diff --git a/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/dataset/VariableDS.java b/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/dataset/VariableDS.java
index 685958025a..7385e1e5a9 100644
--- a/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/dataset/VariableDS.java
+++ b/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/dataset/VariableDS.java
@@ -168,6 +168,8 @@ protected VariableDS(VariableDS vds, boolean isCopy) {
     this.unsignedConversion = vds.unsignedConversion;
     this.scaleOffset = vds.scaleOffset;
     this.convertMissing = vds.convertMissing;
+    this.fillValue = vds.getFillValue();
+    this.hasFillValue = vds.hasFillValue();
 
     // Add this so that old VariableDS units agrees with new VariableDS units.
     String units = vds.getUnitsString();
@@ -556,8 +558,8 @@ public Array getMissingDataArray(int[] shape) {
     }
 
     Array array = Array.factoryConstant(getDataType(), shape, storage);
-    if (convertMissing != null && convertMissing.hasFillValue()) {
-      array.setObject(0, convertMissing.getFillValue());
+    if (hasFillValue) {
+      array.setObject(0, fillValue);
     }
     return array;
   }
@@ -661,7 +663,7 @@ public boolean isMissing(double val) {
     if (Double.isNaN(val)) {
       return true;
     }
-    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isMissing(val);
+    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isMissing(packVal(val));
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -671,32 +673,46 @@ public boolean hasValidData() {
 
   @Override
   public double getValidMin() {
-    return convertMissing != null ? convertMissing.getValidMin() : -Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    if (convertMissing == null) {
+      return -Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    }
+    if (scaleOffset == null) {
+      return convertMissing.getValidMin();
+    }
+    return scaleOffset.getScaleFactor() < 0 ? unpackVal(convertMissing.getValidMax())
+        : unpackVal(convertMissing.getValidMin());
   }
 
   @Override
   public double getValidMax() {
-    return convertMissing != null ? convertMissing.getValidMax() : Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    if (convertMissing == null) {
+      return Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    }
+    if (scaleOffset == null) {
+      return convertMissing.getValidMax();
+    }
+    return scaleOffset.getScaleFactor() < 0 ? unpackVal(convertMissing.getValidMin())
+        : unpackVal(convertMissing.getValidMax());
   }
 
   @Override
   public boolean isInvalidData(double val) {
-    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isInvalidData(val);
+    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isInvalidData(packVal(val));
   }
 
   @Override
   public boolean hasFillValue() {
-    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.hasFillValue();
+    return hasFillValue;
   }
 
   @Override
   public double getFillValue() {
-    return convertMissing != null ? convertMissing.getFillValue() : Double.NaN;
+    return fillValue;
   }
 
   @Override
   public boolean isFillValue(double val) {
-    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isFillValue(val);
+    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isFillValue(packVal(val));
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -706,12 +722,28 @@ public boolean hasMissingValue() {
 
   @Override
   public double[] getMissingValues() {
-    return convertMissing != null ? convertMissing.getMissingValues() : new double[] {0};
+    if (convertMissing == null) {
+      return new double[] {0};
+    }
+    double[] missingVals = convertMissing.getMissingValues();
+    double[] vals = new double[missingVals.length];
+    for (int i = 0; i < missingVals.length; i++) {
+      vals[i] = unpackVal(missingVals[i]);
+    }
+    return vals;
   }
 
   @Override
   public boolean isMissingValue(double val) {
-    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isMissingValue(val);
+    return convertMissing != null && convertMissing.isMissingValue(packVal(val));
+  }
+
+  private double unpackVal(double val) {
+    return scaleOffset != null && !Double.isNaN(val) ? scaleOffset.convert(val) : val;
+  }
+
+  private double packVal(double val) {
+    return scaleOffset != null && !Double.isNaN(val) ? scaleOffset.applyScaleOffset(val) : val;
   }
 
   /** @deprecated Use NetcdfDataset.builder() */
@@ -831,6 +863,8 @@ public Array convert(Array in, boolean convertUnsigned, boolean applyScaleOffset
   protected DataType orgDataType; // keep separate for the case where there is no orgVar.
   protected String orgName; // in case Variable was renamed, and we need to keep track of the original name
   String orgFileTypeId; // the original fileTypeId.
+  private boolean hasFillValue = false;
+  private double fillValue = Double.MAX_VALUE;
 
   protected VariableDS(Builder<?> builder, Group parentGroup) {
     super(builder, parentGroup);
@@ -857,6 +891,13 @@ protected VariableDS(Builder<?> builder, Group parentGroup) {
     this.scaleOffset = builder.scaleOffset;
 
     createEnhancements();
+    if (convertMissing != null) {
+      fillValue = unpackVal(convertMissing.getFillValue());
+      hasFillValue = true;
+    } else {
+      fillValue = ConvertMissing.getFillValueOrDefault(this);
+      hasFillValue = !Double.isNaN(fillValue);
+    }
 
     // We have to complete this after the NetcdfDataset is built.
     this.coordSysNames = builder.coordSysNames;
diff --git a/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/filter/ConvertMissing.java b/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/filter/ConvertMissing.java
index 86db6e9e25..d985e72984 100644
--- a/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/filter/ConvertMissing.java
+++ b/cdm/core/src/main/java/ucar/nc2/filter/ConvertMissing.java
@@ -62,26 +62,8 @@ public static ConvertMissing createFromVariable(VariableDS var) {
     }
 
     /// fill_value
-    boolean hasFillValue = var.hasFillValue();
-    double fillValue = var.getFillValue();
-    // need fill value info before convertMissing
-    Attribute fillValueAtt = var.findAttribute(CDM.FILL_VALUE);
-    if (fillValueAtt != null && !fillValueAtt.isString()) {
-      DataType fillType = FilterHelpers.getAttributeDataType(fillValueAtt, var.getSignedness());
-      fillValue = var.convertUnsigned(fillValueAtt.getNumericValue(), fillType).doubleValue();
-      hasFillValue = true;
-    } else {
-      // No _FillValue attribute found. Instead, if file is NetCDF and variable is numeric, use the default fill value.
-      String ncfileId = var.getNetcdfFile() == null ? null : var.getNetcdfFile().getFileTypeId();
-      if (DataFormatType.NETCDF.getDescription().equals(ncfileId)
-          || DataFormatType.NETCDF4.getDescription().equals(ncfileId)) {
-        DataType fillType = var.getDataType();
-        if (fillType.isNumeric()) {
-          fillValue = var.convertUnsigned(N3iosp.getFillValueDefault(fillType), fillType).doubleValue();
-          hasFillValue = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    double fillValue = getFillValueOrDefault(var);
+    boolean hasFillValue = !Double.isNaN(fillValue);
 
     /// missing_value
     double[] missingValue = null;
@@ -267,4 +249,23 @@ public Array convertMissing(Array in) {
 
     return out;
   }
+
+  public static double getFillValueOrDefault(VariableDS var) {
+    // need fill value info before convertMissing
+    Attribute fillValueAtt = var.findAttribute(CDM.FILL_VALUE);
+    if (fillValueAtt != null && !fillValueAtt.isString()) {
+      DataType fillType = FilterHelpers.getAttributeDataType(fillValueAtt, var.getSignedness());
+      return var.convertUnsigned(fillValueAtt.getNumericValue(), fillType).doubleValue();
+    }
+    // No _FillValue attribute found. Instead, if file is NetCDF and variable is numeric, use the default fill value.
+    String ncfileId = var.getNetcdfFile() == null ? null : var.getNetcdfFile().getFileTypeId();
+    if (DataFormatType.NETCDF.getDescription().equals(ncfileId)
+        || DataFormatType.NETCDF4.getDescription().equals(ncfileId)) {
+      DataType fillType = var.getDataType();
+      if (fillType.isNumeric()) {
+        return var.convertUnsigned(N3iosp.getFillValueDefault(fillType), fillType).doubleValue();
+      }
+    }
+    return Double.NaN;
+  }
 }