[SPARK-53951][BUILD] Upgrade protobuf-java to 4.33.0

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR aims to upgrade `protobuf-java` from 4.29.3 to 4.33.0

### Why are the changes needed?

To use the latest `protobuf-java` version for Apache Spark 4.1.0.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

No.

### How was this patch tested?

Pass GitHub Actions

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No.

Closes #52660 from LuciferYang/protobuf-4.33.0.

Lead-authored-by: yangjie01 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: YangJie <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <[email protected]>

Author: LuciferYang

pom.xml

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
     <!-- make sure to update IsolatedClientLoader whenever this version is changed -->
     <hadoop.version>3.4.2</hadoop.version>
     <!-- SPARK-41247: When updating `protobuf.version`, also need to update `protoVersion` in `SparkBuild.scala` -->
-    <protobuf.version>4.29.3</protobuf.version>
+    <protobuf.version>4.33.0</protobuf.version>
     <protoc-jar-maven-plugin.version>3.11.4</protoc-jar-maven-plugin.version>
     <zookeeper.version>3.9.4</zookeeper.version>
     <curator.version>5.9.0</curator.version>

project/SparkBuild.scala

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ object BuildCommons {
 
   // Google Protobuf version used for generating the protobuf.
   // SPARK-41247: needs to be consistent with `protobuf.version` in `pom.xml`.
-  val protoVersion = "4.29.3"
+  val protoVersion = "4.33.0"
 }
 
 object SparkBuild extends PomBuild {