A Twisted, Deranged Programming Language in the Tradition of brainfuck and FALSE
Chris Pressey, Cat's Eye Technologies
Original document September, 1993
Updated December, 1996
Updated Yet Again September, 2004
Converted from HTML to Markdown August 2012
Updated for Silver Jubilee, 2018
Most likely the most unique element of Befunge-93 programming is the Program Counter (PC.) In almost all computer programming languages, the program counter is continually moving forward through the program, occasionally jumping to another spot in the code (but continuing forward thereafter, nonetheless.)
The PC in Befunge-93, however, is subject to different rules. It may go forward, backward, left, or right. A Befunge-93 program is treated as an 80x25 torus (a page which wraps around on the edges) of ASCII text. Certain commands change the direction of the progress of the PC. By default, the PC points to the upper-left corner of the program, and is oriented to travel left-to-right.
Each command in Befunge-93 is a single character, as is the largest data unit that can be specified in the program source; Befunge-93 programs have a maximum size of 80x25 total commands and data bytes. There are no run-time variables, only a single run-time stack. Befunge-93 programs allow for self-modification. Due to the 2-dimensional nature of the PC, they also allow for some extremely quirky code.
Something like Forth and PostScript, Befunge-93 supports a LIFO, Reverse
Polish Notation (RPN or postfix) stack of signed long integers (that
is, each cell of the stack can hold as much as a C language
signed long int on the same platform.) The act of placing a value on
the stack is called pushing, and the act of taking a value off the
stack is called popping. The digits from 0 to 9 are valid
Befunge-93 commands which push their respective values onto the stack. A
double quote ", when encountered, toggles stringmode, and while
stringmode is active, all character cells will have their ASCII value
pushed onto the stack until another " is located.
There are a few basic calculation commands:
+addition-subtraction/integer division*multiplication%modulo!logical negation
These are explained in greater detail in the Commands section.
In order to push a number greater than 9 on the stack, calculations must be done with numbers less than or equal to 9. In any other language this would be a pain. In Befunge-93 it is a joy. For example, to push '123' onto the stack, one might push 9, then 9, then multiply (leaving 81), then push 7, then 6, then multiply (leaving 81 and 42,) then add (leaving 123.) In Befunge, this would look something like :
99*76*+
This is, of course, assuming that the PC starts at or before the first
9 and is working towards the right. If this snippet represents a
entire Befunge-93 program, this assumption is correct: the PC starts at
the upper-left of the torus and is initially oriented to execute
rightward.
NB. If the stack is empty when you pop something off, be warned that this will not generate an underflow! It will simply push a 0 value onto the stack. Hope you can live with it!
There are 5 commands which unconditionally control the PC direction:
>, <, v, ^, and ?. > makes the PC travel to the right; <
to the left; v down; ^ up; and ? in a random direction. So, the
following example is an infinite loop:
><
As is:
>v
^<
As is:
>v>v
>^
^ <
Note that (space) is a null command which does nothing.
Should the PC encounter the 'edge' of the program, such as if you were to try to execute:
<
The PC will 'wrap around' to the other 'edge' of the program. This example, then, is an infinite loop as well.
The standard 'if' statement in Befunge-93 is either _ or |,
depending on how you want to branch. Both of these instructions pop a
value off the stack and check to see if it is true (non-zero,) and
change the direction of the PC accordingly:
_acts like<if the value is true or>if it is false; and|acts like^if the value is true orvif it is false.
'While' loops can be made by sticking an 'if' in an infinite loop. For example,
>_@
(This program fragment pops all of the non-zero values off the stack,
and the first zero value, then exits [@ is the exit command.])
The & (ampersand) command will get a numeric value (in decimal) from
the standard input and push it on the stack. ~ (tilde) will get the
next ASCII character from standard input and push it on the stack.
For example,
&,
...prints out "A" if the user types "65 ", and...
~.
...prints out "65 " if the user types "A".
The . command will pop a value off the stack and output it as a
decimal integer, followed by a space, somewhat like Forth. , will pop
a value, interpret it as the ASCII value of a character, and output that
character (not followed by a space.)
For example,
665+*1-,
...prints out ASCII 65 ("A".), and...
665+*1-.
...prints out "65 ".
# is the 'bridge' command... it causes the next command which would
normally be executed to be skipped over, and not executed. For example,
>123...@
would output "3 2 1 ", but
>123#...@
would output "3 2 " with one of the '.''s being skipped. Judicious use
of # can make for very interesting code!
: is the duplication command. It makes a copy of the top element of
the stack. This is useful, as demonstrated in the following program:
v.<
>:|
@
This program makes duplicates of each value on the stack, which is checked, and if non-zero, printed.
$ pops a value off the stack, but does nothing with it. So,
123.$.@
results in "3 1 ".
\ swaps the top two elements of the stack. So,
123\...@
results in "2 3 1 ".
` (back-quote) is the 'greater-than' command. It compares the top
two values on the stack, and returns '1' if the first is greater than
the second. For example,
65`.
...outputs "1 " and...
25`.
...outputs "0 ".
The last two commands that need to be explained are the ones that allow you to examine and change the contents of the torus where the program is stored. This 'playfield' can be used for auxiliary storage when the stack alone will not suffice, but keep in mind that it also contains the running program.
The g command examines the contents of the playfield. It pops a y
coordinate off the stack, then an x coordinate. It pushes the value
found at (x, y) onto the stack. If the thing at (x, y) is a
Befunge-93 instruction, the value pushed will be the ASCII value of that
character. From the point of view of the program text, x determines
the column and y determines the row; (0, 0) refers to the first
(leftmost) column and the first (topmost) row of the program source.
The p command alters the contents of the playfield. It pops a y
coordinate off the stack, then an x coordinate, and then a value. It
places the value into the torus at (x, y). If the program, at some
later point, executes the instruction at (x, y), it will be the
interpreted as the Befunge instruction in the ASCII character set with
the same value as was put there with the p instruction.
COMMAND INITIAL STACK (bot->top)RESULT (STACK)
------- ------------- -----------------
+ (add) <value1> <value2> <value1 + value2>
- (subtract) <value1> <value2> <value1 - value2>
* (multiply) <value1> <value2> <value1 * value2>
/ (divide) <value1> <value2> <value1 / value2> (nb. integer)
% (modulo) <value1> <value2> <value1 mod value2>
! (not) <value> <0 if value non-zero, 1 otherwise>
` (greater) <value1> <value2> <1 if value1 > value2, 0 otherwise>
> (right) PC -> right
< (left) PC -> left
^ (up) PC -> up
v (down) PC -> down
? (random) PC -> right? left? up? down? ???
_ (horizontal if) <boolean value> PC->left if <value>, else PC->right
| (vertical if) <boolean value> PC->up if <value>, else PC->down
" (stringmode) Toggles 'stringmode'
: (dup) <value> <value> <value>
\ (swap) <value1> <value2> <value2> <value1>
$ (pop) <value> pops <value> but does nothing
. (output int) <value> outputs <value> as integer
, (output char) <value> outputs <value> as ASCII
# (bridge) 'jumps' PC one farther; skips
over next command
g (get) <x> <y> <value at (x,y)>
p (put) <value> <x> <y> puts <value> at (x,y)
& (input int) <value user entered>
~ (input character) <character user entered>
@ (end) ends program
Special thanks to Curtis Coleman, Jason Goga, Kalyna Zazelenchuk, Shawn Vincent, Mike Veroukis, Urban Müller, and Wouter van Oortmerssen.