diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 91c91dadfaeeb..436e78d5ce596 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -932,6 +932,61 @@ jobs:
         env:
           UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT: "/home/runner/example"
 
+  integration-test-publish:
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    needs: build-binary-linux
+    name: "integration test | uv publish"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # Only the main repository is a trusted publisher
+    if: github.repository == 'astral-sh/uv'
+    environment: uv-test-publish
+    env:
+      # No dbus in GitHub Actions
+      PYTHON_KEYRING_BACKEND: keyrings.alt.file.PlaintextKeyring
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      # Only publish a new release if the
+      - uses: tj-actions/changed-files@v45
+        id: changed
+        with:
+          files_yaml: |
+            code:
+              - "crates/uv-publish/**/*"
+              - "scripts/publish/**/*"
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.12"
+
+      - name: "Download binary"
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: uv-linux-${{ github.sha }}
+
+      - name: "Prepare binary"
+        run: chmod +x ./uv
+
+      - name: "Add password to keyring"
+        run: |
+          # `keyrings.alt` contains the plaintext keyring
+          ./uv tool install --with keyrings.alt "keyring<25.4.0" # TODO(konsti): Remove upper bound once fix is released
+          echo $UV_TEST_PUBLISH_KEYRING | keyring set https://test.pypi.org/legacy/?astral-test-keyring __token__
+        env:
+          UV_TEST_PUBLISH_KEYRING: ${{ secrets.UV_TEST_PUBLISH_KEYRING }}
+
+      - name: "Publish test packages"
+        if: ${{ steps.changed.outputs.code_any_changed }}
+        # `-p 3.12` prefers the python we just installed over the one locked in `.python_version`.
+        run: ./uv run -p 3.12 scripts/publish/test_publish.py --uv ./uv all
+        env:
+          RUST_LOG: uv=debug,uv_publish=trace
+          UV_TEST_PUBLISH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.UV_TEST_PUBLISH_TOKEN }}
+          UV_TEST_PUBLISH_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.UV_TEST_PUBLISH_PASSWORD }}
+          UV_TEST_PUBLISH_GITLAB_PAT: ${{ secrets.UV_TEST_PUBLISH_GITLAB_PAT }}
+
   cache-test-ubuntu:
     timeout-minutes: 10
     needs: build-binary-linux
diff --git a/scripts/publish/.gitignore b/scripts/publish/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6eb990b9c219d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/publish/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+astral-test-*
diff --git a/scripts/publish/test_publish.py b/scripts/publish/test_publish.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..26733fbec1ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/publish/test_publish.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.12"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "httpx>=0.27,<0.28",
+#     "packaging>=24.1,<25",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+"""
+Test `uv publish` by uploading a new version of astral-test-<test case> to testpypi,
+authenticating by one of various options.
+
+# Setup
+
+**astral-test-token**
+Set the `UV_TEST_PUBLISH_TOKEN` environment variables.
+
+**astral-test-password**
+Set the `UV_TEST_PUBLISH_PASSWORD` environment variable.
+This project also uses token authentication since it's the only thing that PyPI
+supports, but they both CLI options.
+TODO(konsti): Add an index for testing that supports username/password.
+
+**astral-test-keyring**
+```console
+uv pip install keyring
+keyring set https://test.pypi.org/legacy/?astral-test-keyring __token__
+```
+The query parameter a horrible hack stolen from
+https://github.com/pypa/twine/issues/565#issue-555219267
+to prevent the other projects from implicitly using the same credentials.
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from pathlib import Path
+from shutil import rmtree
+from subprocess import check_call
+
+import httpx
+from packaging.utils import parse_sdist_filename, parse_wheel_filename
+
+cwd = Path(__file__).parent
+
+project_urls = {
+    "astral-test-token": "https://test.pypi.org/simple/astral-test-token/",
+    "astral-test-password": "https://test.pypi.org/simple/astral-test-password/",
+    "astral-test-keyring": "https://test.pypi.org/simple/astral-test-keyring/",
+    "astral-test-gitlab-pat": "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/61853105/packages/pypi/simple/astral-test-gitlab-pat",
+}
+
+
+def get_new_version(project_name: str) -> str:
+    """Return the next free path version on pypi"""
+    data = httpx.get(project_urls[project_name]).text
+    versions = set()
+    for filename in list(m.group(1) for m in re.finditer(">([^<]+)</a>", data)):
+        if filename.endswith(".whl"):
+            [_name, version, _build, _tags] = parse_wheel_filename(filename)
+        else:
+            [_name, version] = parse_sdist_filename(filename)
+        versions.add(version)
+    max_version = max(versions)
+
+    # Bump the path version to obtain an empty version
+    release = list(max_version.release)
+    release[-1] += 1
+    return ".".join(str(i) for i in release)
+
+
+def create_project(project_name: str, uv: Path):
+    if cwd.joinpath(project_name).exists():
+        rmtree(cwd.joinpath(project_name))
+    check_call([uv, "init", "--lib", project_name], cwd=cwd)
+    pyproject_toml = cwd.joinpath(project_name).joinpath("pyproject.toml")
+
+    # Set to an unclaimed version
+    toml = pyproject_toml.read_text()
+    new_version = get_new_version(project_name)
+    toml = re.sub('version = ".*"', f'version = "{new_version}"', toml)
+    pyproject_toml.write_text(toml)
+
+
+def publish_project(project_name: str, uv: Path):
+    # Create the project
+    create_project(project_name, uv)
+
+    # Build the project
+    check_call([uv, "build"], cwd=cwd.joinpath(project_name))
+
+    # Upload the project
+    if project_name == "astral-test-token":
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env["UV_PUBLISH_TOKEN"] = os.environ["UV_TEST_PUBLISH_TOKEN"]
+        check_call(
+            [
+                uv,
+                "publish",
+                "--publish-url",
+                "https://test.pypi.org/legacy/",
+            ],
+            cwd=cwd.joinpath(project_name),
+            env=env,
+        )
+    elif project_name == "astral-test-password":
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env["UV_PUBLISH_PASSWORD"] = os.environ["UV_TEST_PUBLISH_PASSWORD"]
+        check_call(
+            [
+                uv,
+                "publish",
+                "--publish-url",
+                "https://test.pypi.org/legacy/",
+                "--username",
+                "__token__",
+            ],
+            cwd=cwd.joinpath(project_name),
+            env=env,
+        )
+    elif project_name == "astral-test-keyring":
+        check_call(
+            [
+                uv,
+                "publish",
+                "--publish-url",
+                "https://test.pypi.org/legacy/?astral-test-keyring",
+                "--username",
+                "__token__",
+                "--keyring-provider",
+                "subprocess",
+            ],
+            cwd=cwd.joinpath(project_name),
+        )
+    elif project_name == "astral-test-gitlab-pat":
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env["UV_PUBLISH_PASSWORD"] = os.environ["UV_TEST_PUBLISH_GITLAB_PAT"]
+        check_call(
+            [
+                uv,
+                "publish",
+                "--publish-url",
+                "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/61853105/packages/pypi",
+                "--username",
+                "astral-test-gitlab-pat",
+            ],
+            cwd=cwd.joinpath(project_name),
+            env=env,
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown project name: {project_name}")
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("projects", choices=list(project_urls) + ["all"], nargs="+")
+    parser.add_argument("--uv")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.uv:
+        # We change the working directory for the subprocess calls, so we have to
+        # absolutize the path.
+        uv = Path.cwd().joinpath(args.uv)
+    else:
+        check_call(["cargo", "build"])
+        executable_suffix = ".exe" if os.name == "nt" else ""
+        uv = cwd.parent.parent.joinpath(f"target/debug/uv{executable_suffix}")
+
+    if args.projects == ["all"]:
+        projects = list(project_urls)
+    else:
+        projects = args.projects
+
+    for project_name in projects:
+        publish_project(project_name, uv)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()