Lec12_formatting.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "## Lecture 12 Formating output\n",
    "This notebook looks at different methods of formating and controling output in Python.\n",
    "\n",
    "Format output in Notebooks is also examined"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "40647db2-e047-46ae-9eee-cd735395a66d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Results of the 2016 Referendum\n",
      "Results of the 2016 Referendum\n",
      "Results of the 2016 Referendum\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Results of the 2016 Referendum'"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 1,
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     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# New style of formatting with formatted string literals\n",
    "# Examples\n",
    "year = 2016\n",
    "event = 'Referendum'\n",
    "print(f'Results of the {year} {event}')\n",
    "# Alternatives\n",
    "print('Results of the',year,event)\n",
    "print('Results of the '+str(year),event)\n",
    "f'Results of the {year} {event}'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c6509f7f-0c2f-44d6-be1d-157a5ea6e94b",
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   "source": [
    "### str.format method\n",
    "str.format(*args, **kwargs)**<br>\n",
    "Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields delimited by braces {}. Each replacement field contains either the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a keyword argument. Returns a copy of the string where each replacement field is replaced with the string value of the corresponding argument."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "c90becda-e947-468f-9c97-68b42480240b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The sum of 1 + 2 is 4\n",
      "The sum of 1 + 2 is 3\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3'"
      ]
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   "source": [
    "# Example\n",
    "print(\"The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}\".format(1+3))\n",
    "# Better is\n",
    "a = 1; b = 2;\n",
    "print(\"The sum of {0} + {1} is {2}\".format(a,b,a+b))\n",
    "\"The sum of {0} + {1} is {2}\".format(a,b,a+b)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "cf58ddf4-f9ef-45dd-9e80-f224034e2d06",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Conversion examples\n",
    "Examples of converions\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "2df411a4-db06-44f3-b670-2ec5afb5731c",
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    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0xf5\n",
      "en_US.UTF-8\n",
      "Conversion {name} and {num}\n",
      "Conversion « ªõ and 1.20    \n",
      "Conversion '\\xab \\xaa\\xf5' and     1.20\n",
      "Conversion '« ªõ' and 1.20e+00\n",
      "Conversion '« ªõ' and  120.00%\n",
      "\n",
      "Accessing attributes\n",
      "Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\n",
      "Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W\n",
      "Coordinates {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example\n",
    "print(hex(245))\n",
    "!printenv LANG\n",
    "name = '\\xab \\xaa\\xf5' ; num = 1.2;\n",
    "# \\xab -- extended ASCII for <<\n",
    "print('Conversion {name} and {num}')\n",
    "print(f'Conversion {name!s} and {num:<#8.2f}')\n",
    "print(f'Conversion {name!a} and {num:>#8.2f}')\n",
    "print(f'Conversion {name!r} and {num:#8.2e}')\n",
    "print(f'Conversion {name!r} and {num:#8.2%}')\n",
    "print('\\nAccessing attributes')\n",
    "print('Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W'))\n",
    "\n",
    "coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'}\n",
    "print('Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord))\n",
    "print(f'Coordinates {coord}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "52bc9e9f-2a7d-49c8-87ed-31a2e8654025",
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    {
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     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C0A80001\n",
      "  128    80   200 10000000 \n",
      "  129    81   201 10000001 \n",
      "  130    82   202 10000010 \n",
      "  131    83   203 10000011 \n",
      "  132    84   204 10000100 \n",
      "Extended ASCII\n",
      "  162    a2 ¢ |  163    a3 £ |  164    a4 ¤ |  165    a5 ¥ |\n",
      "  166    a6 ¦ |  167    a7 § |  168    a8 ¨ |  169    a9 © |\n",
      "  170    aa ª |  171    ab « |  172    ac ¬ |  173    ad ­ |\n",
      "  174    ae ® |  175    af ¯ |  176    b0 ° |  177    b1 ± |\n",
      "  178    b2 ² |  179    b3 ³ |  180    b4 ´ |  181    b5 µ |\n",
      "  182    b6 ¶ |  183    b7 · |  184    b8 ¸ |  185    b9 ¹ |\n",
      "  186    ba º |  187    bb » |  188    bc ¼ |  189    bd ½ |\n",
      "  190    be ¾ |  191    bf ¿ |  192    c0 À |  193    c1 Á |\n",
      "  194    c2 Â |  195    c3 Ã |  196    c4 Ä |  197    c5 Å |\n",
      "  198    c6 Æ |  199    c7 Ç |  200    c8 È |  201    c9 É |\n",
      "  202    ca Ê |  203    cb Ë |  204    cc Ì |  205    cd Í |\n",
      "  206    ce Î |  207    cf Ï |  208    d0 Ð |  209    d1 Ñ |\n",
      "  210    d2 Ò |  211    d3 Ó |  212    d4 Ô |  213    d5 Õ |\n",
      "  214    d6 Ö |  215    d7 × |  216    d8 Ø |  217    d9 Ù |\n",
      "  218    da Ú |  219    db Û |  220    dc Ü |  221    dd Ý |\n",
      "  222    de Þ |  223    df ß |  224    e0 à |  225    e1 á |\n",
      "  226    e2 â |  227    e3 ã |  228    e4 ä |  229    e5 å |\n",
      "  230    e6 æ |  231    e7 ç |  232    e8 è |  233    e9 é |\n",
      "  234    ea ê |  235    eb ë |  236    ec ì |  237    ed í |\n",
      "  238    ee î |  239    ef ï |  240    f0 ð |  241    f1 ñ |\n",
      "  242    f2 ò |  243    f3 ó |  244    f4 ô |  245    f5 õ |\n",
      "  246    f6 ö |  247    f7 ÷ |  248    f8 ø |  249    f9 ù |\n",
      "  250    fa ú |  251    fb û |  252    fc ü |  253    fd ý |\n",
      "  254    fe þ |  255    ff ÿ |  256   100 Ā |  257   101 ā |\n",
      "  258   102 Ă |  259   103 ă |  260   104 Ą |  261   105 ą |\n",
      "  262   106 Ć |  263   107 ć |  264   108 Ĉ |  265   109 ĉ |\n",
      "  266   10a Ċ |  267   10b ċ |  268   10c Č |  269   10d č |\n",
      "  270   10e Ď |  271   10f ď |  272   110 Đ |  273   111 đ |\n",
      "  274   112 Ē |  275   113 ē |  276   114 Ĕ |  277   115 ĕ |\n",
      "  278   116 Ė |  279   117 ė |  280   118 Ę |  281   119 ę |\n",
      "  282   11a Ě |  283   11b ě |  284   11c Ĝ |  285   11d ĝ |\n",
      "  286   11e Ğ |  287   11f ğ |  288   120 Ġ |  289   121 ġ |\n",
      "  290   122 Ģ |  291   123 ģ |  292   124 Ĥ |  293   125 ĥ |\n",
      "  294   126 Ħ |  295   127 ħ |  296   128 Ĩ |  297   129 ĩ |\n",
      "  298   12a Ī |  299   12b ī |  300   12c Ĭ |  301   12d ĭ |\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# More examples of controllinf output with str.format\n",
    "octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]\n",
    "print('{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(*octets))\n",
    "\n",
    "width = 5\n",
    "for num in range(128,133): \n",
    "    for base in 'dXob':\n",
    "        print('{0:{width}{base}}'.format(num, base=base, width=width), end=' ')\n",
    "    print()\n",
    "print('Extended ASCII')\n",
    "# Notice here that end='' removed the \\n character so no line feed.\n",
    "for num in range(162,300,4): \n",
    "    for k in (0,1,2,3):\n",
    "        # print(f'{num+k:5d} {num+k:5x} {chr(num+k)} | {num+1:5d} {num+1:5x} {chr(num+1)} | {num+2:5d} {num+2:5x} {chr(num+2)} ')\n",
    "        print(f'{num+k:5d} {num+k:5x} {chr(num+k)} |',end='')\n",
    "    print()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "ba01b247-6d74-4722-9d4f-b114b543247c",
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    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Raw\n",
      "0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0\n",
      "40.0 0.6427876096865393 0.7660444431189781 0.8390996311772798\n",
      "80.0 0.984807753012208 0.17364817766693041 5.6712818196177075\n",
      "119.99999999999999 0.8660254037844388 -0.4999999999999998 -1.7320508075688783\n",
      "160.0 0.3420201433256689 -0.9396926207859083 -0.36397023426620256\n",
      "200.0 -0.34202014332566866 -0.9396926207859084 0.3639702342662023\n",
      "239.99999999999997 -0.8660254037844384 -0.5000000000000004 1.7320508075688752\n",
      "280.0 -0.9848077530122081 0.17364817766692997 -5.671281819617723\n",
      "320.0 -0.6427876096865396 0.7660444431189779 -0.8390996311772805\n",
      "360.0 -2.4492935982947064e-16 1.0 -2.4492935982947064e-16\n",
      "str.format\n",
      "  0.00 |  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000\n",
      " 40.00 |  0.642788  0.766044  0.839100\n",
      " 80.00 |  0.984808  0.173648  5.671282\n",
      "120.00 |  0.866025 -0.500000 -1.732051\n",
      "160.00 |  0.342020 -0.939693 -0.363970\n",
      "200.00 | -0.342020 -0.939693  0.363970\n",
      "240.00 | -0.866025 -0.500000  1.732051\n",
      "280.00 | -0.984808  0.173648 -5.671282\n",
      "320.00 | -0.642788  0.766044 -0.839100\n",
      "360.00 | -0.000000  1.000000 -0.000000\n",
      "f<str> method\n",
      "  0.00 |  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000\n",
      " 40.00 |  0.642788  0.766044  0.839100\n",
      " 80.00 |  0.984808  0.173648  5.671282\n",
      "120.00 |  0.866025 -0.500000 -1.732051\n",
      "160.00 |  0.342020 -0.939693 -0.363970\n",
      "200.00 | -0.342020 -0.939693  0.363970\n",
      "240.00 | -0.866025 -0.500000  1.732051\n",
      "280.00 | -0.984808  0.173648 -5.671282\n",
      "320.00 | -0.642788  0.766044 -0.839100\n",
      "360.00 | -0.000000  1.000000 -0.000000\n",
      "Older method: More C-like\n",
      "  0.00 |  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000\n",
      " 40.00 |  0.642788  0.766044  0.839100\n",
      " 80.00 |  0.984808  0.173648  5.671282\n",
      "120.00 |  0.866025 -0.500000 -1.732051\n",
      "160.00 |  0.342020 -0.939693 -0.363970\n",
      "200.00 | -0.342020 -0.939693  0.363970\n",
      "240.00 | -0.866025 -0.500000  1.732051\n",
      "280.00 | -0.984808  0.173648 -5.671282\n",
      "320.00 | -0.642788  0.766044 -0.839100\n",
      "360.00 | -0.000000  1.000000 -0.000000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Example of floating point table\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "print('Raw')\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    print(ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang))\n",
    "print('str.format')    \n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    print('{:6.2f} | {:9.6f} {:9.6f} {:9.6f}'.format(ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang)))\n",
    "print('f<str> method')\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    print(f'{ang*180/np.pi:6.2f} | {np.sin(ang):9.6f} {np.cos(ang):9.6f} {np.tan(ang):9.6f}')\n",
    "print('Older method: More C-like')\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    print('%6.2f | %9.6f %9.6f %9.6f' % (ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "f245f157-d782-4f16-b1cf-2f8daa06d2d2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "360.00 | -0.000000  1.000000 -0.000000 \r"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Adding control characters\n",
    "from time import sleep\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    print(f'{ang*180/np.pi:6.2f} | {np.sin(ang):9.6f} {np.cos(ang):9.6f} {np.tan(ang):9.6f} \\r',end='')\n",
    "    sleep(1)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "79831a1f-43a1-471a-89fe-5cbd4a221c3c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "this is \u001b[31mreally\u001b[0m important\n",
      "this is \u001b[31;1mreally\u001b[0m important\n",
      "this is \u001b[31;1;4mreally\u001b[0m important\n",
      "this is \u001b[34;43;1;4;7mreally\u001b[0m important\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def esc(code):\n",
    "    # \\033 is octal for <esc>\n",
    "    return f'\\033[{code}m'\n",
    "\n",
    "# See https://www2.ccs.neu.edu/research/gpc/VonaUtils/vona/terminal/vtansi.htm for typs of commands\n",
    "# Set Display Attributes\n",
    "\n",
    "# Set Attribute Mode\t<ESC>[{attr1};...;{attrn}m\n",
    "# Sets multiple display attribute settings. The following lists standard attributes:\n",
    "# 0\tReset all attributes\n",
    "# 1\tBright\n",
    "# 2\tDim\n",
    "# 4\tUnderscore\t\n",
    "# 5\tBlink\n",
    "# 7\tReverse\n",
    "# 8\tHidden\n",
    "\n",
    "# \tForeground Colours\n",
    "# 30\tBlack\n",
    "# 31\tRed\n",
    "# 32\tGreen\n",
    "# 33\tYellow\n",
    "# 34\tBlue\n",
    "# 35\tMagenta\n",
    "# 36\tCyan\n",
    "# 37\tWhite\n",
    "\n",
    "# \tBackground Colours\n",
    "# 40\tBlack\n",
    "# 41\tRed\n",
    "# 42\tGreen\n",
    "# 43\tYellow\n",
    "# 44\tBlue\n",
    "# 45\tMagenta\n",
    "# 46\tCyan\n",
    "# 47\tWhite\n",
    "\n",
    "print('this is ', esc('31'), 'really', esc(0), ' important', sep='')\n",
    "print('this is ', esc('31;1'), 'really', esc(0), ' important', sep='')\n",
    "print('this is ', esc('31;1;4'), 'really', esc(0), ' important', sep='')\n",
    "print('this is ', esc('34;43;1;4;7'), 'really', esc(0), ' important', sep='')\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6cbf87d1-853f-4056-84d3-8497484bcfd0",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Write table to file for use in word"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "id": "5df4d387-4141-4010-911c-49882a111b26",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Creating word.txt\n",
      "Table of sin, cos and Tan\n",
      "Angle\tSin\tCos\tTan\n",
      "  0.00\t 0.000000\t 1.000000\t 0.000000\n",
      " 40.00\t 0.642788\t 0.766044\t 0.839100\n",
      " 80.00\t 0.984808\t 0.173648\t 5.671282\n",
      "120.00\t 0.866025\t-0.500000\t-1.732051\n",
      "160.00\t 0.342020\t-0.939693\t-0.363970\n",
      "200.00\t-0.342020\t-0.939693\t 0.363970\n",
      "240.00\t-0.866025\t-0.500000\t 1.732051\n",
      "280.00\t-0.984808\t 0.173648\t-5.671282\n",
      "320.00\t-0.642788\t 0.766044\t-0.839100\n",
      "360.00\t-0.000000\t 1.000000\t-0.000000\n",
      "\n",
      "Len  414\n",
      "\n",
      "fancy_grid: numbers not formatted\n",
      "╒═════════╤══════════════╤═══════════╤══════════════╕\n",
      "│   Angle │          Sin │       Cos │          Tan │\n",
      "╞═════════╪══════════════╪═══════════╪══════════════╡\n",
      "│       0 │  0           │  1        │  0           │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│      40 │  0.642788    │  0.766044 │  0.8391      │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│      80 │  0.984808    │  0.173648 │  5.67128     │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     120 │  0.866025    │ -0.5      │ -1.73205     │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     160 │  0.34202     │ -0.939693 │ -0.36397     │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     200 │ -0.34202     │ -0.939693 │  0.36397     │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     240 │ -0.866025    │ -0.5      │  1.73205     │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     280 │ -0.984808    │  0.173648 │ -5.67128     │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     320 │ -0.642788    │  0.766044 │ -0.8391      │\n",
      "├─────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────────┤\n",
      "│     360 │ -2.44929e-16 │  1        │ -2.44929e-16 │\n",
      "╘═════════╧══════════════╧═══════════╧══════════════╛\n",
      "\n",
      "HTML\n",
      "<table>\n",
      "<thead>\n",
      "<tr><th style=\"text-align: right;\">  Angle</th><th style=\"text-align: right;\">         Sin</th><th style=\"text-align: right;\">      Cos</th><th style=\"text-align: right;\">         Tan</th></tr>\n",
      "</thead>\n",
      "<tbody>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">      0</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0          </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 1       </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0          </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">     40</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.642788   </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.766044</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.8391     </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">     80</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.984808   </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.173648</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 5.67128    </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    120</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.866025   </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.5     </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-1.73205    </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    160</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.34202    </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.939693</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.36397    </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    200</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.34202    </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.939693</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.36397    </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    240</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.866025   </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.5     </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 1.73205    </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    280</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.984808   </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.173648</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-5.67128    </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    320</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.642788   </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 0.766044</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-0.8391     </td></tr>\n",
      "<tr><td style=\"text-align: right;\">    360</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-2.44929e-16</td><td style=\"text-align: right;\"> 1       </td><td style=\"text-align: right;\">-2.44929e-16</td></tr>\n",
      "</tbody>\n",
      "</table>\n",
      "\n",
      "LATEX: With format\n",
      "\\begin{tabular}{rrrr}\n",
      "\\hline\n",
      "   Angle &       Sin &       Cos &       Tan \\\\\n",
      "\\hline\n",
      "    0.00 &  0.000000 &  1.000000 &  0.000000 \\\\\n",
      "   40.00 &  0.642788 &  0.766044 &  0.839100 \\\\\n",
      "   80.00 &  0.984808 &  0.173648 &  5.671282 \\\\\n",
      "  120.00 &  0.866025 & -0.500000 & -1.732051 \\\\\n",
      "  160.00 &  0.342020 & -0.939693 & -0.363970 \\\\\n",
      "  200.00 & -0.342020 & -0.939693 &  0.363970 \\\\\n",
      "  240.00 & -0.866025 & -0.500000 &  1.732051 \\\\\n",
      "  280.00 & -0.984808 &  0.173648 & -5.671282 \\\\\n",
      "  320.00 & -0.642788 &  0.766044 & -0.839100 \\\\\n",
      "  360.00 & -0.000000 &  1.000000 & -0.000000 \\\\\n",
      "\\hline\n",
      "\\end{tabular}\n",
      "\n",
      "PIPE: Compare to pandas.to_markdown\n",
      "|   Angle |       Sin |       Cos |       Tan |\n",
      "|--------:|----------:|----------:|----------:|\n",
      "|    0.00 |  0.000000 |  1.000000 |  0.000000 |\n",
      "|   40.00 |  0.642788 |  0.766044 |  0.839100 |\n",
      "|   80.00 |  0.984808 |  0.173648 |  5.671282 |\n",
      "|  120.00 |  0.866025 | -0.500000 | -1.732051 |\n",
      "|  160.00 |  0.342020 | -0.939693 | -0.363970 |\n",
      "|  200.00 | -0.342020 | -0.939693 |  0.363970 |\n",
      "|  240.00 | -0.866025 | -0.500000 |  1.732051 |\n",
      "|  280.00 | -0.984808 |  0.173648 | -5.671282 |\n",
      "|  320.00 | -0.642788 |  0.766044 | -0.839100 |\n",
      "|  360.00 | -0.000000 |  1.000000 | -0.000000 |\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from tabulate import tabulate\n",
    "\n",
    "# Write file: When can then read an format as table\n",
    "wf = open('word.txt','w')\n",
    "print('Creating word.txt')\n",
    "wf.write('Table of sin, cos and Tan\\n')\n",
    "wf.write(f'Angle\\tSin\\tCos\\tTan\\n')\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    wf.write(f'{ang*180/np.pi:6.2f}\\t{np.sin(ang):9.6f}\\t{np.cos(ang):9.6f}\\t{np.tan(ang):9.6f}\\n')\n",
    "    \n",
    "wf.close()\n",
    "# Using 'with' construst, the file is closed once the suite is completed.\n",
    "with open('word.txt') as rf:\n",
    "    read_data = rf.read()\n",
    "\n",
    "# \n",
    "print(read_data)\n",
    "print('Len ',len(read_data))\n",
    "#?read_data\n",
    "\n",
    "# Other methods using tabulate (needed in Panda data frame tables as well)\n",
    "table = np.zeros((10,4));\n",
    "k = 0;\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "    table[k] = [ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang), np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang)]\n",
    "    k += 1\n",
    "\n",
    "# table = [[\"spam\",42],[\"eggs\",451],[\"bacon\",0]]\n",
    "headers = [\"Angle\", \"Sin\",\"Cos\",\"Tan\"]\n",
    "print('\\nfancy_grid: numbers not formatted')\n",
    "print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt=\"fancy_grid\"))\n",
    "print('\\nHTML')\n",
    "print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt=\"html\"))\n",
    "print('\\nLATEX: With format')\n",
    "print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt=\"latex\",floatfmt=(\".2f\", \".6f\",\".6f\",\".6f\")))\n",
    "print('\\nPIPE: Compare to pandas.to_markdown')\n",
    "print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt=\"pipe\",floatfmt=(\".2f\", \".6f\",\".6f\",\".6f\")))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "58dfef96-e2a7-44d5-8943-e8786d117d8c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Formatting Panda Data Frames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "792be279-87c9-48ea-b2b1-4eb2ace488ae",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  name     value\n",
      "0   pi  3.141593\n",
      "1    e  2.718282\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>name</th>\n",
       "      <th>value</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>pi</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.141593</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>e</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.718282</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  name     value\n",
       "0   pi  3.141593\n",
       "1    e  2.718282"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "|    | name   |   value |\n",
      "|---:|:-------|--------:|\n",
      "|  0 | pi     | 3.14159 |\n",
      "|  1 | e      | 2.71828 |\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style  type=\"text/css\" >\n",
       "</style><table id=\"T_1e442_\" ><thead>    <tr>        <th class=\"blank level0\" ></th>        <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >name</th>        <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >value</th>    </tr></thead><tbody>\n",
       "                <tr>\n",
       "                        <th id=\"T_1e442_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >~~ pi ~~</td>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >-->    3.1415926536 <--</td>\n",
       "            </tr>\n",
       "            <tr>\n",
       "                        <th id=\"T_1e442_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >~~ e ~~</td>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >-->    2.7182818285 <--</td>\n",
       "            </tr>\n",
       "    </tbody></table>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x7fd37099b6a0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style  type=\"text/css\" >\n",
       "</style><table id=\"T_1e442_\" ><thead>    <tr>        <th class=\"blank level0\" ></th>        <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >name</th>        <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >value</th>    </tr></thead><tbody>\n",
       "                <tr>\n",
       "                        <th id=\"T_1e442_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >0</th>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >~~ pi ~~</td>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >-->    3.1415926536 <--</td>\n",
       "            </tr>\n",
       "            <tr>\n",
       "                        <th id=\"T_1e442_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >1</th>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >~~ e ~~</td>\n",
       "                        <td id=\"T_1e442_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >-->    2.7182818285 <--</td>\n",
       "            </tr>\n",
       "    </tbody></table>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x7fd37099b6a0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "constants = pd.DataFrame([('pi',np.pi),('e',np.e)],\n",
    "                   columns=['name','value'])\n",
    "C = constants.style.format({'name': '~~ {} ~~', 'value':'--> {:15.10f} <--'})\n",
    "print(constants)\n",
    "display(constants)\n",
    "print(constants.to_markdown()) \n",
    "display(C)\n",
    "C"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b503b711-98dc-4fb6-9c97-570376fa23d7",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Table from .to_markdown\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "|    | name   |   value |\n",
    "|---:|:-------|--------:|\n",
    "|  0 | pi     | 3.14159 |\n",
    "|  1 | e      | 2.71828 |"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "71859e47-1d64-45ca-acb1-15829d6cce67",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "More examples of Markdown\n",
    "----------\n",
    "Line breaks.\n",
    "This line is not next but will join.\n",
    "\n",
    "Line breaks.  \n",
    "This line will break because line above has 2-spaces at end.\n",
    "\n",
    "Bold uses **text** or __text__  \n",
    "Italics uses *text* or _text_  \n",
    "Bold Italics uses ***text*** or ___text___   \n",
    "When no spaces _ acts differently to * e.g., A*cat*meow A_cat_meow\n",
    "\n",
    "> Blockquotes\n",
    "use a > at the start of the line.  \n",
    "The block will continue until a new paragraph.\n",
    "\n",
    "Now out of blockqoute mode.\n",
    "> To have multiple paragraphs\n",
    ">\n",
    "> Add a > in the blank line between paragraphs.\n",
    "\n",
    "> Nest blockquotes  \n",
    ">> use >> for the indented blockquote  \n",
    ">>> Keep adding > to nest even futher\n",
    "\n",
    "Other formating elements can be used in blockquotes but use blank line before and after.  \n",
    "\n",
    "> #### The quarterly results look great!\n",
    ">\n",
    "> - Revenue was off the chart.\n",
    "> - Profits were higher than ever.\n",
    ">\n",
    ">  *Everything* is going according to **plan**.\n",
    "\n",
    "Now try lists  \n",
    "1. First item\n",
    "1. Second\n",
    "\n",
    "Or bulletted lists\n",
    "* First \n",
    "* Second\n",
    "\n",
    "- New first\n",
    "    - sub first\n",
    "    - next sublist\n",
    "- New second\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f9354105-68ca-4d41-967d-6b7027ad486a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Code blocks (or output from codes)\n",
    "\n",
    "Sometimes you don't want fancy formatting and just want to \n",
    "show simple text or code.  Indenting by 4-spaces of \\<tab> will\n",
    "do this.\n",
    "\n",
    "From code above\n",
    "\n",
    "    print('Raw')\n",
    "    for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "       print(ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang))\n",
    "    print('str.format')    \n",
    "    for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "       print('{:6.2f} | {:9.6f} {:9.6f} {:9.6f}'.format(ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang)))\n",
    "    \n",
    "\n",
    "Fenced code blocks\n",
    "```\n",
    "The individual test values (lines starting with C) show an interesting pattern where the double long does not show 1.2 well.  Also moving 1 at the end of 1.125 to more significant digits, the double long reverts to the short form at the number of significant digits as the double.  There seems to some issues with formatting the double long outputs.  The epsilon test does show it does have the 19 significant digits expected.  \n",
    "C 1.2  ->  1.2 1.2 1.1999999999999999556 \\Delta 4.7683715864721420985e-08 0.0\n",
    "C 1.125000000001     ->  1.125 1.125000000001 1.1250000000010000889 \n",
    "C 1.12500000000001   ->  1.125 1.12500000000001 1.125000000000009992 \n",
    "C 1.125000000000001  ->  1.125 1.125000000000001 1.1250000000000011102\n",
    "C 1.125              ->  1.125 1.125 1.125 \\Delta 0.0 0.0\n",
    "```\n",
    "Now look at syntax awareness: Fortran\n",
    "```fortran\n",
    "       real*8 a,b,c,\n",
    "      .   d,e,f\n",
    "       read(*,*) a,b,c\n",
    "       print a\n",
    "       end\n",
    "```\n",
    "Or for the python code above\n",
    "```python\n",
    "print('Raw')\n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "   print(ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang))\n",
    "print('str.format')    \n",
    "for ang in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,10):\n",
    "   print('{:6.2f} | {:9.6f} {:9.6f} {:9.6f}'.format(ang*180/np.pi, np.sin(ang),np.cos(ang),np.tan(ang)))\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "C-code can have highlighted syntax\n",
    "\n",
    "```C\n",
    "//Erf.c computes the error function and its first derivative in .25 intervals for -3 to 3\n",
    "\n",
    "#include <math.h> //For constants and power funtions\n",
    "#include <stdio.h> //For constants and power funtions\n",
    "double factorial (int n);  //Factorial function\n",
    "double Error(double a);  //Error function\n",
    "double dError(double a);  //First Derivative of error function\n",
    "int main() {\n",
    "  //Print headers for outtput\n",
    "  printf(\"Number     Error       dError\\n\");\n",
    "  printf(\"_____________________________\\n\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "~~~\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4d741503-76fa-47a6-bf0e-297b66564138",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Images and links\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Open the file containing the Linux mascot.\n",
    "2. Marvel at its beauty.\n",
    "\n",
    "    ![Tux, the Linux mascot](tux.png \"Linux Tux Image\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "    But if I want to change size may need to revert to html\n",
    "    <img src=\"tux.png\" alt=\"drawing\" width=\"64\"/>\n",
    "\n",
    "    >If I want to use URL then html syntax is needed. (Some markdowns allow the URL to be in the image but not here).\n",
    "    ><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Tux.png\" alt=\"drawing\" width=\"64\"/>\n",
    "    \n",
    "    \n",
    "URL's can be imbedde the same way\n",
    "\n",
    "Here is link to **[12.010 GitHub](https://github.com/christophernhill/fall-2021-12.010)**.\n",
    "\n",
    "Or can be explicit in name: <https://github.com/christophernhill/fall-2021-12.010>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8926b8a0-0c55-4f18-8093-2199e0b7bc61",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Tables\n",
    "\n",
    "Simple format for table\n",
    "\n",
    "| Syntax | Description |\n",
    "| --- | ----------- |\n",
    "| Header | Title |\n",
    "| Paragraph | Text |\n",
    "\n",
    "Added horizontal rule between tables as well\n",
    "\n",
    "--------------\n",
    "\n",
    "With alignment control\n",
    "\n",
    "| Syntax      | Description | Test Text     |\n",
    "| :---        |    :----:   |          ---: |\n",
    "| Header      | Title       | Here's this   |\n",
    "| Paragraph   | Text        | And more      |\n",
    "\n",
    "Can also use html\n",
    "\n",
    "<table>\n",
    "<thead>\n",
    "<tr>\n",
    "<th align=\"center\">Syntax</th>\n",
    "<th align=\"right\">Description</th>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "</thead>\n",
    "<tbody>\n",
    "<tr>\n",
    "<td align=\"center\">header</td>\n",
    "<td align=\"right\">title</td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "<td align=\"center\">Paragraph</td>\n",
    "<td align=\"right\">text</td>\n",
    "</tr> </tbody></table>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0e0da306-f42a-4745-ab3c-5c6475f6aa6f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Markdown Cheat Sheet\n",
    "This sheet is from https://www.markdownguide.org/cheat-sheet/\n",
    "\n",
    "Thanks for visiting [The Markdown Guide](https://www.markdownguide.org)!\n",
    "\n",
    "This Markdown cheat sheet provides a quick overview of all the Markdown syntax elements. It can’t cover every edge case, so if you need more information about any of these elements, refer to the reference guides for [basic syntax](https://www.markdownguide.org/basic-syntax) and [extended syntax](https://www.markdownguide.org/extended-syntax).\n",
    "\n",
    "## Basic Syntax\n",
    "\n",
    "These are the elements outlined in John Gruber’s original design document. All Markdown applications support these elements.\n",
    "\n",
    "### Heading\n",
    "\n",
    "# H1\n",
    "## H2\n",
    "### H3\n",
    "\n",
    "### Bold\n",
    "\n",
    "**bold text**\n",
    "\n",
    "### Italic\n",
    "\n",
    "*italicized text*\n",
    "\n",
    "### Blockquote\n",
    "\n",
    "> blockquote\n",
    "\n",
    "### Ordered List\n",
    "\n",
    "1. First item\n",
    "2. Second item\n",
    "3. Third item\n",
    "\n",
    "### Unordered List\n",
    "\n",
    "- First item\n",
    "- Second item\n",
    "- Third item\n",
    "\n",
    "### Code\n",
    "\n",
    "`code`\n",
    "\n",
    "### Horizontal Rule\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "### Link\n",
    "\n",
    "[Markdown Guide](https://www.markdownguide.org)\n",
    "\n",
    "### Image\n",
    "\n",
    "![alt text](https://www.markdownguide.org/assets/images/tux.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "## Extended Syntax\n",
    "\n",
    "These elements extend the basic syntax by adding additional features. Not all Markdown applications support these elements.\n",
    "\n",
    "### Table\n",
    "\n",
    "| Syntax | Description |\n",
    "| ----------- | ----------- |\n",
    "| Header | Title |\n",
    "| Paragraph | Text |\n",
    "\n",
    "### Fenced Code Block\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "{\n",
    "  \"firstName\": \"John\",\n",
    "  \"lastName\": \"Smith\",\n",
    "  \"age\": 25\n",
    "}\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "### Footnote\n",
    "\n",
    "Here's a sentence with a footnote. [^1]\n",
    "\n",
    "[^1]: This is the footnote.\n",
    "\n",
    "### Heading ID\n",
    "\n",
    "### My Great Heading {#custom-id}\n",
    "\n",
    "### Definition List\n",
    "\n",
    "term\n",
    ": definition\n",
    "\n",
    "### Strikethrough\n",
    "\n",
    "~~The world is flat.~~\n",
    "\n",
    "### Task List\n",
    "\n",
    "- [x] Write the press release\n",
    "- [ ] Update the website\n",
    "- [ ] Contact the media\n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
   ]
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    "### Equations in Markdown\n",
    "\n",
    "Basic latex syntax can be used.  \n",
    "Equation  \n",
    "$\\alpha = \\frac{n}{(n-k)!}$\n",
    "\n",
    "$\\beta = \\int_0^\\infty \\mathrm{e}^{-x} \\mathrm{d}x$\n",
    "\n",
    "$\\overrightarrow{AB}$  $\\ddot{a}$\n",
    "\n",
    "You can use $\\LaTeX$ to typeset formulas. A formula can be displayed inline, e.g. $e=mc^2$ or as a block:\n",
    "$$\\int_\\Omega \\nabla u \\cdot \\nabla v~dx = \\int_\\Omega fv~dx$$\n",
    "Also check out this [LaTeX introduction](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics).\n",
    "\n",
    "These days this also works in Word."
   ]
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