diff --git a/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f6369aee --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use robust cryptographic mechanisms to validate cross-chain proofs and transactions. +- Implement multi-signature or consensus-based verification for bridge transactions. +- Regularly audit bridge validation and verification logic to identify weaknesses. +- Incorporate monitoring systems to flag and halt suspicious cross-chain activity. diff --git a/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/template.md b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..59f3208f --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/Improper_Bridge_Validation_and_Verification_Logic/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when a blockchain bridge fails to rigorously validate cross-chain transactions or asset transfers. This can arise from incomplete verification of cryptographic proofs, inadequate validation of source chain data, or flawed consensus mechanisms. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to forge transactions, double-spend assets, or compromise the integrity of cross-chain interactions. + +**Business Impact** + +Improper validation in blockchain bridges can lead to significant financial losses, cross-chain instability, and diminished trust in the platform. Exploits may propagate vulnerabilities across multiple chains, magnifying their impact and eroding user confidence. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the bridge's transaction validation and verification logic. +2. Submit a cross-chain transaction with forged or incomplete data. +3. Observe if the bridge accepts and processes the invalid transaction. +4. Attempt to manipulate or double-spend assets through the bridge. +5. Confirm that the bridge fails to detect or reject the invalid transaction. + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..140b0f56 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement secure default settings and restrict administrative access to nodes and infrastructure. +- Regularly audit and validate network configurations against industry best practices. +- Use automated tools to detect and resolve misconfigurations in real time. +- Harden consensus mechanisms by enforcing robust cryptographic standards and validating peer integrity. +- Monitor network activity to detect and mitigate potential exploits stemming from misconfigurations. diff --git a/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/template.md b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ecfaca14 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Blockchain_Infrastructure_Misconfiguration/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Blockchain Infrastructure Misconfiguration refers to weaknesses in the foundational components of a blockchain system, including nodes, consensus mechanisms, network configurations, and data integrity protocols. This can occur due to improper setup, insufficient security measures, or lack of adherence to best practices for infrastructure design and maintenance. Misconfigurations in this category can lead to systemic vulnerabilities, enabling attackers to disrupt the network, manipulate data, or exploit functionality. An attacker can leverage these misconfigurations to cause denial of service, compromise consensus, or gain unauthorized control over network operations. + +**Business Impact** + +Infrastructure misconfigurations can undermine the reliability and security of the blockchain network, leading to downtime, financial losses, and erosion of trust among users and stakeholders. Such vulnerabilities can damage the reputation of the platform, expose sensitive data, and disrupt dependent decentralized applications. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify deviations from security best practice in the configuration settings of nodes and network infrastructure {{explanation of where + screenshot}} +1. Attempt to exploit weak or missing authentication for administrative access to nodes +1. Simulate malformed transactions or messages to test the system's error-handling mechanisms +1. Observe that the identified misconfigurations result in unauthorized access, operational disruptions, or data manipulation + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9aee3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Recommendation(s) +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Ensure that there are checks on price and liquidity changes to prevent sudden manipulation caused by flash loans. +- Implement replay auditing of smart contracts to detect vulnerabilities exploitable by flash loans. +- Ensure accurate, real-time price feeds from decentralized oracles to mitigate manipulation. +- Enable circuit breakers to pause the system in the event of large, suspicious transactions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7843edac --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Flash_Loan_Attack/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +A flash loan allows the borrowing of a large sum of capital without collateral as the loan must be returned to the lending platform at the end of a transaction block. A flash loan attack involves an attacker borrowing large amounts to manipulate asset prices in liquidity pools or decentralized exchanges, arbitraging between manipulated prices across protocols, or exploiting vulnerabilities in smart contracts to drain liquidity. Through these methods an attacker is able to manipulate the logic of asset bonding curves and destabilize market prices. + +**Business Impact** + +Flash loan attacks can result in significant financial losses as well as a loss of user trust, and damage to the platform’s reputation. Additionally, businesses may face legal consequences and regulatory scrutiny which can lead to financial losses and penalties. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. I Identify a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocol that offers flash loans with unsecured capital: {{define specific protocol}} +1. Borrow a large flash loan from a liquidity pool without collateral + +1. Perform the following actions which show the manipulated asset prices, arbitrage strategies or exploits to extra value from the manipulated prices or protocol: {{list additional actions}} + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..004697dd --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1ade03ef --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: +- Implement checks and balances to ensure user withdrawals or payouts are only processed if they align with their actual balance. +- Ensure all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) are performed using SafeMath or similar libraries to avoid overflow and underflow errors. +- Perform rigorous code audits to identify and fix accounting logic vulnerabilities before deploying smart contracts. +- Conduct extensive testing of smart contracts, including edge cases, to ensure the integrity of all financial operations. +- Use precise rounding mechanisms in financial calculations to avoid discrepancies in user balances. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2b4cad7d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Function_Level_Accounting_Error/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +A function-level accounting error occurs when a smart contract in a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocol improperly calculates balances, interests, or other transactional values due to a coding flaw. This vulnerability typically arises from incorrect implementation of financial functions, such as rounding errors, incorrect updating of balance variables, or failing to account for edge cases in transactions. An attacker can exploit a function-level accounting error in a function responsible for updating user balances, allowing them to withdraw more funds than they are entitled to. + +**Business Impact** + +Function-level accounting errors can lead to significant financial discrepancies, resulting in loss of funds, misallocation of rewards, or improper liquidation of assets. This can cause reputational harm to the DeFi platform, as users may lose trust in the platform's integrity and security. Furthermore, if the error is exploited at scale, it could drain liquidity or destabilize the entire protocol. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Review the DeFi protocol's smart contract code for financial functions +1. Identify an edge case or flaw in the logic {{Describe the specific underflow, overflow, or rounding issue identified}} +1. Manipulate the inputs to the vulnerable function to trigger the flaw +1. Observe that the protocol fails to update balances properly which results in an incorrect payout +> {{screenshot}} + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..03f62d4d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Design governance mechanisms that distribute voting power more evenly to prevent centralization or manipulation. +- Restrict the use of flash-loaned tokens in governance votes to prevent manipulation. +- Introduce a time delay between proposal submission and vote execution to limit flash loan exploitation. +- Require longer token holding periods before tokens can be used in governance decisions to prevent vote buying. +- Regularly perform governance audits to identify and mitigate risks related to governance manipulation. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cfd21bd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Improper_Implementation_of_Governance/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Governance typically involves token holders voting on protocol changes, such as interest rates or code updates. Improper implementation of governance occurs when a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocol’s governance mechanism is flawed, allowing an attacker to manipulate decision making processes. This occurs when governance tokens can be easily manipulated or concentrated (e.g., through flash loans or vote buying) and can result in arbitrary changes to interest rates, fees, or smart contract logic. + +**Business Impact** + +This vulnerability can destabilize the protocol, leading to reputational damage, loss of user funds, and potential financial instability. Additionally, businesses may face legal consequences and regulatory scrutiny which can lead to financial losses and penalties. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the governance mechanism within the DeFi protocol {{Describe the specific governance protocol}} +1. Acquire a large amount of governance tokens {{Describe the method identified and provide steps to reproduce this}} +1. Propose a governance change or vote on an existing proposal +> {{screenshot}} +1. Use the acquired tokens to influence the vote +> {{screenshot}} + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88203f78 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use failsafes to detect abnormal pricing shifts and pause the protocol if manipulation is detected. Set thresholds for price volatility ranges for all assets within the dApp (these can be based on historical data, statistical models, and normal market activity). +- Ensure that accurate and real-time price feeds are used from decentralized oracles. +- Use time weighted average price or volume weighted average price to smooth short-term volatility. +- Enable circuit breakers to pause the system in the event of large, suspicious transactions. +- Continuously monitor for sudden spikes or reductions in liquidity or trading volumes that might signal manipulation. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8dfc5824 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/Pricing_Oracle_Manipulation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +A pricing oracle manipulation attack occurs when an attacker manipulates the data provided by price oracles to distort the prices of assets within a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocol. The vulnerability stems from the reliance on price oracles to determine asset values, particularly when these oracles draw data from a single or few external sources. Attackers may, for example, provide false liquidity to a decentralized exchange to artificially inflate or deflate the price of an asset, or target oracles with delayed price updates to profit from manipulated pricing. + +**Business Impact** + +Manipulation of price oracles can destabilize the platform by causing false valuations of assets, resulting in unfair liquidations, arbitrage, or financial loss for users. This can harm the integrity of the DeFi protocol, eroding user trust, and causing significant financial losses. Additionally, legal risks arise if manipulated pricing leads to large-scale market instability or fraud within the platform. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a DeFi platform relying on a price oracle for asset valuation: {{define specific platform}} +1. Determine that the price oracle uses a centralized or single-source price feed +> {{screenshot}} +1. Manipulate the liquidity on the platform or provide false data to the oracle +1. Observe price distortions and execute trades based on the manipulated prices to profit +> {{screenshot}} +1. Liquidate positions or perform arbitrage before the oracle updates or corrects the prices + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3cde4f20 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use decentralized and reliable oracle systems to prevent manipulation. +- Conduct regular audits of smart contracts and financial logic. +- Implement failsafes and limits to mitigate abnormal financial activities. +- Monitor transaction patterns for signs of exploitation and act swiftly to mitigate risks. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf67a81b --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/DeFi_Security/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +DeFi security misconfigurations refer to flaws in the design or implementation of decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, such as flash loan vulnerabilities, oracle manipulation, or improper accounting logic. These issues can compromise the financial integrity and operational stability of the protocol. An attacker can exploit these misconfigurations to manipulate token prices, drain liquidity pools, or execute unauthorized transactions. + +**Business Impact** + +DeFi misconfigurations can lead to substantial financial losses for the protocol and its users, damage to reputation, and a loss of trust in the platform. These vulnerabilities may also result in regulatory scrutiny and legal liabilities for the operators. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the DeFi protocol’s smart contracts and logic for vulnerabilities +1. Test token price manipulation through oracle inputs or other means. +1. Attempt to exploit liquidity pools using flash loans or reentrancy methods. +1. Observe that unauthorized or unintended transactions can be executed. + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0392f29b --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use strict signature verification methods to check that the sender’s public key matches the signature and that no modifications of the transaction details can occur. +- Implement replay protection mechanisms to prevent attackers from reusing valid signatures for unauthorized transactions. +- Use established cryptographic libraries that handle signature verification securely and correctly. +- Conduct regular security audits of smart contracts and their transaction handling mechanisms to identify potential weaknesses in signature validation. +- For high value or sensitive transactions, consider implementing multi-signature authorization that include multiple private keys to sign off on the action before it is executed. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92b0e220 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/Insufficient_Signature_Validation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +This vulnerability occurs when a decentralized application (dApp) implements improper validation of cryptographic signatures, which serve as proof of ownership, authorization or validation. It can occur when a dApp fails to verify the public key against the signature, implements weak checks (or is missing checks) on transaction parameters, or it reuses previously valid signatures. Insufficient signature validation results in an attacker being able to forge or otherwise manipulate signatures to perform unauthorized actions on the blockchain. + +**Business Impact** + +Improper authorization can result in loss of user trust, and damage to the dApp’s reputation. Additionally, businesses may face legal consequences and regulatory scrutiny which can lead to financial losses and penalties. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify an interaction within the dApp that requires a signature for authorization: {{define specific function}} +1. Alter the signature parameters by performing {{action}} +1. Submit the altered request to the dApp +1. Observe that the dApp improperly validates the signature and accepts the request without verifying the correct private key ownership + +**Proof of Concept (PoC)** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..827068bc --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use role-based access control (RBAC) and enforce least privilege principles. +- Regularly test and audit authorization logic for vulnerabilities. +- Implement robust authentication mechanisms to verify user identities. +- Use automated tools to detect and prevent authorization bypasses. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9abd681d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Improper_Authorization/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Improper authorization occurs when a decentralized application (dApp) fails to properly enforce access controls, allowing unauthorized users or entities to access restricted functionalities or resources. This can result from missing checks, weak authentication mechanisms, or flawed logic. An attacker can exploit this to gain unauthorized access, manipulate transactions, or exfiltrate sensitive information. + +**Business Impact** + +Improper authorization can lead to financial losses, data breaches, and operational disruptions. Exploits may also result in regulatory non-compliance and reputational damage. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the authorization mechanisms in the dApp's code +1. Attempt to bypass access controls using unauthorized accounts or inputs +1. Test edge cases and logic flaws in the authorization process +1. Observe that unauthorized actions are successfully executed + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d731d55 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Avoid storing private keys in the browser’s `localStorage` or other insecure client-side storage mechanisms. Use more secure alternatives, such as session-based tokens or encrypted cookies. +- Use strong encryption algorithms to encrypt private keys before storing them. +- Implement secure key management practices, such as using hardware security modules or key vaults for sensitive key storage. +- Use access controls to limit who and what can access sensitive key storage. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1d775b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Plaintext_Private_Key/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +This vulnerability occurs when a decentralized application (dApp) stores a private key in plaintext within its data storage. This can stem from improper data security practices, such as failing to encrypt sensitive information, using insecure client-side storage mechanisms (e.g., `localStorage` or `sessionStorage`), hardcoding private keys directly into the code, or neglecting to implement proper access controls. As a result, attackers with access to the storage can easily retrieve and misuse the private key, compromising the integrity of the associated blockchain accounts as they are able to access users' blockchain accounts or wallets. + +**Business Impact** +The exposure of a plaintext private key can result in loss of user trust, and damage to the dApp’s reputation. Additionally, businesses may face legal consequences and regulatory scrutiny which can lead to financial losses and penalties. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Access the decentralized application’s storage mechanism: {{define storage mechanism}} +1. Search for the private key by performing {{action}} +1. Observe the private key is stored in plaintext without encryption +1. Confirm that the plaintext private key gives access to the associated blockchain account or wallet + +**Proof of Concept (PoC)** +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..00377c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use strong encryption algorithms to encrypt sensitive information both at rest and in transit before storing them. +- Only use and store the minimum amount of sensitive information necessary for the function of the application. Remove or anonymise sensitive information when it is no longer needed. +- Use access controls to limit who and what can access the sensitive information. +- Conduct regular security audits to ensure compliance with relevant privacy regulations of your application’s user base. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f35decf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/Sensitive_Information_Exposure/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +This vulnerability occurs when a decentralized application (dApp) fails to securely store sensitive information, such as Personally Identifiable Information (PII), or Protected Health Information (PHI). This can stem from improper data security practices, such as storing sensitive data in plaintext, failing to encrypt sensitive information, using insecure client-side storage mechanisms (e.g., `localStorage`), failing to encrypt sensitive data, or neglecting to implement proper access controls. As a result, attackers with access to the storage can easily retrieve and exploit the sensitive information, leading to breaches in the privacy of individual users. + +**Business Impact** + +The exposure of sensitive information can result in loss of user trust, and reputational damage to the business. Additionally, businesses may face legal consequences and regulatory scrutiny for non-compliance with privacy laws. which can lead to financial losses and penalties. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Access the decentralized application’s storage mechanism: {{define storage mechanism}} +1. Search for the sensitive information by performing {{action}} +1. Observe that the sensitive information is stored in plaintext without encryption + +**Proof of Concept (PoC)** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bcf7ba88 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Encrypt sensitive data using strong encryption standards. +- Restrict access to data storage systems using robust access controls. +- Conduct regular audits of data storage practices. +- Comply with relevant data protection regulations and standards. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..73f3b03a --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Insecure_Data_Storage/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Insecure data storage occurs when a decentralized application (dApp) improperly stores sensitive information, such as private keys, personally identifiable information (PII), or protected health information (PHI). This can happen due to plaintext storage, lack of encryption, or improper access controls. An attacker can exploit this to access or exfiltrate sensitive data, leading to privacy violations and security breaches. + +**Business Impact** + +Data breaches caused by insecure storage can lead to significant financial losses, regulatory penalties, and reputational harm. Affected users may lose trust in the platform, further damaging its credibility. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Review the storage implementation for sensitive data in the dApp +1. Analyze the use of encryption and access controls for data protection +1. Attempt to retrieve sensitive data without authorization +1. Observe any unauthorized access or data exposure + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e94cd6af --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement rate limiting on all marketplace interactions, including order placements, asset queries, and transactions. +- Optimize smart contract functions to handle large numbers of interactions without degrading performance. +- Use monitoring tools to detect unusual spikes in traffic and throttle malicious activity in real-time. +- Establish backup and failover systems to keep the marketplace operational in the event of an attack. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..15312c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Denial_of_Service/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerabilities occur when attackers overload the marketplace with excessive transactions, requests, or interactions, causing it to become unavailable or unresponsive. This can result from a lack of rate limiting, unoptimized smart contract functions, or exploitable transaction loops. An attacker can overwhelm a marketplace through DoS, preventing legitimate users from accessing services. + +**Business Impact** + +A successful DoS attack can render the platform unusable, leading to significant downtime, loss of revenue, and frustrated users. It also exposes the marketplace to reputational damage, as users may seek alternatives if the platform is frequently unavailable due to attacks. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a vulnerable marketplace function that allows unlimited interactions +1. Spam the vulnerable function with excessive requests {{Describe exactly how}} +1. Observe the marketplace’s performance as it becomes unresponsive or crashes +1. Observe that legitimate users are unable to access the marketplace or complete transactions + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4498324d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement strict validation mechanisms for deposits and withdrawals, ensuring that transactions are fully confirmed before allowing withdrawals. +- Use decentralized oracles to verify external wallet balances and ensure synchronization with the marketplace. +- Regularly audit the deposit and withdrawal logic for potential vulnerabilities. +- Introduce rate limits and monitoring to prevent multiple withdrawal attempts in a short period. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a04dffc --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Improper_Validation_and_Checks_For_Deposits_and_Withdrawals/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Improper validation and checks for deposits and withdrawals occur when the marketplace fails to adequately verify user deposits or withdrawals, leading to potential double-spending, unauthorized transactions, or incorrect balances. This misconfiguration is caused by poor validation logic or synchronization issues between the marketplace and external wallets. + +**Business Impact** + +Incorrect validation can lead to financial discrepancies, enabling attackers to withdraw funds without proper deposits or double-spend assets. It may also cause user dissatisfaction due to incorrect balances, damaging the platform’s reputation and leading to potential legal disputes. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Deposit funds into a marketplace account +1. Identify and exploit any inconsistencies in the validation or synchronization logic between the marketplace and the external wallet +1. Trigger a withdrawal request that exceeds the deposited amount or simulate multiple withdrawals in quick succession +1. Observe that the account balances to verify that unauthorized or excess withdrawals were successful + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d36a71a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: +- Enforce strict validation and verification processes for order offers, ensuring terms are clear and transparent. +- Implement user alerts for unusually high or suspicious order offers. +- Audit the metadata and descriptions associated with each order to prevent deceptive practices. +- Educate users on how to recognize potentially malicious offers and encourage double-checking before acceptance. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ecad1f57 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Malicious_Order_Offer/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +A malicious order offer involves an attacker creating fraudulent or malicious order offers designed to deceive users into accepting terms that favor the attacker. This is often caused by a lack of order verification mechanisms or misleading metadata. Users may accept these malicious offers without realizing they are unfavorable or fraudulent. + +**Business Impact** + +Users who fall victim to malicious orders may lose assets or overpay for goods, leading to financial losses and diminished trust in the marketplace. The platform may face legal repercussions for allowing fraudulent activities and could suffer reputational damage as users leave for more secure alternatives. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Create a malicious order offer with deceptive terms +1. Submit the offer to the marketplace +1. Present the order in a way that conceals the malicious intent +1. Trick a user into accepting the malicious offer {{describe how}} +1. Observe that the transaction executed under fraudulent terms + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fddd2c7f --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement safe mathematical operations in smart contracts, including safeguards against integer overflows and underflows. +- Regularly audit and test accounting logic for rounding errors or other flaws. +- Use precise decimal handling to ensure accurate balance calculations across transactions. +- Establish independent validation checks for all balance updates and asset transfers. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d8d4305 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Miscalculated_Accounting_Logic/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Miscalculated accounting logic refers to errors or flaws in the marketplace’s accounting system that lead to incorrect balance calculations, discrepancies in user funds, or misallocation of assets. This often stems from improper rounding, underflows/overflows, or poor handling of transaction data. Attackers can exploit these weaknesses to alter balances in their favor. + +**Business Impact** + +Accounting errors can result in significant financial losses, both for the platform and its users. Users may see incorrect balances, leading to disputes and mistrust in the platform. If left unaddressed, such issues can cause significant reputational and legal damage to the marketplace. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a transaction that involves a balance update +1. Exploit the accounting logic {{Describe exactly how}} +1. Observe that the balance calculations are incorrect as a result +1. Observe that the affected accounts to confirm the accounting error + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..004697dd --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8b9bc102 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement strict geolocation checks using IP and blockchain analysis tools to block users from sanctioned jurisdictions. +- Introduce robust Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures to validate user identities before allowing transactions. +- Regularly update the platform’s list of sanctioned entities and cross-reference it with all active users. +- Automate compliance checks to flag and block users violating OFAC restrictions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..04d18ea2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/OFAC_Bypass/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) bypass refers to the failure of a marketplace to properly enforce OFAC sanctions or restrictions. This can happen due to insufficient compliance mechanisms, such as missing geolocation checks or improper validation of user identities, allowing sanctioned entities to engage in transactions. + +**Business Impact** + +Allowing sanctioned entities to use the platform could result in severe legal consequences, including fines, regulatory penalties, and sanctions against the marketplace itself. Additionally, reputational damage can occur if users or regulators perceive the platform as not complying with global laws and standards. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Create a user from a sanctioned country or entity +1. Bypass geolocation checks or identity verification to register on the platform +1. Execute trades, transfers, or listings as the sanctioned entity +1. Observe that the marketplace does not block or restrict the user based on their location or identity + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6af3c35e --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: +- Implement strong cryptographic signature validation on all order submissions to ensure the integrity of the original terms. +- Introduce non-modifiable order hashes or unique order IDs that prevent post-signature modification. +- Regularly audit order processing logic to detect potential manipulation points. +- Provide users with clear confirmation of their orders before execution and alert them to any changes. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e652a22 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Orderbook_Manipulation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Orderbook manipulation occurs when an attacker alters the terms of an order after it has been signed by the user but before it is executed by the marketplace. This can happen due to improper order validation, insufficient signature verification, or tampering with transaction data. As a result, the buyer or seller may unknowingly accept manipulated terms. + +**Business Impact** + +Order manipulation leads to financial losses for users and undermines trust in the marketplace’s ability to process trades fairly. It can damage the marketplace's reputation and result in disputes or legal issues related to fraudulent orders. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Create a legitimate order on the marketplace and sign it +1. Intercept the transaction data containing the order details +1. Modify the order terms +1. Submit the tampered order for execution +1. Observe that the manipulated order was executed under different terms than originally agreed upon + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..702a6166 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement consistent, tamper-proof fee and pricing logic across both the front-end and back-end. +- Regularly audit fee calculation and pricing mechanisms for potential vulnerabilities. +- Use cryptographic proofs to validate that prices and fees are correctly calculated before executing transactions. +- Introduce alerts for unusually low fees or sudden price changes in transactions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c152edb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Price_or_Fee_Manipulation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Price or fee manipulation occurs when attackers exploit weaknesses in the pricing or fee structure of a marketplace. This may involve bypassing fee calculations, inflating or deflating prices, or exploiting discrepancies between front-end and back-end price logic. This vulnerability allows attackers to manipulate the system to pay lower fees or unfairly alter trade prices. + +**Business Impact** + +This vulnerability can lead to financial losses for the marketplace, as attackers evade fees or game the system for arbitrage. It can also harm users by forcing them to trade at manipulated prices. If unaddressed, the marketplace’s reputation for fair trading can suffer, causing users to leave. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a transaction with a calculated price or fee in the marketplace +1. Exploit a flaw in the fee or price calculation logic to alter the final amount +1. Submit the transaction with the manipulated price or fee +1. Confirm that the system accepts the manipulated transaction +1. Observe that the fee was reduced or price altered, without detection + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..004697dd --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cefbe31a --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for account access and transaction approvals. +- Use hardware wallets or other secure key management practices for storing private keys. +- Regularly monitor account activities for unusual behavior and provide alerts for unauthorized access attempts. +- Strengthen signature validation mechanisms to detect and prevent compromised keys from initiating transactions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..11e807cd --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Signer_Account_Takeover/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Signer account takeover refers to an attack where an attacker gains unauthorized control over a user's private key or credentials used to sign transactions. This typically stems from insecure key management, phishing attacks, or improper signature validation methods. As a result, the attacker can initiate asset transfers, create orders, or modify listings without the user's consent. + +**Business Impact** + +A signer account takeover compromises marketplace integrity, resulting in asset theft, fraudulent listings, and user dissatisfaction. This can lead to reputational damage, legal liabilities, and financial losses as users lose trust in the platform’s ability to secure their assets and personal information. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the private key used to sign marketplace transactions {{or describe specifically how you identified it}} +1. Use the compromised private key to generate a valid signature for a marketplace transaction +1. Submit the signed transaction to the marketplace, initiating an unauthorized asset transfer or listing +1. Verify that the marketplace accepts the transaction without flagging the unauthorized signature +1. Observe the unauthorized changes within the affected user’s account + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e050db6b --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures in the decentralized application can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: +- Implement strict access control measures and permission systems to verify ownership before allowing asset transfers. +- Introduce multi-signature requirements for high-value asset transfers. +- Regularly audit smart contracts to ensure proper authorization logic is enforced. +- Log and monitor all asset transfer activities, with alerts for suspicious transactions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3bfcfdad --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/Unauthorized_Asset_Transfer/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Unauthorized Asset Transfer occurs when assets (e.g., NFTs, tokens) are transferred without the owner’s consent. This can result from improper access control, flawed smart contract logic, or a lack of authorization checks. Attackers exploit these weaknesses to move assets without proper validation. + +**Business Impact** + +This type of attack leads to asset theft, eroding user trust in the platform. Financial losses can occur, and the platform may face legal action for failing to safeguard user assets. It can also hurt the platform’s reputation, resulting in reduced user engagement and a decline in marketplace activity. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the targeted asset on the marketplace +1. Bypass or exploit the smart contract responsible for asset transfer to initiate an unauthorized transfer {{describe specifically how you identified it}} +1. Look at the transaction logs to confirm that the asset has been transferred without the owner’s approval +1. Verify the lack of authorization checks in the transaction path +1. Observe that the transferred asset is no longer under the original owner’s control + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd648782 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement multi-signature authentication to secure user accounts. +- Validate and sanitize all input data for marketplace transactions. +- Use cryptographic integrity checks for order submissions and updates. +- Regularly monitor and test the marketplace for security vulnerabilities. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4dc1b740 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Marketplace_Security/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Marketplace security misconfigurations involve weaknesses in decentralized marketplaces, such as signer account takeover, unauthorized asset transfers, or order manipulation. These flaws can compromise the integrity of transactions and lead to fraudulent activities. An attacker can exploit these misconfigurations to take over accounts, manipulate marketplace orders, or conduct unauthorized trades. + +**Business Impact** + +Marketplace misconfigurations can result in user asset theft, operational disruptions, and significant reputational damage. These vulnerabilities may also cause legal and financial liabilities for the platform operators. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the marketplace dApp’s smart contract logic for security gaps +1. Test the authorization mechanisms for vulnerabilities in asset transfers +1. Manipulate order parameters, such as price or quantity, during submission +1. Observe unauthorized actions, such as account takeovers or malicious offers + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..adfe1cb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement rate limiting on all nodes to restrict excessive requests from a single source. +- Use load balancers to distribute requests across nodes efficiently. +- Monitor node health in real-time, and automatically scale resources in response to increased demand. +- Establish alerting mechanisms for abnormal traffic patterns and implement automated mitigation strategies. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..96df4222 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/Node-level_Denial_of_Service/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Node-Level Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerabilities occur when a protocol’s nodes are susceptible to overload or disruption from excessive requests, inefficient resource management, or lack of rate limiting. Through this misconfiguration, an attacker can flood nodes with requests, causing network disruptions or temporary downtime. A node-level DoS attack can also prevent legitimate users from accessing the protocol, disrupting operations, and degrading the service's reliability. + +**Business Impact** + +A DoS attack can impact availability, causing loss of trust and a potential decline in user engagement. Frequent disruptions could also affect the protocol’s revenue, especially if the network relies on transaction fees. In competitive markets, such reliability issues may damage the protocol’s reputation, causing long-term losses. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the network nodes used by the protocol +1. Use {{ tool}} to send a high volume of requests to a specific node +1. Observe the node’s response to see if it slows or becomes unresponsive +4. Observe that the node lacks rate-limiting mechanisms + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a14fa019 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Conduct thorough audits of the protocol’s design and implementation. +- Implement measures to mitigate timing-based attacks, such as transaction sequencing. +- Use cryptographic methods to validate state transitions securely. +- Regularly test the protocol under stress conditions to identify weaknesses. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2c139705 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/Protocol_Security_Misconfiguration/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Protocol security misconfigurations refer to design or configuration errors in blockchain protocols that underpin dApps, such as staking logic flaws, frontrunning vulnerabilities, or improper validation of state transitions. These issues can disrupt protocol operations and compromise its security. An attacker can exploit these misconfigurations to manipulate consensus, disrupt staking rewards, or conduct unauthorized state changes. + +**Business Impact** + +Protocol misconfigurations can undermine network stability, result in financial losses, and harm the ecosystem relying on the protocol. Exploits may also lead to legal challenges and erode stakeholder confidence in the system. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Examine the protocol’s design and configuration for logical flaws +1. Test the staking mechanism for vulnerabilities, such as reward manipulation +1. Attempt frontrunning attacks to exploit timing issues in transactions +1. Analyze state transition validation logic for missing checks or weak points + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ab84c788 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use secure coding practices and conduct regular security audits. +- Implement robust input validation and access controls. +- Test the dApp extensively under various scenarios, including edge cases. +- Use encryption and other security measures for sensitive data. diff --git a/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/template.md b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..09adcd6e --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Decentralized_Application_Misconfiguration/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Decentralized Application (dApp) misconfiguration refers to issues in the design or deployment of dApps, such as insecure data storage, improper authorization, or flawed logic. These vulnerabilities can compromise user security, enable unauthorized actions, or disrupt application functionality. An attacker can exploit these misconfigurations to manipulate transactions, exfiltrate data, or cause operational failures. + +**Business Impact** + +Misconfigured dApps can lead to data breaches, financial losses, and reputational harm. These vulnerabilities may also affect compliance with security standards and regulations. + +**Steps to Reproduce** +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the dApp's code and configuration for potential security gaps +1. Test inputs and interactions to identify improper handling or validation +1. Bypass security mechanisms or access restricted features {{explanation of where + screenshot}} +1. Observe any unintended behavior or unauthorized access + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce2b9b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement privacy-preserving techniques such as transaction encryption to prevent frontrunning. +- Use batch processing to make transaction ordering less predictable. +- Explore fair ordering mechanisms, like the use of a commit-reveal scheme, to ensure transparent transaction sequencing. +- Regularly audit and monitor transaction ordering to detect signs of frontrunning. diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/template.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9d1fd93 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Frontrunning-Enabled_Attack/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Frontrunning-enabled attacks occur when transactions within the protocol are susceptible to being observed and prioritized by third parties, allowing attackers to insert their own transactions before the original transaction. An attacker can leverage this misconfiguration to profit by manipulating transaction ordering to their advantage. The manipulation of transaction sequences can lead to financial loss for users and disrupt market fairness. + +**Business Impact** + +Frontrunning undermines user trust by creating an unfair environment in a financial application. It leads to financial losses for users and damages the protocol's reputation, as users might switch to other platforms with more transparent transaction processing. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a function where transaction ordering could affect outcomes: +{{Function}} +1. Submit a transaction with specific parameters and track its order +1. Submit a similar transaction immediately afterward with modified parameters +1. Manipulate a transaction by {{action}} and observe that it can consistently be reordered to occur before other transactions + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cede687f --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Apply strict transaction validation checks to ensure each step is completed before proceeding. +- Implement multi-layered confirmation processes to verify asset transfers and state changes. +- Regularly perform audits of the transaction finalization logic for potential vulnerabilities. +- Use tools for real-time monitoring of transaction consistency to detect and flag irregularities. diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/template.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..526a6e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Improper_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Improper validation and finalization logic vulnerabilities arise when a protocol fails to enforce finality, or confirm transactions accurately, allowing for these unconfirmed or incorrect states to be exploited. An attacker can abuse this flaw to execute unauthorized operations or manipulate state data, leading to inconsistent data states, and allowing for unauthorized asset transfers or double-spending. + +**Business Impact** + +This misconfiguration can cause data discrepancies, asset losses, and conflicts within the protocol. If such issues persist, they erode trust in the platform’s reliability and security, driving away users and damaging the platform's credibility. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a transaction or process that involves finalization +1. Perform {{action}} to interact with the system before the transaction is finalized +1. Observe that the transaction finalizes with errors or fails to validate correctly + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e81ff8b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Enforce strict staking conditions, such as minimum staking time and penalties for early withdrawals. +- Regularly audit staking functions for proper reward calculations and accurate token transfers. +- Implement user authentication mechanisms to ensure only legitimate stakers earn rewards. +- Use a multi-signature contract for reward distributions to verify all staking transactions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/template.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3254a030 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Staking_Logic/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Misconfigured staking logic occurs when the staking protocol does not adequately secure the staking and reward distribution mechanisms. These misconfigurations can allow an attacker to manipulate stake allocation, bypass staking requirements, or withdraw rewards without fulfilling conditions. This can result in a skewed reward distribution, allowing an attacker to unfairly increase their earnings or disrupt the staking pool. + +**Business Impact** + +A compromised staking system leads to an uneven distribution of rewards, undermining user trust and reducing engagement in staking activities. The platform’s reputation is affected if users perceive the staking logic as unfair or exploitable, impacting revenue and user retention. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Stake tokens in the protocol and monitor reward distribution +1. Attempt to manipulate staking rules by performing {{action}} +1. Track if rewards are distributed inaccurately or disproportionately +1. Observe conditions such as minimum staking time or penalties are bypassed + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..199656dc --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use algorithms or tools that detect and prevent sandwich attacks by adjusting transaction execution parameters. +- Implement a time-lock feature that delays transaction execution, making it harder to sandwich transactions. +- Apply techniques like randomized transaction fees or batch processing to reduce the predictability of transaction execution. +- Establish educational materials to alert users of potential sandwich attack risks and preventive measures. diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/template.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..910e22a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/Sandwich-Enabled_Attack/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +A Sandwich-enabled attack involves a misconfiguration that allows an attacker to observe a pending transaction, submit a transaction before it (front-running), and another transaction after it (back-running), effectively "sandwiching" the victim’s transaction. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to profit by manipulating the market price of assets between their transactions, which can result in inflated transaction costs for users, market distortions, and potential financial losses. + +**Business Impact** + +Sandwich attacks degrade user trust, as legitimate users bear higher transaction costs and potential asset price slippage. This can drive users away from the protocol and tarnish the platform’s reputation in the decentralized finance space. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a transaction or function where price changes affect the outcome. +1. Submit a transaction before the target transaction to influence the price. +1. Submit a transaction after the target to capture the profit from the price change. +5. Observe the increased cost or asset price distortion resulting from the sandwiching technique. + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4afda91c --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Conduct formal verification of protocol logic and consensus rules. +- Regularly audit and test protocol configurations under various conditions. +- Implement failsafes to detect and mitigate abnormal behaviors. +- Use robust cryptographic primitives to secure protocol operations. diff --git a/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/template.md b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b42f317e --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Protocol_Specifc_Misconfiguration/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Protocol specific misconfiguration refers to errors in the implementation or configuration of a blockchain protocol, such as consensus mechanisms, staking logic, or bridge validation. These flaws can disrupt network operations or compromise security. An attacker can exploit these misconfigurations to cause denial of service, manipulate consensus, or conduct unauthorized transactions. + +**Business Impact** + +Protocol misconfigurations can destabilize the network, cause financial losses, and erode trust in the blockchain ecosystem. These issues can also impact dependent decentralized applications and associated stakeholders. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the protocol design and configuration for missing checks or weaknesses {{explanation of where + screenshot}} +2. Interact with the protocol using malformed inputs or transactions +3. Test the behavior of consensus and state transitions under stress conditions +4. Exploit identified weaknesses to gain unauthorized control or disrupt operations + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..da27052b --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Ensure proper application of access control modifiers on all sensitive functions. +- Use access control libraries like `AccessControl` for standardized security. +- Conduct thorough testing on function modifiers to prevent bypass exploits. +- Implement logging and alert mechanisms to detect unauthorized function calls. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..98e0b3b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Bypass_of_Function_Modifiers_and_Checks/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when a smart contract’s access controls or validation checks can be circumvented due to design flaws, or incorrect application of modifiers. This allows unauthorized actions or access to restricted contract functions. An attacker can exploit this misconfiguration to access privileged functions or manipulate the contract state without meeting the required conditions. + +**Business Impact** + +Bypassing modifiers and checks undermines the security and integrity of the contract, leading to potential fund loss and reputational harm. Users may lose confidence in the platform if unauthorized actions compromise its security. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the critical functions that use access control or validation modifiers +1. Attempt to bypass modifiers by calling the functions directly +1. Test whether function-level validation can be circumvented using specific inputs +1. Observe inconsistencies in access control or modifier enforcement that allow unauthorized access, or other behavior that is allowed without meeting preset conditions + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e16a5c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). + diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e4b6e26e --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Optimize function logic to avoid excessive looping or gas-heavy operations. +- Set usage limits on costly functions to prevent denial-of-service scenarios. +- Implement circuit-breakers to disable functions under high-stress conditions. +- Regularly test functions for performance under load to prevent DoS risks. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eca3d890 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Function_Level_Denial_of_Service/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Function-level Denial of Service (DoS) occurs when a smart contract function can be exploited to prevent legitimate users from accessing it. This vulnerability often arises due to unchecked loops, gas limitations, or unoptimized logic that blocks execution under specific conditions. An attacker can invoke the function repeatedly to exhaust resources, preventing others from using it. + +**Business Impact** + +Function-level DoS vulnerabilities can lead to operational disruptions and affect user experience. Users may lose trust in the reliability of the contract, and the platform’s reputation and user retention rates can suffer as a result. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a function that has looping or costly operations +2. Use the following script that calls the function with large datasets or under high load: +{{script}} +3. Observe that the function fails due to gas limits, or causes significant delays +4. Confirm that other users cannot access the function while the attack is ongoing + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1bc8ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use libraries or modules that accurately handle decimals in calculations. +- Standardize decimal implementation across contract functions. +- Test various transaction amounts to ensure consistent decimal accuracy. +- Regularly audit and document decimal logic to prevent miscalculations. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d473e4d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Decimals_Implementation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Improper decimals implementation occurs when a smart contract handles token or asset values without accurately accounting for decimal places, leading to calculation errors. Mismanagement of decimal points can result in incorrect fund transfers, unexpected balances, or unintended value losses. An attacker can manipulate decimal mismatches to gain an unfair advantage and gain funds. + +**Business Impact** + +Decimal inaccuracies can lead to financial losses, user confusion, and reduced trust in the protocol. Incorrect balances or transfers can result in reputational harm and complicate transaction verification. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Examine the contract’s handling of token values and decimals +1. Perform transactions with varying amounts to observe any decimal discrepancies +1. Check balances or transferred values to confirm inaccurate decimal application +1. Verify that rounding errors occur in displayed or transferred amounts + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35031868 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use accurate mathematical formulas and libraries for fee calculation. +- Conduct thorough testing to verify consistent fee deductions. +- Allow dynamic updates to fee structure, and ensure these updates are documented and accessible. +- Implement a transparent fee audit trail for user clarity and verification purposes. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d089a1c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Fee_Implementation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Improper fee implementation occurs when a smart contract applies incorrect or inconsistent fee calculations, leading to potential losses in revenue or unjust costs for users. This can stem from incorrect fee logic, lack of validation on fee amounts, or failure to update fees as needed. An attacker can exploit this misconfiguration by bypassing fees entirely or overcharging users, disrupting normal transaction behavior. + +**Business Impact** + +Improper fee configurations can result in financial losses, reduced user satisfaction, and diminished trust in the platform. Users may perceive the platform as unreliable or exploitative if fees are excessive or inconsistent. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Review the contract’s fee logic and parameters +1. Execute multiple transactions with varied amounts and compare fee deductions +3. Observe that fees deviate from expected values, or are inconsistently applied +4. Bypass or change the fee mechanism by adjusting input data +5. Observe that there is abnormal fee behavior compared to the fee policy + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3ae01f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use access-control libraries like `Ownable` to simplify authorization logic. +- Verify that function modifiers enforce all required checks and validations. +- Test all restricted functions to confirm the effectiveness of applied modifiers. +- Document and audit modifier logic to ensure comprehensive access control. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ea9dc1f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Improper_Use_of_Modifier/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +This misconfiguration arises when function modifiers fail to enforce expected access controls or validation checks. It can allow unauthorized access to sensitive functions or bypass restrictions, jeopardizing the security of the contract’s logic. An attacker can exploit this flaw to gain unauthorized access or manipulate contract behavior. + +**Business Impact** + +Improperly applied modifiers can expose critical functions to unauthorized users, leading to financial losses or unintentional contract manipulations. Such issues harm user confidence and can make the contract seem untrustworthy or vulnerable. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Review function modifiers applied across sensitive contract functions +2. Access restricted functions with an unauthorized account +3. Bypassing the modifier and observe the following unintended access or manipulation: +{{screenshot}} +4. Observe that restricted contract states or balances are affected + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82688e2e --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use libraries with precise rounding functions and avoid excessive rounding. +- Test functions for rounding accuracy across varied input ranges. +- Standardize rounding logic in critical calculations for consistency. +- Regularly audit rounding functions to minimize financial discrepancies. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..86551269 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Inaccurate_Rounding_Calculation/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +This misconfiguration arises when rounding errors occur during token or fund calculations, leading to incorrect values in transfers or balances. It can be caused by poor rounding methods, or lack of precision controls in mathematical functions. An attacker can exploit rounding inaccuracies to siphon small amounts across multiple transactions, or disrupt accounting. + +**Business Impact** + +Rounding errors can result in financial inconsistencies, transaction miscalculations, and damage user confidence in the platform’s accuracy. Users may perceive the protocol as untrustworthy if their balances or transfers are systematically inaccurate. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the functions which are performing rounding calculations on token or fund values +1. Execute transactions with different value inputs to observe the rounding behaviors +1. Compare calculated values with expected results to detect inconsistencies +1. Repeat transactions with minimal value variations to test rounding reliability +1. Observe that the rounding errors affect balances or contract accounting + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..02a339c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use libraries like `SafeMath` to prevent overflow and underflow in arithmetic operations. +- Implement input validation to restrict variable ranges. +- Perform rigorous testing on arithmetic functions under extreme conditions. +- Use static analysis tools to identify potential overflow and underflow vulnerabilities. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ffa833b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Integer_Overflow_or_Underflow/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Integer overflow or underflow vulnerabilities occur when arithmetic operations exceed the maximum, or minimum storage limits of an integer variable, causing unexpected behaviors. Attackers can use overflow or underflow conditions to alter the intended logic of calculations within a contract to drain funds, alter balances, or bypass conditional checks. + +**Business Impact** + +Arithmetic vulnerabilities can cause severe financial losses, compromise contract stability, and negatively impact user trust. Overflow issues can skew balance or token calculations, reducing the protocol’s operational integrity. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a function that uses arithmetic operations on integer variables +1. Input extreme values to trigger possible overflow or underflow: +{{input value}} +1. Observe conditional checks are bypassed due to altered variable states + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e16b1f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement access control checks for sensitive or irreversible functions. +- Use `require` statements to limit access to authorized entities. +- Test all functions for reversibility or emergency recovery options. +- Document irreversible functions explicitly for user awareness. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef6e50f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Irreversible_Function_Call/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when a contract contains functions that, once called, cannot be undone or reverted, potentially locking funds or creating irreversible changes in the contract state. It often arises from a lack of access control checks or finality mechanisms on sensitive functions. An attacker can exploit this by calling the function to disrupt the contract’s functionality, or permanently lock funds. + +**Business Impact** + +Irreversible function calls can lead to permanent loss of funds, reputational damage, and lack of user trust in the contract. In cases where funds are locked without a return option, the platform’s credibility and financial stability are at risk. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Locate irreversible functions within the smart contract code +2. Call these functions under normal user permissions: +{{screenshot}} +3. Observe that the function’s actions cannot be reverted or are final + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..45b747e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement multi-signature wallets for superuser-level access. +- Limit superuser privileges to essential functions only. +- Regularly audit superuser activities and provide transparency to users. +- Set up monitoring and alert systems to flag unauthorized superuser actions. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..878e60a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Malicious_Superuser_Risk/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Malicious superuser risk occurs when a smart contract grants excessive privileges to a single admin or superuser account without appropriate checks. This can allow the privileged account to manipulate contract functionality or transfer funds at will. An attacker who gains access to the superuser account can exploit these powers to drain funds or modify contract behavior. + +**Business Impact** + +A malicious superuser can compromise the entire protocol, resulting in major financial losses, user trust erosion, and damage to the platform’s integrity. Users may hesitate to interact with a contract that grants unchecked power to a single entity. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify functions that require superuser privileges within the contract +1. Using a superuser account, observe the permissions it grants +1. Modify contract parameters or transfer funds using the account +1. Observe that other accounts cannot counteract these changes + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f5bc5512 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use a `checks-effects-interactions` pattern to ensure internal state updates before external calls. +- Implement `reentrancyGuard` or similar modifiers to prevent reentrancy. +- Regularly audit smart contracts for reentrancy vulnerabilities. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..558272ad --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Reentrancy_Attack/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +A Reentrancy attack occurs when a smart contract calls an external contract before finalizing the state changes from its initial function. This allows an attacker to repeatedly call the vulnerable function before the first call completes, enabling them to drain funds or manipulate contract states. An attacker can exploit this misconfiguration to recursively withdraw funds beyond their initial balance. + +**Business Impact** + +Reentrancy misconfiguration can lead to significant financial losses, as attackers drain funds from the contract or manipulate internal states, undermining user trust. The reputational damage can drive users away from the platform and reduce engagement with the contract. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a contract function that calls an external contract and transfers funds +1. Deploy a malicious contract that interacts with the vulnerable function +1. Initiate a call from the malicious contract to trigger the reentrancy +1. Observe that the initial call completes without recognizing the unauthorized withdrawals + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d9f63e93 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement strict access controls on ownership transfer functions. +- Use multi-signature wallets to manage contract ownership. +- Audit ownership and admin functions to ensure only authorized entities can access them. +- Monitor and log all owner-level activities to detect unauthorized access attempts. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cdd0da8d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Smart_Contract_Owner_Takeover/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +A smart contract owner takeover occurs when owner or admin privileges can be acquired by an unauthorized party due to insecure permission settings. If ownership functions are misconfigured, an attacker can assume control of the contract and make arbitrary changes, including transferring funds or altering settings. + +**Business Impact** + +An owner takeover can compromise the entire protocol, leading to financial and operational losses. It significantly damages user confidence, as users may lose funds or access to services and may perceive the protocol as unsafe. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Locate contract functions allowing ownership transfer, or admin privilege assignment +1. Call the ownership transfer function without required permissions +1. Verify new owner privileges by attempting administrative actions +1. Observe access to sensitive functions typically restricted to the owner + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..75db5612 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Enforce strict checks on token approval functions to prevent arbitrary authorization. +- Limit approvals to pre-approved addresses and verify authorization explicitly. +- Use thorough testing to confirm proper validation in approval functions. +- Regularly audit token approval processes for potential security gaps. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..14c338d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Smart_Contract_Approval/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Unauthorized smart contract approval vulnerabilities occur when approval functions allow arbitrary or unauthorized addresses to spend tokens on behalf of the contract. This can arise from missing checks, or weak validation in the approval process. An attacker can leverage this flaw to gain control over users' tokens and initiate unauthorized transactions. + +**Business Impact** + +Unauthorized token approvals can lead to user fund losses and significantly harm the protocol’s credibility. Users may lose confidence in the platform's security, reducing participation and affecting the protocol’s overall engagement. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Locate functions responsible for approving token spending +1. Call the function to authorize an unauthorized address +1. Observe that the unauthorized address receives approval to spend tokens + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fa592e8d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Enforce strict access controls and authentication checks on transfer functions. +- Implement role-based access controls to limit fund movement permissions. +- Use external audits to review fund-handling functions regularly. +- Enable monitoring and alerting for any unauthorized fund transfers. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5bd72187 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Unauthorized_Transfer_of_Funds/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +When a smart contract lacks restrictions on fund transfer functions, it can allow unauthorized parties to transfer funds. This misconfiguration can arise from insufficient validation of transfer functions or missing authentication checks. An attacker can exploit this flaw to move funds from the contract to their own account without permission. + +**Business Impact** + +Unauthorized fund transfers can result in significant financial losses for both users and the protocol. Such incidents cause reputational damage, making users hesitant to interact with the platform and potentially leading to legal consequences. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Locate transfer functions within the contract +1. Execute the transfer function from an unauthorized account +1. Observe that the contract allows the transfer without proper authentication + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee2c80e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Initialize all storage variables explicitly to prevent unintended defaults. +- Conduct thorough testing on variable initializations in smart contracts. +- Review code to ensure that no unassigned variables are left. +- Use static analysis tools to identify uninitialized variables before deployment. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c8f608ec --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/Uninitialized_Variables/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Uninitialized variables in smart contracts can lead to unintended access, where unassigned storage variables may have default values accessible by unauthorized parties. Attackers can manipulate these default states, causing unintended function behaviors or unauthorized fund transfers. An attacker can leverage this flaw to exploit the contract’s state, triggering unauthorized actions. + +**Business Impact** + +Uninitialized variables can lead to unpredictable contract behavior, financial losses, and user distrust. Such vulnerabilities create a perception of unreliability, which could damage the protocol's reputation and reduce user engagement. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify any storage variables within the contract that are not initialized +1. Deploy the following script to interact with uninitialized variables: +{{script}} +1. Observe that the variable allows unauthorized access or bypasses controls +1. Call functions relying on the uninitialized variable and note the unusual behavior + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..651b2d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Conduct security audits and code reviews of smart contracts. +- Implement automated tools to detect common vulnerabilities. +- Use modifiers and access control patterns to enforce secure logic. +- Test contracts extensively with edge cases and different stress scenarios. diff --git a/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/template.md b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7c7a2d1c --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Smart_Contract_Misconfiguration/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Smart contract misconfiguration encompasses a range of issues in smart contract logic, such as reentrancy vulnerabilities, improper access control, and arithmetic errors. These flaws can lead to unauthorized actions, financial losses, or contract failures. An attacker can exploit misconfigurations to execute unintended transactions, bypass restrictions, or manipulate funds. + +**Business Impact** + +Misconfigured smart contracts can result in significant financial losses, reputational damage, and legal liabilities. Exploits can destabilize the platform and harm user trust in the system. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Review the smart contract code for potential logical errors or missing validations +1. Interact with the contract using edge cases or malformed inputs +1. Observe the following points where the contract behaves unexpectedly or allows unauthorized actions {{explanation of where + screenshot}} + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cbe11342 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Employ secure cryptographic designs that minimize metadata exposure. +- Regularly audit zero-knowledge circuits for information leakage risks. +- Use cryptographic techniques such as oblivious transfer or secure shuffling to obscure patterns. +- Conduct privacy stress tests to ensure that data remains fully anonymized. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0fdcfc4d --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Deanonymization_of_Data/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +This misconfiguration in zero-knowledge systems occurs when sensitive information or user identities can be inferred through patterns, metadata, or insufficient cryptographic safeguards. It often stems from poor design of the zero-knowledge circuit or improper handling of metadata. An attacker can exploit this by analyzing on-chain transactions, metadata, or computational patterns to reveal private user data. + +**Business Impact** + +Deanonymization undermines the privacy guarantees of zero-knowledge systems, potentially exposing users to surveillance, identity theft, or targeted attacks. This can harm user trust, lead to legal ramifications, and damage the platform's reputation. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the metadata or patterns of zero-knowledge transactions on-chain +1. Attempt to correlate transaction details with external information sources +1. Identify that there are inconsistencies or leaks in the cryptographic implementation +1. Test if specific data inputs produce identifiable patterns in the proof output +1. Observe the ability to infer private data or user identities from transaction analysis + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ddee21df --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Implement rigorous validation checks for all submitted proofs. +- Use well-tested and widely adopted cryptographic libraries for proof verification. +- Regularly audit the proof finalization and validation logic to ensure consistency. +- Incorporate fallback mechanisms to reject or halt processing of suspicious proofs. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0abb67b --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Improper_Proof_Validation_and_Finalization_Logic/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when a zero-knowledge proof system fails to adequately validate or finalize proofs submitted to the protocol. This misconfiguration can arise from incorrect implementation of proof verification algorithms, missing integrity checks, or inconsistent finalization processes. An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to submit invalid or fraudulent proofs, compromising the integrity of the system and potentially enabling unauthorized actions such as fund withdrawals or state alterations. + +**Business Impact** + +Improper validation of proofs can lead to financial losses, protocol instability, and erosion of user trust. The system may become vulnerable to exploits that undermine its cryptographic guarantees, which could have severe reputational and operational consequences. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Submit a zero-knowledge proof that does not adhere to the expected structure or validity criteria +1. Observe that the system accepts the invalid proof without detecting inconsistencies +1. Attempt to finalize the proof and trigger subsequent actions, such as withdrawals or state changes +1. Observe that the system fails to reject the invalid proof or reverts the transaction + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..64318c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Use secure and well-audited processes for trusted setup parameter generation. +- Incorporate multi-party computation (MPC) techniques to minimize reliance on single trusted entities. +- Regularly verify the integrity of the trusted setup through independent audits. +- Design the protocol to minimize reliance on trusted setups where feasible. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..872c04ac --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Misconfigured_Trusted_Setup/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when the initialization phase of a zero-knowledge proof system or cryptographic protocol is improperly implemented. This includes issues like insecure generation of parameters, insufficient randomness, or reliance on untrustworthy parties. An attacker can exploit this misconfiguration to manipulate the trusted setup, compromising the system's security guarantees and enabling unauthorized actions. + +**Business Impact** + +A misconfigured trusted setup undermines the cryptographic integrity of the system, potentially leading to financial fraud, privacy breaches, and loss of user confidence. The damage may extend to the entire ecosystem relying on the misconfigured protocol. + + + + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the trusted setup process and parameter generation logic +1. Identify the point of vulnerability: +{{e.g.insufficient randomness, or insecure key generation}} +1. Tamper with the setup process or manipulate input parameters +4. Observe that the misconfiguration allows for unauthorized actions, or data exposure + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7239bebd --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Standardize bit lengths across all cryptographic operations and data structures. +- Implement validation checks for bit length alignment during input processing. +- Use widely adopted cryptographic libraries that enforce consistent bit lengths. +- Test the system for edge cases and malformed inputs to detect vulnerabilities. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..65c30a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Mismatching_Bit_Lengths/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when the system misaligns bit lengths during cryptographic operations, data encoding, or protocol interactions due to inconsistent implementation of data structures, or the improper handling of variable bit lengths. An attacker can exploit mismatching bit lengths to cause errors, bypass cryptographic guarantees, or inject malformed data. + +**Business Impact** + +Mismatched bit lengths can lead to operational failures, security vulnerabilities, and protocol instability. Exploits may disrupt cryptographic processes, compromise data integrity, and expose the system to Denial of Service (DoS) or other attacks. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify a cryptographic operation or protocol process that rely on specific bit lengths +1. Submit data with mismatched bit lengths to test the system's handling of the input +3. Observe if the system processes or errors on invalid inputs + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c2db8afe --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Define and implement comprehensive constraint logic during protocol and contract development. +- Perform rigorous code reviews and formal verification of cryptographic circuits. +- Test the system with edge cases and malicious inputs to identify missing constraints. +- Conduct periodic audits of validation rules and update them as necessary. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1778c86c --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Constraint/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when a smart contract omits necessary transaction constraints in its computational logic or cryptographic circuits. Without proper constraints, invalid or malicious inputs can pass verification processes. An attacker can exploit a lack of constraint type to bypass rules, commit fraudulent transactions, or gain unauthorized access to system functions. + +**Business Impact** + +The absence of constraints can compromise the integrity of the blockchain protocol, leading to financial losses, reduced system reliability, and reputational damage. Exploits may allow attackers to manipulate on-chain state or bypass critical security measures. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Analyze the constraint logic in the relevant protocol or smart contract +1. Identify {{specific operations or inputs}} is missing necessary validations +1. Submit invalid data or transactions designed to exploit the missing constraint +1. Observe that the system processes these invalid operations without errors + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4a9babb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Define and enforce range checks for all relevant inputs during system design. +- Use libraries and frameworks with built-in range validation. +- Test the system with edge-case and extreme values to identify missing range checks. +- Conduct regular security audits to ensure input validation integrity. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..32349b89 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/Missing_Range_Check/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +This misconfiguration occurs when a blockchain protocol or smart contract fails to validate that input values fall within acceptable ranges. Without range checks, an attacker can provide extreme or invalid values, leading to overflow errors, bypassed constraints, manipulation of system behavior, Denial of Service (DoS), or unauthorized extraction of funds. + +**Business Impact** + +Missing range checks can result in operational failures, financial losses, and protocol vulnerabilities. Exploits may undermine user trust, damage reputations, and lead to cascading issues across the system. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Inspect the input validation logic for arithmetic and cryptographic operations +2. Submit values that exceed the expected range +3. Observe that the system processes these inputs without detecting errors + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}} diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/guidance.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee88d9d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Guidance + +Provide a step-by-step walkthrough with a screenshot on how you exploited the vulnerability. This will speed up triage time and result in faster rewards. Please include specific details on where you identified the vulnerability, how you identified it, and what actions you were able to perform as a result. + +Attempt to escalate the vulnerability to perform additional actions. If this is possible, provide a full Proof of Concept (PoC). diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..958eac9f --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Recommendation(s) + +Implementing the following defensive measures can prevent and limit the impact of the vulnerability: + +- Regularly audit zero-knowledge implementations and parameter settings. +- Use well-established cryptographic libraries for proof generation and validation. +- Implement rigorous input validation to detect malformed proofs. +- Employ formal verification to ensure proof logic integrity. diff --git a/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/template.md b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/template.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8ac30c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/submissions/description/Zero_Knowledge_Security_Misconfiguration/template.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Zero knowledge security misconfiguration refers to issues in the implementation of zero-knowledge proofs, such as incorrect proof validation, weak cryptographic parameters, or improper handling of proof data. These misconfigurations can undermine the privacy and security guarantees of the system. An attacker can exploit this to compromise user anonymity, bypass constraints, or manipulate system behavior. + +**Business Impact** + +Misconfigurations in zero-knowledge systems can lead to breaches of sensitive data, loss of user trust, and financial exploitation. Such vulnerabilities may compromise the privacy features of the application and affect compliance with regulatory requirements. + +**Steps to Reproduce** + +1. Navigate to the following URL: {{URL}} +1. Identify the incorrect logic or missing checks the zero-knowledge proof implementation {{explanation of where + screenshot}} +1. Generate or manipulate proofs with invalid or weak parameters +1. Submit these proofs to the system to test if they pass verification +1. Observe unauthorized access, privacy violations, or data leaks + +**Proof of Concept** + +The screenshot(s) below demonstrate(s) the vulnerability: +> +> {{screenshot}}