diff --git a/include/NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h b/include/NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33db86b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#ifndef NEURA_ARCHITECTURE_H
+#define NEURA_ARCHITECTURE_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <set>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <optional>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace mlir {
+namespace neura {
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// BasicResource: abstract base class for Tile, Link, etc.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+class BasicResource {
+public:
+  virtual ~BasicResource() = default;
+  virtual int getId() const = 0;
+  virtual std::string getType() const = 0;
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Forward declaration for use in Tile
+class Link;
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Tile
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+class Tile : public BasicResource {
+public:
+  Tile(int id, int x, int y);
+
+  int getId() const override;
+  std::string getType() const override { return "tile"; }
+
+  int getX() const;
+  int getY() const;
+
+  void linkDstTile(Link* link, Tile* tile);
+  const std::set<Tile*>& getDstTiles() const;
+  const std::set<Tile*>& getSrcTiles() const;
+  const std::set<Link*>& getOutLinks() const;
+  const std::set<Link*>& getInLinks() const;
+
+private:
+  int id;
+  int x, y;
+  std::set<Tile*> src_tiles;
+  std::set<Tile*> dst_tiles;
+  std::set<Link*> in_links;
+  std::set<Link*> out_links;
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Link
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+class Link : public BasicResource {
+public:
+  Link(int id);
+
+  int getId() const override;
+  std::string getType() const override { return "link"; }
+
+  Tile* getSrcTile() const;
+  Tile* getDstTile() const;
+
+  void connect(Tile* src, Tile* dst);
+
+private:
+  int id;
+  Tile* src_tile;
+  Tile* dst_tile;
+};
+
+/// Describes the entire CGRA architecture.
+class Architecture {
+public:
+  Architecture(int width, int height);
+
+  Tile* getTile(int id);
+  Tile* getTile(int x, int y);
+
+  Link* getLink(int id);
+
+  int getNumTiles() const { return static_cast<int>(tiles.size()); }
+  std::vector<Tile*> getAllTiles() { return tiles; }
+
+private:
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Tile>> tileStorage;
+  std::vector<Tile*> tiles;
+};
+
+} // namespace neura
+} // namespace mlir
+
+#endif // NEURA_ARCHITECTURE_H
diff --git a/include/NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.h b/include/NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92c32dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef NEURA_MAPPING_STATE_H
+#define NEURA_MAPPING_STATE_H
+
+#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+#include "NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h"  // for BasicResource
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+#include <optional>
+
+namespace mlir {
+namespace neura {
+
+// Represents a spatial-temporal location: (resource, timeStep)
+using MappingLoc = std::pair<BasicResource*, int>;
+
+// Tracks placement and routing of ops on the CGRA.
+class MappingState {
+public:
+  // Binds a (tile/link, timeStep) location to an operation.
+  void bindOp(MappingLoc loc, Operation *op);
+
+  // Checks if a (tile/link, timeStep) is available (unoccupied).
+  bool isAvailable(const MappingLoc &loc) const;
+
+  // Gets the operation at a specific (tile/link, timeStep) location.
+  std::optional<Operation*> getOpAt(MappingLoc loc) const;
+
+private:
+  std::unordered_map<MappingLoc, Operation*> loc_to_op;
+  std::unordered_set<MappingLoc> occupied_locs;
+};
+
+} // namespace neura
+} // namespace mlir
+
+#endif // NEURA_MAPPING_STATE_H
diff --git a/include/NeuraDialect/mapping/mapping_util.h b/include/NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.h
similarity index 75%
rename from include/NeuraDialect/mapping/mapping_util.h
rename to include/NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.h
index 2492bd4c..ca3a4b45 100644
--- a/include/NeuraDialect/mapping/mapping_util.h
+++ b/include/NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+#include "NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h"
 
 namespace mlir {
 namespace neura {
@@ -11,16 +12,11 @@ struct RecurrenceCycle {
   int length = 0;                       // Number of operations excluding reserve/ctrl_mov.
 };
 
-// Accelerator configuration struct.
-struct AcceleratorConfig {
-  int num_tiles = 4;  // Default to 4 tiles if unspecified.
-};
-
 // Collects recurrence cycles rooted at reserve and closed by ctrl_mov.
 SmallVector<RecurrenceCycle, 4> collectRecurrenceCycles(Operation *func_op);
 
 // Calculates ResMII: ceil(#ops / #tiles).
-int calculateResMii(Operation *func_op, const AcceleratorConfig &config);
+int calculateResMii(Operation *func_op, const Architecture &architecture);
 
 } // namespace neura
 } // namespace mlir
diff --git a/lib/NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.cpp b/lib/NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a040cce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#include "NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h"
+#include <cassert>
+
+using namespace mlir;
+using namespace mlir::neura;
+
+Tile::Tile(int id, int x, int y) {
+  this->id = id;
+  this->x = x;
+  this->y = y;
+}
+
+int Tile::getId() const {
+  return id;
+}
+
+int Tile::getX() const {
+  return x;
+}
+
+int Tile::getY() const {
+  return y;
+}
+
+void Tile::linkDstTile(Link* link, Tile* tile) {
+  assert(tile && "Cannot link to a null tile");
+  dst_tiles.insert(tile);
+  out_links.insert(link);
+  tile->src_tiles.insert(this);
+  tile->in_links.insert(link);
+}
+
+const std::set<Tile*>& Tile::getDstTiles() const {
+  return dst_tiles;
+}
+
+const std::set<Tile*>& Tile::getSrcTiles() const {
+  return src_tiles;
+}
+
+const std::set<Link*>& Tile::getOutLinks() const {
+  return out_links;
+}
+
+const std::set<Link*>& Tile::getInLinks() const {
+  return in_links;
+}
+
+Link::Link(int id) {
+  this->id = id;
+}
+
+int Link::getId() const {
+  return id;
+}
+
+Tile* Link::getSrcTile() const {
+  return src_tile;
+}
+
+Tile* Link::getDstTile() const {
+  return dst_tile;
+}
+
+void Link::connect(Tile* src, Tile* dst) {
+  assert(src && dst && "Cannot connect null tiles");
+  src_tile = src;
+  dst_tile = dst;
+  src->linkDstTile(this, dst);
+}
+
+Architecture::Architecture(int width, int height) {
+  const int num_tiles = width * height;
+
+  tileStorage.reserve(num_tiles);
+  tiles.reserve(num_tiles);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < height; ++j) {
+      auto tile = std::make_unique<Tile>(i * width + j, i, j);
+      tiles.push_back(tile.get());
+      tileStorage.push_back(std::move(tile));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Model topology based on the architecture specs.
+  // https://github.com/coredac/dataflow/issues/52.
+  int link_id = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < height; ++j) {
+      Tile* tile = getTile(i, j);
+      if (i > 0) {
+        auto link_towards_left = std::make_unique<Link>(link_id++);
+        link_towards_left->connect(tile, getTile(i - 1, j));
+      }
+      if (i < width - 1) {
+        auto link_towards_right = std::make_unique<Link>(link_id++);
+        link_towards_right->connect(tile, getTile(i + 1, j));
+    }
+      if (j > 0) {
+        auto link_towards_down = std::make_unique<Link>(link_id++);
+        link_towards_down->connect(tile, getTile(i, j - 1));
+      }
+      if (j < height - 1) {
+        auto link_towards_up = std::make_unique<Link>(link_id++);
+        link_towards_up->connect(tile, getTile(i, j + 1));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Tile* Architecture::getTile(int id) {
+  for (const auto &tile : tiles) {
+    if (tile->getId() == id) {
+      return tile;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(false && "Tile with given ID not found");
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+Tile* Architecture::getTile(int x, int y) {
+  for (const auto &tile : tiles) {
+    if (tile->getX() == x && tile->getY() == y) {
+      return tile;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(false && "Tile with given coordinates not found");
+  return nullptr;
+}
diff --git a/lib/NeuraDialect/CMakeLists.txt b/lib/NeuraDialect/CMakeLists.txt
index 6ed04ae7..7801f79f 100644
--- a/lib/NeuraDialect/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/lib/NeuraDialect/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ add_mlir_dialect_library(MLIRNeura
         Neura.cpp
         NeuraTypes.cpp
         NeuraPasses.cpp
+        Mapping/mapping_util.cpp
+        Architecture/Architecture.cpp
 
         ADDITIONAL_HEADER_DIRS
         ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/NeuraDialect
diff --git a/lib/NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.cpp b/lib/NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4749d6f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "NeuraDialect/Mapping/MappingState.h"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+using namespace mlir::neura;
+
+void MappingState::bindOp(MappingLoc loc, Operation *op) {
+  loc_to_op[loc] = op;
+  occupied_locs.insert(loc);
+}
+
+bool MappingState::isAvailable(const MappingLoc &loc) const {
+  return !occupied_locs.contains(loc);
+}
diff --git a/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/mapping/mapping_util.cpp b/lib/NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.cpp
similarity index 91%
rename from lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/mapping/mapping_util.cpp
rename to lib/NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.cpp
index 51b839f9..3c724a7e 100644
--- a/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/mapping/mapping_util.cpp
+++ b/lib/NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <deque>
 
-#include "NeuraDialect/mapping/mapping_util.h"
+#include "NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.h"
 #include "NeuraDialect/NeuraOps.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ SmallVector<RecurrenceCycle, 4> mlir::neura::collectRecurrenceCycles(Operation *
   return recurrence_cycles;
 }
 
-int mlir::neura::calculateResMii(Operation *func_op, const AcceleratorConfig &config) {
+int mlir::neura::calculateResMii(Operation *func_op,
+                                 const Architecture &architecture) {
   int num_ops = 0;
 
   // Count all "compute" operations (non-terminators, non-block ops).
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ int mlir::neura::calculateResMii(Operation *func_op, const AcceleratorConfig &co
   llvm::errs() << "[calculateResMii] Total operations: " << num_ops << "\n";
 
   // Avoid divide-by-zero
-  int tiles = std::max(1, config.num_tiles);
+  int num_tiles = std::max(1, architecture.getNumTiles());
 
-  return llvm::divideCeil(num_ops, tiles);
+  return llvm::divideCeil(num_ops, num_tiles);
 }
diff --git a/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/CMakeLists.txt b/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/CMakeLists.txt
index 30734c92..c1d16bdc 100644
--- a/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ add_mlir_library(
     TransformCtrlToDataFlowPass.cpp
     LeveragePredicatedValuePass.cpp
     MapToAcceleratorPass.cpp
-    mapping/mapping_util.cpp
 
     DEPENDS
     MLIRNeuraTransformsIncGen
diff --git a/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/MapToAcceleratorPass.cpp b/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/MapToAcceleratorPass.cpp
index 919a3167..be214ff0 100644
--- a/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/MapToAcceleratorPass.cpp
+++ b/lib/NeuraDialect/Transforms/MapToAcceleratorPass.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #include <deque>
 
+#include "NeuraDialect/Architecture/Architecture.h"
 #include "NeuraDialect/NeuraDialect.h"
 #include "NeuraDialect/NeuraOps.h"
 #include "NeuraDialect/NeuraTypes.h"
 #include "NeuraDialect/NeuraPasses.h"
-#include "NeuraDialect/mapping/mapping_util.h"
+#include "NeuraDialect/Mapping/mapping_util.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
 #include "mlir/Pass/Pass.h"
@@ -58,8 +59,9 @@ struct MapToAcceleratorPass
         func->setAttr("RecMII", rec_mii_attr);
       }
 
-      AcceleratorConfig config{/*numTiles=*/8}; // Example
-      int res_mii = calculateResMii(func, config);
+      // AcceleratorConfig config{/*numTiles=*/8}; // Example
+      Architecture architecture(2, 2);
+      int res_mii = calculateResMii(func, architecture);
       IntegerAttr res_mii_attr = IntegerAttr::get(
           IntegerType::get(func.getContext(), 32), res_mii);
       func->setAttr("ResMII", res_mii_attr);
diff --git a/test/neura/ctrl/branch_for.mlir b/test/neura/ctrl/branch_for.mlir
index c57476da..e656bbef 100644
--- a/test/neura/ctrl/branch_for.mlir
+++ b/test/neura/ctrl/branch_for.mlir
@@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ func.func @loop_test() -> f32 {
 // CTRL2DATA-NEXT:   "neura.return"(%18) : (!neura.data<f32, i1>) -> ()
 // CTRL2DATA-NEXT: }
 
-// MII: func.func @loop_test() -> f32 attributes {RecMII = 4 : i32, ResMII = 2 : i32, accelerator = "neura"}
\ No newline at end of file
+// MII: func.func @loop_test() -> f32 attributes {RecMII = 4 : i32, ResMII = 4 : i32, accelerator = "neura"}
\ No newline at end of file