handle a major part of the costs of creating a substainable future. They have also more highly-educated and well-trained people. They pollute more, they are more involved.</span></li>
<li><span class="example">Global warming is a phenomenon of the world. All people are concerned. The problem is too big to be limited at developed countries.</span></li>
</ul>
<li>The best solution to tackling global warming is to develop low-carbon energy sources. Discuss. (p. 146)</li>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">Good idea, developing low-carbon energy sources like wind turbine, solar panel, nuclear power station, hydroelectric power station can reduce CO2 in atmosphere.</span></li>
<li><span class="example">Not enough space for wind turbine, too low energy giving, production pollute environment with toxic compounds.</span></li>
</ul>
<li>It is generally believed that the Internet is an excellent means of communication but some people suggest that it may not be the best place to find information. Discuss. (p. 166)</li>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">Free access and massive diverse informations</span></li>
<li><span class="example">Too much informations, drowning by them.</span></li>
</ul>
<li>In order to solve traffic problems governments should tax private car owners heavily and use the money to improve public transport systems. (p. 184)</li>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">It discourages car use as opposed to public transport.</span></li>
<li><span class="example">There are many company car and therefore not taxed.</span></li>
</ul>
<li>Science can accomplish much more, much faster, in an environment of free collaboration over the Internet. Michael Nielson, Physicist. Discuss. (p. 188)</li>
<ul>
<li><span class="example">Internet improve the collaboration of researchers working on the same topics.</span></li>
<li><span class="example">Many different result create competition.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<h2>Describing Diagrams</h2>
<fieldset>
<legend>Introduction</legend>
<ul>
<li>This diagram <span class="example">shows/details/illustrates/presents/demonstrates (how)</span> ...</li>
<li>In this <span class="example">diagram/chart/figure/table/graph (NOT graphic!)</span> ...</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>General description</legend>
<ul>
<li>As you can see ...</li>
<li>To the <span class="example">left</span> ...</li>
<li>On the <span class="example">right</span> ...</li>
<li>At the <span class="example">top</span> ...</li>
<li>Above ...</li>
<li>Below ...</li>
<li>There is/are ...</li>
<li>You/We can see ...</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Highlighting specific details</legend>
<ul>
<li>As <span class="example">shown/highlight/can be see</span> in Figure 1 ...</li>
<li>It is <span class="example">clear/apparent/obvious</span> that ...</li>
<li>Notice that/how ...</li>
<li>Notice in particular the ...</li>
<li>We can observe/note ...</li>
<li>It is important to understand that ...</li>
<li>This shows ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The rate</span> is rougly 10 percent ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The rate</span> is more or less (numbers!) equal that previous data...</li>
<li><span class="example">This curve</span> is plus or minus (NOT numbers!) constant...</li>
<li><span class="example">The result</span> is unbalanced ...</li>
<li>... keep it down ...</li>
<li>... hold down ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The population</span> increase ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The quality</span> improve ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The atmosphere</span> make it better ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The price</span> reduce ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The population</span> decrease ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The concentration</span> diminish ...</li>
<li>The reduce/lessening starts at this moment...</li>
<li><span class="example">Trees</span> enhance <span class="example">quality of atomosphere</span> ...</li>
<li><span class="example">CO2</span> reinforce <span class="example">global warming</span> ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The CO2</span> increase sligthly ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The CO2</span> rose slightly ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The concentration</span> decrease sharply/dramatically from <span class="example">...</span> to <span class="example">...</span></li>
<li><span class="example">The percentage of consumption</span> went up to ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The percentage of trees</span> went down to <span class="example">5 percent</span>...</li>
<li><span class="example">The amount of potato</span> remained static/stayed stable/stayed steady ...</li>
<li><span class="example">The tempertature</span> is steadily below <span class="example">5 degree</span> ...</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>