diff --git a/e2e/BROWSERBASE.md b/e2e/BROWSERBASE.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f8d049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/BROWSERBASE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# Running the web-client smokes on Browserbase
+
+Optional transport for the browser-based clients — **`claude-web`** (default)
+and `chatgpt-web`. Instead of attaching to a real Chrome on the Mac Studio, the
+driver connects to a cloud browser, which lets that CI job leave the self-hosted
+runner.
+
+`claude-web` drives claude.ai. It is the browser sibling of `claude-desktop`,
+which drives the signed Electron app through Appium and macOS Accessibility
+(CDP is fused off) and therefore cannot run anywhere but the Mac Studio. Same
+product, two clients, only one of which is portable.
+
+**Read the caveat at the bottom before investing time.** Whether this works at
+all is decided by Cloudflare, not by us.
+
+## What changes, and what doesn't
+
+Only the transport. `runSmokeTest.ts`, all 18 smoke tests, the gate manifest,
+fixtures, prompt templates and the whole `setup/` scratch layer are untouched —
+`setup/` talks to Google/Slack/ClickUp APIs and never opens a browser.
+
+Transport lives in `connect.ts` and is shared by both web drivers, so adding a
+third web client is a selectors-only job and a transport fix lands for every
+client at once. Only the site-specific selectors live in each driver.
+
+`claude-desktop` **cannot** move here, ever. It drives a signed Electron app
+through Appium and macOS Accessibility because CDP is fused off; Browserbase
+runs browsers, not desktop apps. That job stays on the Mac Studio — and it is
+the blocking gate signal, while `chatgpt-web` is `continue-on-error: true`.
+So this buys CI decoupling for the advisory half, not gate independence.
+
+## Setup
+
+### 1. Account and credentials
+
+Sign up at <https://browserbase.com>, then from **Settings**:
+
+- `BROWSERBASE_API_KEY`
+- `BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID`
+
+The Free tier (1 browser-hour, 3 concurrent sessions) is enough to answer the
+Cloudflare question. It is *not* enough to run a gate — see Cost.
+
+```bash
+export BROWSERBASE_API_KEY=bb_live_…
+export BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID=…
+```
+
+### 2. Seed a Context with a logged-in session
+
+Pick the client first — one context per client, since claude.ai and chatgpt.com
+cookies are unrelated:
+
+```bash
+export CLIENT=claude-web     # default; use chatgpt-web for the other
+```
+
+A Context is Browserbase's persistent cookie jar. This replaces the warmed
+`$HOME/e2e-chrome-profile` the local transport relies on.
+
+```bash
+cd e2e
+npm install
+npm run seed:browserbase
+```
+
+The script prints a **Live View URL**. Open it, log in by hand — 2FA included,
+since you are driving a real browser — then press Enter in the terminal. It verifies a composer is present before saving, so an incomplete
+login is reported rather than silently stored.
+
+It prints the context id to keep:
+
+```bash
+export BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID=ctx_…
+```
+
+Confirm the MCP connector is configured **on that account** while you are in
+there. Connectors are account-side, not browser-side, so this is once only.
+
+Re-run the same command whenever ChatGPT expires the session. Pass an existing
+`BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID` to refresh in place instead of creating a new one.
+
+### 3. Run a test
+
+```bash
+cd e2e
+E2E_BROWSER=browserbase CLIENT=claude-web \
+  node --import tsx --test tests/readGoogleDoc.smoke.ts
+```
+
+`CLIENT` selects the driver; the tests themselves are client-agnostic.
+
+On `main` there is exactly one smoke test, at that path. The 18-test suite under
+`tests/read/` and `tests/write/` arrives with PR #45 — until that merges, the
+paths in the Cost section below describe the future state, not this branch.
+
+Each run logs a session id and a replay URL. The replay is a full video of the
+run — considerably better than the local harness's screenshot when a selector
+drifts.
+
+Anything other than `E2E_BROWSER=browserbase` keeps the existing local-Chrome
+behaviour, so the Mac Studio path is unaffected by default.
+
+### 4. CI (once the spike passes)
+
+In `.github/workflows/e2e-smoke.yml`, the `chatgpt-web` job becomes:
+
+```yaml
+runs-on: ubuntu-latest        # was: [self-hosted, macOS, mac-studio]
+env:
+  CLIENT: claude-web
+  E2E_BROWSER: browserbase
+  BROWSERBASE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.BROWSERBASE_API_KEY }}
+  BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID: ${{ secrets.BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID }}
+  BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID: ${{ secrets.BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID }}
+  # CHATGPT_CDP_ENDPOINT no longer needed
+```
+
+Leave `claude-desktop` on the Mac Studio.
+
+## Two design decisions worth knowing
+
+**Tests run with `persist: false`.** Node's test runner parallelises across
+files, so a gate run opens ~18 sessions at once. If each wrote its cookie jar
+back to the shared context on close they would race, and whichever finished last
+would define everyone's auth state. Tests read the seeded auth and write
+nothing. Only `seed:browserbase` uses `persist: true`, and it runs alone.
+
+**`dispose()` means two different things.** Locally it only disconnects, leaving
+Chrome warm for the next run. On Browserbase it *ends the session*, which is
+what stops it billing. Same call, opposite intent.
+
+## Cost
+
+18 smoke tests, one session each, roughly 2 min per session ≈ **36
+browser-minutes per gate run**.
+
+| Plan | Price | Browser hours | Concurrent |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Free | $0 | 1 | 3 |
+| Developer | $20/mo | 100 | 25 |
+| Startup | $99/mo | 500 | 100 |
+| Scale | custom | flexible | 250+ |
+
+Developer covers ~165 gate runs/month and its 25 concurrent sessions clear the
+18 a parallel gate needs. Free cannot run a gate — 3 concurrent — but is fine
+for a single test.
+
+## Selector status
+
+**Every selector in `claude-web.ts` is unverified against a live claude.ai
+session.** They are written with ordered fallbacks, and completion is detected
+by watching the reply text stop changing rather than by a stop-button selector —
+so a DOM rename produces a named error listing what was tried, not a silent
+wrong answer. Watch the first run; the replay URL logged at session start is
+exactly the tool for it.
+
+`chatgpt-web.ts`'s selectors carry the same SELECTOR-TODO caveat and predate
+this work.
+
+## The caveat that decides this
+
+`chatgpt-web.ts` opens with:
+
+> Chrome is launched outside Playwright with a warmed persistent profile so
+> Cloudflare doesn't see Playwright's bundled Chromium fingerprint or a
+> webdriver flag set by Playwright.
+
+That is exactly the fight a cloud browser re-opens — for ChatGPT. Whether
+claude.ai is as aggressive is unknown and worth measuring separately; it is a
+different site with different protections. Browserbase's advanced
+anti-detection ("Verified" identity) is **Scale plan only**; Developer and
+Startup get basic identity plus automatic captcha solving.
+
+So the outcomes are: works on $20/mo, works only at Scale pricing, or does not
+work reliably at all. **Spike it on the Free tier before committing** — seed a
+context, run one read smoke, and you have a binary answer for an hour's work and
+no spend.
+
+Separately: automating `chatgpt.com` in a cloud browser is worth checking
+against OpenAI's terms of service. That is a judgement call for whoever owns the
+account, not a technical blocker.
diff --git a/e2e/drivers/browserbase.ts b/e2e/drivers/browserbase.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b31d2d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/drivers/browserbase.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Opens a Browserbase cloud browser and hands back a CDP endpoint.
+//
+// This module is deliberately ONLY the connection. Everything about driving
+// ChatGPT — selectors, the streaming-complete heuristic, response extraction —
+// stays in chatgpt-web.ts and is shared by both transports. A forked driver
+// would drift the moment ChatGPT changed its DOM, and the whole point of the
+// SELECTOR-TODO comments there is that they change often.
+//
+// Why this exists: the local transport attaches to a real Chrome started
+// outside Playwright with a warmed profile, which pins the ChatGPT job to the
+// self-hosted Mac Studio. A cloud browser lets that job run on ubuntu-latest.
+// See BROWSERBASE.md for setup and for the Cloudflare caveat, which is the
+// thing most likely to decide whether this is usable at all.
+
+import Browserbase from '@browserbasehq/sdk';
+
+export interface BrowserbaseSession {
+  /** Pass to chromium.connectOverCDP(). */
+  connectUrl: string;
+  sessionId: string;
+  /** Dashboard replay of the whole run — worth attaching to a failure bundle. */
+  replayUrl: string;
+}
+
+function required(name: string): string {
+  const value = process.env[name];
+  if (!value) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `${name} is not set. Browserbase transport needs BROWSERBASE_API_KEY, ` +
+        'BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID and BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID — see e2e/BROWSERBASE.md.',
+    );
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+/** True when the harness has been asked to run against a cloud browser. */
+export function usingBrowserbase(): boolean {
+  return (process.env.E2E_BROWSER ?? '').toLowerCase() === 'browserbase';
+}
+
+export function browserbaseClient(): Browserbase {
+  return new Browserbase({ apiKey: required('BROWSERBASE_API_KEY') });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Start a session carrying the seeded ChatGPT login.
+ *
+ * `persist` defaults to FALSE, and that default is load-bearing. Node's test
+ * runner parallelises across files, so a gate run opens ~18 sessions at once;
+ * if each wrote its cookie jar back to the shared context on close, they would
+ * race and the last one to finish would define everyone's auth state. Tests
+ * read the seeded auth and write nothing. Only the seeding script sets
+ * persist: true, and it runs alone.
+ */
+export async function createBrowserbaseSession(
+  opts: { persist?: boolean; timeoutSeconds?: number; keepAlive?: boolean } = {},
+): Promise<BrowserbaseSession> {
+  const bb = browserbaseClient();
+  const projectId = required('BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID');
+  const contextId = required('BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID');
+
+  const session = await bb.sessions.create({
+    projectId,
+    browserSettings: {
+      context: { id: contextId, persist: opts.persist ?? false },
+    },
+    // `api_timeout`, not `timeout` — the Node SDK carries the Python parameter
+    // name here (SessionCreateParams in @browserbasehq/sdk), and `timeout` is
+    // silently rejected as an unknown property. Bounded so a hung ChatGPT
+    // stream cannot burn browser-minutes up to the 6h ceiling; comfortably
+    // above RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS (120s).
+    api_timeout: opts.timeoutSeconds ?? 300,
+    ...(opts.keepAlive ? { keepAlive: true } : {}),
+  });
+
+  return {
+    connectUrl: session.connectUrl,
+    sessionId: session.id,
+    replayUrl: `https://browserbase.com/sessions/${session.id}`,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Live View URL — a human can watch, or drive, a running session from here. */
+export async function liveViewUrl(sessionId: string): Promise<string> {
+  const bb = browserbaseClient();
+  const links = await bb.sessions.debug(sessionId);
+  return links.debuggerFullscreenUrl;
+}
diff --git a/e2e/drivers/chatgpt-web.ts b/e2e/drivers/chatgpt-web.ts
index 0818a12..4f81cab 100644
--- a/e2e/drivers/chatgpt-web.ts
+++ b/e2e/drivers/chatgpt-web.ts
@@ -14,16 +14,22 @@
 // app refresh; surface failures clearly in forensics rather than silently
 // matching the wrong element.
 
-import { chromium, type Browser, type Page } from 'playwright';
+import { type Page } from 'playwright';
 import type { Driver } from './driver.ts';
+import { connectBrowser } from './connect.ts';
 
 const CDP_ENDPOINT = process.env.CHATGPT_CDP_ENDPOINT ?? 'http://127.0.0.1:9222';
 const CHATGPT_URL = process.env.CHATGPT_URL ?? 'https://chatgpt.com/';
 const RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS = Number(process.env.RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS ?? 120_000);
 
 export async function createChatGptWebDriver(): Promise<Driver> {
-  const browser: Browser = await chromium.connectOverCDP(CDP_ENDPOINT);
-  const context = browser.contexts()[0] ?? (await browser.newContext());
+  // Only the TRANSPORT differs between local Chrome and a Browserbase cloud
+  // browser — everything below is shared, so the selectors that change most
+  // often live in exactly one place. E2E_BROWSER=browserbase picks the cloud
+  // path; anything else keeps the local warmed-profile behaviour that is the
+  // default on the Mac Studio.
+  const conn = await connectBrowser(CDP_ENDPOINT);
+  const context = conn.browser.contexts()[0] ?? (await conn.browser.newContext());
   let page: Page = context.pages()[0] ?? (await context.newPage());
 
   if (!page.url().includes('chatgpt.com')) {
@@ -64,14 +70,19 @@ export async function createChatGptWebDriver(): Promise<Driver> {
 
     async appVersion() {
       const ua = await page.evaluate(() => navigator.userAgent);
-      return `chatgpt-web userAgent=${ua}`;
+      return `chatgpt-web ${conn.describe()} userAgent=${ua}`;
     },
 
     async dispose() {
-      // Chrome is a long-lived process started outside Playwright. Disconnect
-      // without closing the underlying browser so the next run reuses the
-      // warmed profile.
-      await browser.close();
+      // The same call means two different things, which is worth stating
+      // rather than inferring:
+      //  - local: Chrome is a long-lived process started outside Playwright,
+      //    so this only DISCONNECTS and the warmed profile survives for the
+      //    next run.
+      //  - browserbase: this ENDS the cloud session, which is what stops it
+      //    billing. Leaving it open would burn browser-minutes until the
+      //    session timeout expires.
+      await conn.browser.close();
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/e2e/drivers/claude-web.ts b/e2e/drivers/claude-web.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..530d79c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/drivers/claude-web.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Drives Claude on the web (claude.ai) — the browser sibling of the
+// claude-desktop driver, and the only Claude client that can run on a cloud
+// browser. claude-desktop drives a signed Electron app through Appium and
+// macOS Accessibility because CDP is fused off, which pins it to the Mac
+// Studio; this one runs anywhere Playwright can reach a Chrome, including
+// Browserbase.
+//
+// Transport (local Chrome vs Browserbase) is shared with chatgpt-web via
+// connect.ts. Only the selectors below are Claude-specific.
+//
+// SELECTOR-TODO — EVERY selector in this file is UNVERIFIED against a live
+// claude.ai session. They are written with fallbacks and a DOM-independent
+// completion heuristic so they degrade into a clear error rather than a silent
+// wrong answer, but the first run must be watched. With Browserbase that is
+// easy: each run logs a replay URL, and `bb.sessions.debug()` gives a Live
+// View you can drive by hand while inspecting the DOM.
+
+import type { Page } from 'playwright';
+import type { Driver } from './driver.ts';
+import { connectBrowser } from './connect.ts';
+
+const CDP_ENDPOINT = process.env.CLAUDE_CDP_ENDPOINT ?? 'http://127.0.0.1:9222';
+const CLAUDE_URL = process.env.CLAUDE_URL ?? 'https://claude.ai/new';
+const RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS = Number(process.env.RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS ?? 120_000);
+
+/** How long the reply text must stop changing before it counts as finished. */
+const SETTLE_MS = Number(process.env.CLAUDE_SETTLE_MS ?? 2_500);
+const POLL_MS = 500;
+
+// Ordered by how specific they are. The first one that matches anything wins,
+// so a future rename only needs a new entry at the front.
+// SELECTOR-TODO: confirm against a live DOM.
+const COMPOSER_SELECTORS = [
+  'div[contenteditable="true"].ProseMirror',
+  '[data-testid="chat-input"]',
+  'div[contenteditable="true"]',
+];
+
+// SELECTOR-TODO: confirm. `.font-claude-message` has been the assistant-turn
+// marker historically; the data-testid variants are defensive.
+const ASSISTANT_SELECTORS = [
+  '[data-testid="chat-message-content"]',
+  '.font-claude-message',
+  '[data-is-streaming] .font-claude-message',
+];
+
+export async function createClaudeWebDriver(): Promise<Driver> {
+  const conn = await connectBrowser(CDP_ENDPOINT);
+  const context = conn.browser.contexts()[0] ?? (await conn.browser.newContext());
+  let page: Page = context.pages()[0] ?? (await context.newPage());
+
+  if (!page.url().includes('claude.ai')) {
+    await page.goto(CLAUDE_URL, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    async newConversation() {
+      await page.goto(CLAUDE_URL, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+      await firstMatching(page, COMPOSER_SELECTORS, 'composer', 30_000);
+    },
+
+    async sendAndWait(prompt) {
+      const composer = await firstMatching(page, COMPOSER_SELECTORS, 'composer', 30_000);
+      await composer.click();
+
+      // Claude's composer is a ProseMirror contenteditable, not a textarea, so
+      // fill() is unreliable — type through the keyboard instead. The prompts
+      // are multi-line and Enter SENDS, so newlines go in as Shift+Enter or the
+      // first line would submit on its own.
+      const lines = prompt.split('\n');
+      for (const [i, line] of lines.entries()) {
+        if (i > 0) await page.keyboard.press('Shift+Enter');
+        await page.keyboard.type(line);
+      }
+      await page.keyboard.press('Enter');
+
+      return waitForResponseComplete(page);
+    },
+
+    async captureAccessibilitySnapshot() {
+      // Same as chatgpt-web: page.accessibility was removed in Playwright 1.49,
+      // so the full HTML is what forensics gets.
+      return page.content();
+    },
+
+    async captureScreenshot() {
+      return page.screenshot({ fullPage: true });
+    },
+
+    async appVersion() {
+      const ua = await page.evaluate(() => navigator.userAgent);
+      return `claude-web ${conn.describe()} userAgent=${ua}`;
+    },
+
+    async dispose() {
+      // Local: only disconnects, leaving Chrome warm for the next run.
+      // Browserbase: ENDS the session, which is what stops it billing.
+      await conn.browser.close();
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve the first selector in `candidates` that actually matches.
+ *
+ * Trying them in order and reporting all of them on failure is what turns a
+ * DOM rename into "none of these matched, go look" instead of a bare Playwright
+ * timeout naming one selector that was only ever a guess.
+ */
+async function firstMatching(
+  page: Page,
+  candidates: string[],
+  label: string,
+  timeoutMs: number,
+) {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs;
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    for (const selector of candidates) {
+      const locator = page.locator(selector).first();
+      if (await locator.count().then((n) => n > 0).catch(() => false)) {
+        if (await locator.isVisible().catch(() => false)) return locator;
+      }
+    }
+    await page.waitForTimeout(POLL_MS);
+  }
+  // Naming the page is what separates "the selector is wrong" from "this is a
+  // sign-in page and no composer exists" — the first run hit the latter and the
+  // error blamed the selectors.
+  const url = page.url();
+  const title = await page.title().catch(() => '(unknown)');
+  const signedOut = /sign in|log in|sign up/i.test(title);
+
+  const detail = signedOut
+    ? `The page is "${title}" (${url}) — this session is NOT LOGGED IN, so no ${label} exists. ` +
+      'The selectors are probably fine. Re-run `npm run seed:browserbase` to save a working ' +
+      'login into the Browserbase context, and note it now verifies the context afterwards.'
+    : `The page is "${title}" (${url}). Tried: ${candidates.join(', ')}. These are ` +
+      'SELECTOR-TODO guesses — inspect the live DOM (Browserbase Live View or the replay ' +
+      'URL logged at session start) and update claude-web.ts.';
+
+  throw new Error(`claude-web: no ${label} found after ${timeoutMs}ms. ${detail}`);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the reply to finish by watching the text stop changing.
+ *
+ * Deliberately NOT keyed on a stop-button selector the way chatgpt-web is.
+ * That selector is the single most brittle thing in the ChatGPT driver, and
+ * every selector here is unverified, so a heuristic that only needs to find
+ * the assistant turn at all is a better bet: text that has not changed for
+ * SETTLE_MS is done, whatever the button markup does next.
+ *
+ * The trade-off is honest — a long pause mid-stream could settle early. Hence
+ * SETTLE_MS is generous and tunable, and it still refuses to return empty.
+ */
+async function waitForResponseComplete(page: Page): Promise<string> {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS;
+  let lastText = '';
+  let stableSince = 0;
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    const text = await lastAssistantText(page);
+
+    if (text && text === lastText) {
+      if (stableSince === 0) stableSince = Date.now();
+      if (Date.now() - stableSince >= SETTLE_MS) return text;
+    } else {
+      lastText = text;
+      stableSince = 0;
+    }
+
+    await page.waitForTimeout(POLL_MS);
+  }
+
+  if (lastText) {
+    // Timed out mid-stream: returning what we have lets the assertion say what
+    // was actually wrong, instead of masking it as a timeout.
+    console.error(`[e2e] claude-web: response still changing after ${RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS}ms — asserting on partial text`);
+    return lastText;
+  }
+  throw new Error(
+    `claude-web: no assistant message after ${RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS}ms. Tried: ${ASSISTANT_SELECTORS.join(', ')}. ` +
+      'Either the reply never arrived or these SELECTOR-TODO guesses are wrong — check the session replay.',
+  );
+}
+
+async function lastAssistantText(page: Page): Promise<string> {
+  for (const selector of ASSISTANT_SELECTORS) {
+    const messages = page.locator(selector);
+    const count = await messages.count().catch(() => 0);
+    if (count > 0) {
+      const text = await messages.nth(count - 1).innerText().catch(() => '');
+      if (text.trim()) return text;
+    }
+  }
+  return '';
+}
diff --git a/e2e/drivers/connect.ts b/e2e/drivers/connect.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d5818b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/drivers/connect.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Shared browser transport for the web-based drivers (chatgpt-web, claude-web).
+//
+// Both connect the same two ways — a local Chrome over CDP, or a Browserbase
+// cloud session — and only the site they drive differs. Keeping the switch here
+// means adding a third web client is a selectors-only job, and that a fix to
+// the transport lands for every client at once.
+
+import { chromium, type Browser } from 'playwright';
+import { createBrowserbaseSession, usingBrowserbase, type BrowserbaseSession } from './browserbase.ts';
+
+export interface Connection {
+  browser: Browser;
+  /** Null when running against a local Chrome. */
+  remote: BrowserbaseSession | null;
+  /** For appVersion() / forensics, so a failure says where it ran. */
+  describe(): string;
+}
+
+export async function connectBrowser(localCdpEndpoint: string): Promise<Connection> {
+  const remote = usingBrowserbase() ? await createBrowserbaseSession() : null;
+  if (remote) {
+    console.error(`[e2e] browserbase session ${remote.sessionId} — replay: ${remote.replayUrl}`);
+  }
+
+  const browser = await chromium.connectOverCDP(remote ? remote.connectUrl : localCdpEndpoint);
+
+  return {
+    browser,
+    remote,
+    describe: () => (remote ? `browserbase session=${remote.sessionId}` : 'local-cdp'),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/e2e/drivers/driver.ts b/e2e/drivers/driver.ts
index c5548c2..0e1b3ea 100644
--- a/e2e/drivers/driver.ts
+++ b/e2e/drivers/driver.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-export type ClientName = 'claude-desktop' | 'chatgpt-web';
+// claude-desktop drives the signed Electron app via Appium/macOS Accessibility
+// (CDP is fused off) and therefore only runs on the Mac Studio. claude-web and
+// chatgpt-web are Playwright over CDP and run anywhere, including Browserbase.
+export type ClientName = 'claude-desktop' | 'claude-web' | 'chatgpt-web';
 
 export interface Driver {
   newConversation(): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/e2e/package-lock.json b/e2e/package-lock.json
index 40f969b..d4f30e2 100644
--- a/e2e/package-lock.json
+++ b/e2e/package-lock.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
       "name": "google-docs-mcp-e2e",
       "version": "0.0.0",
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+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/node-domexception/-/node-domexception-1.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-/jKZoMpw0F8GRwl4/eLROPA3cfcXtLApP0QzLmUT/HuPCZWyB7IY9ZrMeKw2O/nFIqPQB3PVM9aYm0F312AXDQ==",
+      "deprecated": "Use your platform's native DOMException instead",
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/jimmywarting"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://paypal.me/jimmywarting"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10.5.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/node-fetch": {
+      "version": "2.7.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/node-fetch/-/node-fetch-2.7.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-c4FRfUm/dbcWZ7U+1Wq0AwCyFL+3nt2bEw05wfxSz+DWpWsitgmSgYmy2dQdWyKC1694ELPqMs/YzUSNozLt8A==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "4.x || >=6.0.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "encoding": "^0.1.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "encoding": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/normalize-path": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/normalize-path/-/normalize-path-3.0.0.tgz",
@@ -3005,6 +3368,12 @@
         "b4a": "^1.6.4"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/tr46": {
+      "version": "0.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tr46/-/tr46-0.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-N3WMsuqV66lT30CrXNbEjx4GEwlow3v6rr4mCcv6prnfwhS01rkgyFdjPNBYd9br7LpXV1+Emh01fHnq2Gdgrw==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.8.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-2.8.1.tgz",
@@ -3155,6 +3524,15 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/chalk/chalk?sponsor=1"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/web-streams-polyfill": {
+      "version": "4.0.0-beta.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/web-streams-polyfill/-/web-streams-polyfill-4.0.0-beta.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QW95TCTaHmsYfHDybGMwO5IJIM93I/6vTRk+daHTWFPhwh+C8Cg7j7XyKrwrj8Ib6vYXe0ocYNrmzY4xAAN6ug==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 14"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/webdriver": {
       "version": "9.27.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webdriver/-/webdriver-9.27.1.tgz",
@@ -3248,6 +3626,12 @@
         "undici-types": "~6.21.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
+      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-3.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2JAn3z8AR6rjK8Sm8orRC0h/bcl/DqL7tRPdGZ4I1CjdF+EaMLmYxBHyXuKL849eucPFhvBoxMsflfOb8kxaeQ==",
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+    },
     "node_modules/whatwg-encoding": {
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-encoding/-/whatwg-encoding-3.1.1.tgz",
@@ -3270,6 +3654,16 @@
         "node": ">=18"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/whatwg-url": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-saE57nupxk6v3HY35+jzBwYa0rKSy0XR8JSxZPwgLr7ys0IBzhGviA1/TUGJLmSVqs8pb9AnvICXEuOHLprYTw==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tr46": "~0.0.3",
+        "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/which": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which/-/which-6.0.1.tgz",
diff --git a/e2e/package.json b/e2e/package.json
index a7f28e8..d1660db 100644
--- a/e2e/package.json
+++ b/e2e/package.json
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "test": "node --import tsx --test tests/*.smoke.ts",
-    "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit"
+    "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",
+    "seed:browserbase": "node --import tsx scripts/seedBrowserbaseContext.ts"
   },
   "dependencies": {
+    "@browserbasehq/sdk": "^2.19.0",
     "playwright": "^1.49.0",
     "webdriverio": "^9.5.0"
   },
diff --git a/e2e/runSmokeTest.ts b/e2e/runSmokeTest.ts
index e8c3461..8f8a783 100644
--- a/e2e/runSmokeTest.ts
+++ b/e2e/runSmokeTest.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ async function loadDriver(client: ClientName): Promise<Driver> {
     const { createClaudeDesktopDriver } = await import('./drivers/claude-desktop.ts');
     return createClaudeDesktopDriver();
   }
+  if (client === 'claude-web') {
+    const { createClaudeWebDriver } = await import('./drivers/claude-web.ts');
+    return createClaudeWebDriver();
+  }
   const { createChatGptWebDriver } = await import('./drivers/chatgpt-web.ts');
   return createChatGptWebDriver();
 }
diff --git a/e2e/scripts/seedBrowserbaseContext.ts b/e2e/scripts/seedBrowserbaseContext.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7738adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/scripts/seedBrowserbaseContext.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// One-time setup: log into ChatGPT inside a Browserbase Context so the smoke
+// tests can reuse that session without ever handling a password.
+//
+// This replaces the warmed `$HOME/e2e-chrome-profile` the local transport
+// depends on — the thing that currently pins the ChatGPT job to the Mac Studio.
+//
+// Run it, open the printed Live View URL, log in by hand (2FA included — you
+// are driving a real browser), then press Enter here. The cookies are written
+// back to the Context on close, and every later session reads them.
+//
+//   npm run seed:browserbase            # creates a new context
+//   BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID=ctx_… npm run seed:browserbase   # refresh an existing one
+//
+// Re-run whenever ChatGPT expires the session; nothing else needs touching.
+
+import { createInterface } from 'node:readline/promises';
+import { stdin, stdout } from 'node:process';
+import { chromium } from 'playwright';
+import { browserbaseClient, createBrowserbaseSession, liveViewUrl } from '../drivers/browserbase.ts';
+
+// Which site's login this context is for. One context per client — cookies for
+// claude.ai and chatgpt.com are unrelated, and mixing them in one context would
+// mean re-seeding both whenever either expires.
+const CLIENT = process.env.CLIENT ?? 'claude-web';
+const SEED_TARGETS: Record<string, { url: string; label: string }> = {
+  'claude-web': { url: process.env.CLAUDE_URL ?? 'https://claude.ai/new', label: 'Claude' },
+  'chatgpt-web': { url: process.env.CHATGPT_URL ?? 'https://chatgpt.com/', label: 'ChatGPT' },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Strip quotes and whitespace off an env value.
+ *
+ * `export KEY="bb_live_…"` in some shells, or a copy-paste that grabs a
+ * trailing newline, leaves the quotes/whitespace IN the value. The API then
+ * returns a bare 401 that looks like a bad key rather than a bad paste.
+ */
+function envValue(name: string): string {
+  return (process.env[name] ?? '').trim().replace(/^['"]|['"]$/g, '');
+}
+
+/** Turn a 401 into something that says what to check. */
+function explainAuthFailure(apiKey: string, projectId: string): void {
+  console.error('');
+  console.error('[seed] Browserbase rejected the credentials (HTTP 401).');
+  console.error('');
+  console.error(`  BROWSERBASE_API_KEY    = ${mask(apiKey)}`);
+  console.error(`  BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID = ${mask(projectId)}`);
+  console.error('');
+  // Both live next to each other on the Settings page and neither is labelled
+  // in a way that survives a hurried copy-paste, so this is the usual cause.
+  if (projectId.startsWith('bb_') && !apiKey.startsWith('bb_')) {
+    console.error('  These look SWAPPED — the project id starts with "bb_", which is the');
+    console.error('  API key prefix. Try exchanging the two values.');
+  } else if (!apiKey.startsWith('bb_')) {
+    console.error('  The API key does not start with "bb_", so this may be the project id');
+    console.error('  (a UUID) pasted into the key. Both are on the same Settings page.');
+  } else {
+    console.error('  The key looks well-formed, so check it has not been revoked or');
+    console.error('  regenerated, and that it belongs to this project.');
+  }
+  console.error('');
+  console.error('  Verify the key on its own:');
+  console.error(`    curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}\\n' \\`);
+  console.error(`      -H "X-BB-API-Key: $BROWSERBASE_API_KEY" \\`);
+  console.error('      https://api.browserbase.com/v1/projects');
+  console.error('  200 = key is good; 401 = the key itself is the problem.');
+  console.error('');
+}
+
+function mask(value: string): string {
+  if (!value) return '(unset)';
+  if (value.length <= 8) return `${value.slice(0, 2)}… (${value.length} chars)`;
+  return `${value.slice(0, 6)}…${value.slice(-4)} (${value.length} chars)`;
+}
+
+async function main(): Promise<void> {
+  const apiKey = envValue('BROWSERBASE_API_KEY');
+  let projectId = envValue('BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID');
+  if (!apiKey) {
+    console.error('Set BROWSERBASE_API_KEY first. See e2e/BROWSERBASE.md.');
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+  // Write the cleaned key back so the SDK sees the trimmed form rather than the
+  // raw paste. The project id is written back after it has been validated.
+  process.env.BROWSERBASE_API_KEY = apiKey;
+
+  const target = SEED_TARGETS[CLIENT];
+  if (!target) {
+    console.error(`[seed] CLIENT=${CLIENT} has no browser login to seed.`);
+    console.error(`[seed] Expected one of: ${Object.keys(SEED_TARGETS).join(', ')}.`);
+    console.error('[seed] (claude-desktop authenticates in the app itself, not in a browser context.)');
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+  console.error(`[seed] seeding a ${target.label} login (CLIENT=${CLIENT})`);
+
+  const bb = browserbaseClient();
+
+  // Cheapest authenticated call there is, and it doubles as the project check.
+  // Failing here means the credentials are wrong, and saying so beats a stack
+  // trace out of contexts.create().
+  let projects: Array<{ id: string; name: string }>;
+  try {
+    projects = await bb.projects.list();
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    if (err?.status === 401) {
+      explainAuthFailure(apiKey, projectId);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+    throw err;
+  }
+
+  // A key that authenticates fine will still 401 on contexts.create() when the
+  // projectId belongs to someone else — the error says "Unauthorized" and
+  // names nothing, which is indistinguishable from a bad key. Since we already
+  // know every project this key owns, check it here and say which is wrong.
+  const owned = projects.map((p) => p.id);
+  if (projectId && !owned.includes(projectId)) {
+    console.error('');
+    console.error(`[seed] BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID (${mask(projectId)}) is not a project this API key owns.`);
+    console.error('[seed] That is what produces a 401 from contexts.create() even though the key is valid.');
+    console.error('');
+    console.error('  Projects this key can use:');
+    for (const p of projects) console.error(`    ${p.id}  ${p.name}`);
+    console.error('');
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+  if (!projectId) {
+    if (projects.length === 1) {
+      projectId = projects[0].id;
+      console.error(`[seed] BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID not set — using the only project: ${projectId} (${projects[0].name})`);
+    } else {
+      console.error('[seed] BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID is not set and this key owns several projects:');
+      for (const p of projects) console.error(`    ${p.id}  ${p.name}`);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  process.env.BROWSERBASE_PROJECT_ID = projectId;
+
+  let contextId = envValue('BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID') || undefined;
+  if (contextId) {
+    console.error(`[seed] refreshing existing context ${contextId}`);
+  } else {
+    const context = await bb.contexts.create({ projectId });
+    contextId = context.id;
+    console.error(`[seed] created context ${contextId}`);
+  }
+
+  // persist: true is correct HERE and nowhere else — this is the one run whose
+  // job is to WRITE the cookie jar. The tests read it with persist: false so a
+  // parallel gate run cannot race 18 sessions writing back at once.
+  process.env.BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID = contextId;
+  const session = await createBrowserbaseSession({
+    persist: true,
+    // Generous: a human is logging in, possibly hunting for a 2FA code.
+    timeoutSeconds: 1800,
+    // NOT keepAlive. `persist` writes the cookie jar back when the SESSION
+    // ends, and keepAlive's whole purpose is to keep it running after the
+    // client disconnects — so browser.close() would detach without ending
+    // anything and the login would never be saved. That produced a context
+    // that looked seeded and yielded "Sign in - Claude" on the first test run.
+  });
+
+  const browser = await chromium.connectOverCDP(session.connectUrl);
+  const ctx = browser.contexts()[0] ?? (await browser.newContext());
+  const page = ctx.pages()[0] ?? (await ctx.newPage());
+  await page.goto(target.url, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+
+  const live = await liveViewUrl(session.sessionId);
+  console.error('');
+  console.error(`  Open this and log into ${target.label}:`);
+  console.error(`    ${live}`);
+  console.error('');
+  console.error(`  Confirm the MCP connector is configured on the ${target.label} account`);
+  console.error('  too — connectors are account-side, so once set there is nothing');
+  console.error('  per-session to redo.');
+  console.error('');
+
+  const rl = createInterface({ input: stdin, output: stdout });
+  await rl.question('Press Enter once you are logged in and the chat UI is loaded… ');
+  rl.close();
+
+  // Prove the login actually took before saving, rather than persisting an
+  // anonymous jar that fails confusingly on the first test run.
+  const loggedIn = await page
+    .locator('#prompt-textarea, div[contenteditable="true"]')
+    .first()
+    .isVisible()
+    .catch(() => false);
+
+  // Disconnect, then ask Browserbase to END the session explicitly. Closing the
+  // CDP connection alone is not a guarantee the session completed, and `persist`
+  // only writes on completion — so this is the step that actually saves the
+  // login. REQUEST_RELEASE is also what stops it billing until the timeout.
+  await browser.close();
+  try {
+    await bb.sessions.update(session.sessionId, { status: 'REQUEST_RELEASE', projectId });
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    console.error(`[seed] could not release the session: ${err?.message ?? err}`);
+    console.error('[seed] the context may not have been written — re-run and check.');
+  }
+  await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 5_000)); // docs: allow a few seconds to sync
+
+  // Prove the cookies actually landed, rather than trusting the write. This is
+  // the check whose absence let a silently-empty context reach a test run.
+  await verifyContextPersisted(contextId, target.url);
+
+  if (!loggedIn) {
+    console.error('');
+    console.error('[seed] WARNING: no composer found on the page, so the login may not have');
+    console.error('[seed] completed. The context was still saved — re-run to try again.');
+  }
+
+  console.error('');
+  console.error('[seed] done. Add to CI secrets / your shell:');
+  console.error(`    BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID=${contextId}`);
+  console.error('');
+  console.error('Then run a test against it:');
+  console.error(`    E2E_BROWSER=browserbase CLIENT=${CLIENT} \\`);
+  console.error('      node --import tsx --test tests/readGoogleDoc.smoke.ts');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Re-open the context in a fresh session and confirm the login survived.
+ *
+ * Without this the script's "done" only means "we asked it to save". The first
+ * evidence of failure was otherwise a smoke test landing on a sign-in page,
+ * which reads as a broken selector rather than a broken context.
+ */
+async function verifyContextPersisted(contextId: string, url: string): Promise<void> {
+  console.error('[seed] verifying the saved login by reopening the context…');
+  process.env.BROWSERBASE_CONTEXT_ID = contextId;
+  const check = await createBrowserbaseSession({ persist: false, timeoutSeconds: 120 });
+  const browser = await chromium.connectOverCDP(check.connectUrl);
+  try {
+    const ctx = browser.contexts()[0] ?? (await browser.newContext());
+    const page = ctx.pages()[0] ?? (await ctx.newPage());
+    await page.goto(url, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+    await page.waitForTimeout(4_000); // let any client-side redirect settle
+
+    const title = await page.title().catch(() => '');
+    const signedOut = /sign in|log in/i.test(title);
+    if (signedOut) {
+      console.error('');
+      console.error(`[seed] FAILED: the reopened context lands on "${title}".`);
+      console.error('[seed] The login did not persist. Re-run and make sure you are fully');
+      console.error('[seed] signed in — the chat UI loaded, not just the password submitted —');
+      console.error('[seed] before pressing Enter.');
+      console.error(`[seed] Replay of this check: ${check.replayUrl}`);
+      process.exitCode = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+    console.error(`[seed] verified — reopened context loads "${title}".`);
+  } finally {
+    await browser.close();
+    try {
+      // Release rather than letting it idle to timeout — an unreleased check
+      // session bills for its full duration.
+      browserbaseClient().sessions.update(check.sessionId, { status: 'REQUEST_RELEASE' });
+    } catch { /* best-effort */ }
+  }
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error('[seed] failed:', err);
+  process.exit(1);
+});