diff --git a/Modules/_json.c b/Modules/_json.c
index 0b1bfe34ad93044..59c908bc7c21b63 100644
--- a/Modules/_json.c
+++ b/Modules/_json.c
@@ -690,11 +690,10 @@ _parse_object_unicode(PyScannerObject *s, PyObject *memo, PyObject *pystr, Py_ss
             key = scanstring_unicode(pystr, idx + 1, s->strict, &next_idx);
             if (key == NULL)
                 goto bail;
-            memokey = PyDict_SetDefault(memo, key, key);
-            if (memokey == NULL) {
+            if (PyDict_SetDefaultRef(memo, key, key, &memokey) < 0) {
                 goto bail;
             }
-            Py_SETREF(key, Py_NewRef(memokey));
+            Py_SETREF(key, memokey);
             idx = next_idx;
 
             /* skip whitespace between key and : delimiter, read :, skip whitespace */
diff --git a/Modules/posixmodule.c b/Modules/posixmodule.c
index d99b5335b6989ae..d793e745d9a9563 100644
--- a/Modules/posixmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/posixmodule.c
@@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ convertenviron(void)
             Py_DECREF(d);
             return NULL;
         }
-        if (PyDict_SetDefault(d, k, v) == NULL) {
+        if (PyDict_SetDefaultRef(d, k, v, NULL) < 0) {
             Py_DECREF(v);
             Py_DECREF(k);
             Py_DECREF(d);
diff --git a/Modules/pyexpat.c b/Modules/pyexpat.c
index 21579a80dd7f703..7a97dfe2a953af1 100644
--- a/Modules/pyexpat.c
+++ b/Modules/pyexpat.c
@@ -1622,7 +1622,8 @@ static int init_handler_descrs(pyexpat_state *state)
         if (descr == NULL)
             return -1;
 
-        if (PyDict_SetDefault(state->xml_parse_type->tp_dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr) == NULL) {
+        if (PyDict_SetDefaultRef(state->xml_parse_type->tp_dict,
+                                 PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr, NULL) < 0) {
             Py_DECREF(descr);
             return -1;
         }
diff --git a/Objects/dictobject.c b/Objects/dictobject.c
index f3ef54c834576fb..84f4e6b11df285a 100644
--- a/Objects/dictobject.c
+++ b/Objects/dictobject.c
@@ -2869,7 +2869,7 @@ PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(PyObject *d, PyObject *seq2, int override)
             }
         }
         else {
-            if (PyDict_SetDefault(d, key, value) == NULL) {
+            if (PyDict_SetDefaultRef(d, key, value, NULL) < 0) {
                 Py_DECREF(key);
                 Py_DECREF(value);
                 goto Fail;
diff --git a/Objects/typeobject.c b/Objects/typeobject.c
index 4464b5af8cd15be..51c8f97edda675e 100644
--- a/Objects/typeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/typeobject.c
@@ -6636,7 +6636,7 @@ type_add_method(PyTypeObject *type, PyMethodDef *meth)
     int err;
     PyObject *dict = lookup_tp_dict(type);
     if (!(meth->ml_flags & METH_COEXIST)) {
-        err = PyDict_SetDefault(dict, name, descr) == NULL;
+        err = PyDict_SetDefaultRef(dict, name, descr, NULL) < 0;
     }
     else {
         err = PyDict_SetItem(dict, name, descr) < 0;
@@ -6684,7 +6684,7 @@ type_add_members(PyTypeObject *type)
         if (descr == NULL)
             return -1;
 
-        if (PyDict_SetDefault(dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr) == NULL) {
+        if (PyDict_SetDefaultRef(dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr, NULL) < 0) {
             Py_DECREF(descr);
             return -1;
         }
@@ -6709,7 +6709,7 @@ type_add_getset(PyTypeObject *type)
             return -1;
         }
 
-        if (PyDict_SetDefault(dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr) == NULL) {
+        if (PyDict_SetDefaultRef(dict, PyDescr_NAME(descr), descr, NULL) < 0) {
             Py_DECREF(descr);
             return -1;
         }
diff --git a/Objects/unicodeobject.c b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
index cffc06297a9aeea..e2b0ec42fa587bd 100644
--- a/Objects/unicodeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
@@ -14878,16 +14878,18 @@ _PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyObject **p)
     PyObject *interned = get_interned_dict(interp);
     assert(interned != NULL);
 
-    PyObject *t = PyDict_SetDefault(interned, s, s);
-    if (t == NULL) {
+    PyObject *t;
+    int res = PyDict_SetDefaultRef(interned, s, s, &t);
+    if (res < 0) {
         PyErr_Clear();
         return;
     }
-
-    if (t != s) {
-        Py_SETREF(*p, Py_NewRef(t));
+    else if (res == 1) {
+        // value was already present (not inserted)
+        Py_SETREF(*p, t);
         return;
     }
+    Py_DECREF(t);
 
     if (_Py_IsImmortal(s)) {
         // XXX Restrict this to the main interpreter?
diff --git a/Python/compile.c b/Python/compile.c
index 8b1eef79a79eaea..60cc510b5f7986f 100644
--- a/Python/compile.c
+++ b/Python/compile.c
@@ -981,14 +981,18 @@ merge_consts_recursive(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject *o)
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    // t is borrowed reference
-    PyObject *t = PyDict_SetDefault(const_cache, key, key);
-    if (t != key) {
-        // o is registered in const_cache.  Just use it.
-        Py_XINCREF(t);
+    PyObject *t;
+    int res = PyDict_SetDefaultRef(const_cache, key, key, &t);
+    if (res < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(key);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (res == 1) {
+        // o was already registered in const_cache.  Just use it.
         Py_DECREF(key);
         return t;
     }
+    Py_DECREF(t);
 
     // We registered o in const_cache.
     // When o is a tuple or frozenset, we want to merge its
@@ -7537,22 +7541,25 @@ _PyCompile_ConstCacheMergeOne(PyObject *const_cache, PyObject **obj)
         return ERROR;
     }
 
-    // t is borrowed reference
-    PyObject *t = PyDict_SetDefault(const_cache, key, key);
+    PyObject *t;
+    int res = PyDict_SetDefaultRef(const_cache, key, key, &t);
     Py_DECREF(key);
-    if (t == NULL) {
+    if (res < 0) {
         return ERROR;
     }
-    if (t == key) {  // obj is new constant.
+    if (res == 0) {  // inserted: obj is new constant.
+        Py_DECREF(t);
         return SUCCESS;
     }
 
     if (PyTuple_CheckExact(t)) {
-        // t is still borrowed reference
-        t = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(t, 1);
+        Py_SETREF(*obj, Py_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(t, 1)));
+        Py_DECREF(t);
+    }
+    else {
+        Py_SETREF(*obj, t);
     }
 
-    Py_SETREF(*obj, Py_NewRef(t));
     return SUCCESS;
 }