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Taxonomy
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========
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V1, V2:
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The treatment of species is as per Jetz et al. (2012) and follows the Birdlife V3 world list (June 2010, 9,895 extant species recognized). Of Birdlife V3 we did not recognize nine species (_Anodorhynchus glaucus, Gallinula pacifica, Gallirallus lafresnayanus, Oceanodroma macrodactyla, Ophrysia superciliosa, Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, Siphonorhis americana, Tadorna cristata, Vanellus macropterus_) that are widely considered extinct and three (_Heliangelus zusii, Atlapetes blancae, Upupa marginata_) that are considered not valid by most authorities (resulting in 9,882 accepted species). In addition to Birdlife V3 we recognize 111 species that are considered valid by the Handbook of the Birds of the World (del Hoyo et al. 1992-2011) and/or Birds of the Western Palearctic (Cramp et al. 1978-1994) and/or Birds of Africa (Urban et al. 1986-2000) and that are also recognized by IOC world list V2.7 (Dec 29, 2010), resulting in a total of 9,993 recognized species. Our species lists and taxonomic information is provided in Table S2. We updated the threat categories of the Birdlife V3 list with the 2012 assessment data (based on Birdlife V5; 225 species changed threat status compared to 2010). Birdlife taxonomy V5 recognizes 9,935 extant species compared to 9,895 in V3. 45 additional species not considered extinct were reviewed in Birdlife V5 compared to V3. Of these 4 were new discoveries and 41 were splits from species in V3.
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*Taxon set and taxonomic data*
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The class Chondrichthyes is composed of two subclasses, the Holocephali (chimaeras) and the Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), and includes 14 orders, 60 families, 198 genera and 1192 species (Supplementary table 1). Systematic relationships within Chondrichthyes, as with other taxa, are in flux[1–4], so we used the most recent combination of taxonomy and phylogeny to identify our taxon set ([Chondrichthyan Tree of Life](http://sharksrays.org/); downloaded October 15, 2015). Due to the inherent prolonged time required for analyses of this nature, taxonomic revisions often occur prior to completion and publication[5–9]. To aid readers in navigating recent changes that we could not incorporate into the analysis, we provide annotations to our master taxonomy highlight recent taxonomic revisions (Supplementary Table 1, column G) and include recently described species that have not been assessed and could not be included in this study (Supplementary Table 6). The subclass Holocephali includes one superorder (Holocephalimorpha) containing one order of Chimaeriformes (chimaeras); three families, six genera, and 49 species. The subclass Elasmobranchii includes three superorders: Batoidea, Galeomorphii, and Squalomorphii[10]. The superorder Batoidea includes four orders Myliobatiformes (stingrays), Rajiformes (skates), Rhinopristiformes (guitarfishes, wedgefishes, and sawfishes), and Torpediniformes (electric and thornback rays); 23 families, 86 genera, and 639 species. The sharks comprise two superorders: Galeomorphii and Squalomorphii. The superorder Galeomorphii includes four orders: Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks), Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks), Lamniformes (mackerel sharks), and Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks); 23 families, 75 genera and 347 species. The superorder Squalomorphii includes five orders Hexanchiformes (cow sharks), Pristiophoriformes (saw sharks), Echinorhiniformes (bramble sharks), Squaliformes (dogfish sharks), and Squatiniformes (angel sharks); 11 families, 31 genera, and 157 species. The taxonomic hierarchy described above comprises the taxonomic data that we used to place and constrain those taxa without DNA sequence data.
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Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann, and A. O. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491:444-448.
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For a complete species list and summary of revisions see [Supplementary Table 1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0448-4#Sec18)
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Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. S. Weigman. Journal of Fish Biology, [88, 837-1037](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfb.12874/abstract)
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Further Resources
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=================
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[Chondrichthyan Tree of Life Project](http://sharksrays.org/)
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[IUCN Redlist](http://redlist.org/)

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