01 Intro + Python Syntax Review.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Python Syntax Review"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## How to declare variables in Python?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "  ##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 3.9\n",
    "print(x)\n",
    "x = \"Python\"\n",
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Is Python strongly Typed?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn [34], line 2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m x \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mhello\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0m y \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m+\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m1\u001b[39;49m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m y\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can only concatenate str (not \"int\") to str"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 'hello'\n",
    "y = x + 1\n",
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## How can we build logical control flow and conditionals in Python?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hey, x is 1\n",
      "foo\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 1\n",
    "\n",
    "if x == 1: # no parens needed around expression\n",
    "    print('hey, x is 1')\n",
    "    print('foo')\n",
    "elif x < 10:\n",
    "    print('x is less than 10 and not 1')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('x >= 10')\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## How to write functions in Python? \n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "do something 2\n",
      "abc\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def myfunc(x):\n",
    "    print('do something', x)\n",
    "    if x == 1:\n",
    "        return True\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        return 'abc'\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(myfunc(2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## What if `return` statement is not passed?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "do something 35\n",
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def myfunc(x):\n",
    "    print('do something', x)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(myfunc(35))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## What is __`None`__?\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "do something 2\n",
      "False branch of if\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "retval = myfunc(2)\n",
    "if retval:\n",
    "    print('True branch of if')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('False branch of if')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "preferred over retval == None\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(4388092840, 4388014952)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "if retval is None:\n",
    "    print('preferred over retval == None')\n",
    "if None is False:\n",
    "    print('no!')\n",
    "id(None), id(False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "\n",
    "## What are two types of Loops in Python?\n",
    "\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## While Loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Even Numbers list:  [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "num = 1\n",
    "even_numbers = []\n",
    "while num <= 10:\n",
    "    if num % 2 == 0:\n",
    "        even_numbers.append(num)\n",
    "    num += 1\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Even Numbers list: \", even_numbers )"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "\n",
    "## For Loop\n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### iterating through a numeric range"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(25):\n",
    "    print(num, end=' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### iterating through a container"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "small\n",
      "medium\n",
      "large\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist = 'small medium large'.split()\n",
    "for size in mylist:\n",
    "    print(size)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "\n",
    "## Scoping in Python \n",
    "<br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>\n",
    "<br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "outside the block, x = global x\n",
      "---> in func\n",
      "x = func x\n",
      "local x = func x\n",
      "global x = global x\n",
      "---> leaving func\n",
      "in main, after func call, x = global x\n",
      "---> inside second func\n",
      "x = new global x\n",
      "---> leaving second func, x = new global x\n",
      "in main, after second func call, x = new global x\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if True:\n",
    "    x = 'global x' # x will persist outside this block\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"outside the block, x =\", x)\n",
    "\n",
    "def func():\n",
    "    print(\"---> in func\")\n",
    "    x = 'func x' # declare var inside function\n",
    "    print(\"x =\", x)\n",
    "    d = locals()\n",
    "    print(\"local x =\", d['x'])\n",
    "    d = globals()\n",
    "    print(\"global x =\", d['x'])\n",
    "    print(\"---> leaving func\")\n",
    "\n",
    "func()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"in main, after func call, x =\", x)\n",
    "\n",
    "def func():\n",
    "    print(\"---> inside second func\")\n",
    "    # can access global variables here\n",
    "    # print(\"x =\", x)\n",
    "    # ...but to change them, we need to bind\n",
    "    # the name 'x' to the global var instead\n",
    "    # of a new local var...\n",
    "    global x\n",
    "    x = 'new global x'\n",
    "    print(\"x =\", x)\n",
    "    print(\"---> leaving second func, x =\", x)\n",
    "\n",
    "func()\n",
    "print(\"in main, after second func call, x =\", x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Modules\n",
    "* just files of Python code\n",
    "* export variables, functions, and/or classes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "__name__ = __main__\n",
      "success\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# this code lives in mymodule.py\n",
    "def dummy():\n",
    "    return 45\n",
    "   \n",
    "public_data = \"public stuff!\"\n",
    "_private_data = \"private stuff!\"\n",
    "print('__name__ =', __name__) # \"dunder\"\n",
    "\n",
    "# If this code is being *run*, then __name__ will be '__main__'\n",
    "if __name__ == '__main__':\n",
    "    # test dummy\n",
    "    if dummy() == 45:\n",
    "        print('success')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "__name__ = __main__\n",
      "Traceback (most recent call last):\n",
      "  File \"mymodule.py\", line 11, in <module>\n",
      "    assert dummy() == 46\n",
      "AssertionError\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!python3 mymodule.py\n",
    "# The above runs a command in the shell, outside of the notebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "__name__ = mymodule\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "45"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import mymodule\n",
    "mymodule.dummy() # must preface identifiers with module name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
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       " 'Out',\n",
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       " '_10',\n",
       " '_12',\n",
       " '_16',\n",
       " '_18',\n",
       " '_21',\n",
       " '_23',\n",
       " '_45',\n",
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       " '__builtins__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
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       " '_i5',\n",
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       " '_ih',\n",
       " '_ii',\n",
       " '_iii',\n",
       " '_oh',\n",
       " '_private_data',\n",
       " 'd',\n",
       " 'dummy',\n",
       " 'even',\n",
       " 'even_numbers',\n",
       " 'exit',\n",
       " 'func',\n",
       " 'get_ipython',\n",
       " 'myfunc',\n",
       " 'mylist',\n",
       " 'mymodule',\n",
       " 'mytuple',\n",
       " 'num',\n",
       " 'os',\n",
       " 'prime',\n",
       " 'public_data',\n",
       " 'quit',\n",
       " 'retval',\n",
       " 's',\n",
       " 'size',\n",
       " 'sys',\n",
       " 't',\n",
       " 'weird_list',\n",
       " 'x',\n",
       " 'years']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mymodule._private_data, mymodule.public_data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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       " 'd',\n",
       " 'dummy',\n",
       " 'even',\n",
       " 'even_numbers',\n",
       " 'exit',\n",
       " 'func',\n",
       " 'get_ipython',\n",
       " 'myfunc',\n",
       " 'mylist',\n",
       " 'mymodule',\n",
       " 'mytuple',\n",
       " 'num',\n",
       " 'os',\n",
       " 'prime',\n",
       " 'public_data',\n",
       " 'quit',\n",
       " 'retval',\n",
       " 's',\n",
       " 'size',\n",
       " 'sys',\n",
       " 't',\n",
       " 'thismodule_data',\n",
       " 'weird_list',\n",
       " 'x',\n",
       " 'years']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from mymodule import public_data as thismodule_data\n",
    "dir()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['/salesforce/specific/dir',\n",
       " '/Users/chinmay/Downloads/Python Course/Python',\n",
       " '/Users/chinmay/.vscode/extensions/ms-toolsai.jupyter-2022.8.1002431955/pythonFiles',\n",
       " '/Users/chinmay/.vscode/extensions/ms-toolsai.jupyter-2022.8.1002431955/pythonFiles/lib/python',\n",
       " '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python38.zip',\n",
       " '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8',\n",
       " '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/lib-dynload',\n",
       " '',\n",
       " '/Users/chinmay/Library/Python/3.8/lib/python/site-packages',\n",
       " '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import sys\n",
    "sys.path.insert(0, '/salesforce/specific/dir')\n",
    "sys.path"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Python Datatype Overview"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Strings?\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The embedded apostrophe isn't a problem!\n",
      "Nor are embedded \"quotes\"\n",
      "This string is \"more difficult\" to read\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"The embedded apostrophe isn't a problem!\"\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "s = 'Nor are embedded \"quotes\"'\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "s = \"This string is \\\"more difficult\\\" to read\"\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A man,\\na plan, \\na canal: Panama'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = '''A man,\n",
    "a plan, \n",
    "a canal: Panama'''\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A man,\n",
      "a plan, \n",
      "a canal: Panama\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1620, (3, 4))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "years = [1215, 1620, 1812, 1941]\n",
    "weird_list = [1, 'two', (3, 4), False]\n",
    "years[1], weird_list[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Tuples\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mytuple = (\"apple\", \"banana\", \"cherry\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "()\n",
      "(1,)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# empty tuple\n",
    "t = ()\n",
    "print(t)\n",
    "# singleton tuple\n",
    "t = 1,\n",
    "print(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Sets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "set"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = set()\n",
    "type(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{2, 4, 6}\n",
      "{8, 2, 4, 6}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "even = { 2, 4, 6 }\n",
    "print(even)\n",
    "even.add(8)\n",
    "even.add(2)\n",
    "print(even)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{2, 3, 5, 7}\n",
      "all numbers = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}\n",
      "even primes = {2}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "prime = set([int(x) for x in '2357'])\n",
    "print(prime)\n",
    "print('all numbers =', prime | even)\n",
    "print('even primes =', prime & even)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Dictionaries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'red': 0, 'blue': 9, 'green': 2, 'yellow': -1}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = { 'red': 0, 'blue': 1, 'green': 2 }\n",
    "d['blue'] = 9\n",
    "d['yellow'] = -1\n",
    "print(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'tall': 12, 'grande': 16, 'venti': 20}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = {}\n",
    "d['tall'] = 12\n",
    "d['grande'] = 16\n",
    "d['venti'] = 20\n",
    "print(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "keys are dict_keys(['tall', 'grande', 'venti'])\n",
      "values are dict_values([12, 16, 20])\n",
      "items are dict_items([('tall', 12), ('grande', 16), ('venti', 20)])\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# keys() function is a view, which is dynamic\n",
    "keys = d.keys()\n",
    "#Python2_keys = list(d.keys())\n",
    "# a snapshot of the keys() gives us a static list\n",
    "print('keys are', d.keys())\n",
    "print('values are', d.values())\n",
    "print('items are', d.items())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "dict_keys(['tall', 'grande', 'venti'])\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(keys)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_keys(['tall', 'grande', 'venti', 'trenta'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# now add to the dict...\n",
    "d['trenta'] = 31\n",
    "keys"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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