benchmarks.md

Benchmark Results

All numbers reported here refer to cycle counts.

Device	Clock speed
ESP32-S3 1 2	240 MHz
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	4 MHz (default, up to 120MHz)
ESP32-C6 3	160 MHz
nRF52840-DK	64 MHz
nRF5340-DK	128 MHz
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	64 MHz
- nRF52810	64 MHz

ML-KEM

ML-KEM 512

Device	KeyGen[Debug]	KeyGen[Release]	Encaps[Debug]	Encaps[Release]	Decaps[Debug]	Decaps[Release]
Raspberry Pi 3
Raspberry Pi 4
ESP32-S3 1 2
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	4445020	771501	5044052	839800	6134089	839800
ESP32-C6 3
nRF52840-DK	5968523	764636	6806307	839812	8316331	1011669
nRF5340-DK
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	5789064	762595	6579357	838838	7998480	1010106
- nRF52810	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5

ML-KEM 768

Device	KeyGen[Debug]	KeyGen[Release]	Encaps[Debug]	Encaps[Release]	Decaps[Debug]	Decaps[Release]
Raspberry Pi 3
Raspberry Pi 4
ESP32-S3 1 2
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	7085443	1273471	7996675	1395000	9421249	1591459
ESP32-C6 3
nRF52840-DK	9315152	1257679	10418524	1381088	12319554	1607698
nRF5340-DK
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	9434994	1276466	10691113	1401091	12626256	1630202
- nRF52810	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5

ML-KEM 1024

Device	KeyGen[Debug]	KeyGen[Release]	Encaps[Debug]	Encaps[Release]	Decaps[Debug]	Decaps[Release]
Raspberry Pi 3
Raspberry Pi 4
ESP32-S3 1 2
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	10981246	1991691	11988292	2129442	13756274	2371826
ESP32-C6 3
nRF52840-DK	14_910_284	1_959_916	16_318_665	2_103_371	18_830_628	2_391_463
nRF5340-DK
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	14886756	1951395	16021505	2094650	18385162	2381655
- nRF52810	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5

ML-DSA

ML-DSA 44

Device	KeyGen[Debug]	KeyGen[Release]	Sign[Debug]	Sign[Release]	Verify[Debug]	Verify[Release]
Raspberry Pi 3
Raspberry Pi 4
ESP32-S3 1 2
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	19524681	3476142	28743483	4825636	20929483	3695919
ESP32-C6 3
nRF52840-DK	25565997	3565042	37809350	4987219	27441288	3788007
nRF5340-DK
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5
- nRF52810

ML-DSA 65

Device	KeyGen[Debug]	KeyGen[Release]	Sign[Debug]	Sign[Release]	Verify[Debug]	Verify[Release]
Raspberry Pi 3
Raspberry Pi 4
ESP32-S3 1 2
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	36271715	6382246	47606417	7981373	37005196	6501876
ESP32-C6 3
nRF52840-DK	47073665	6638977	62247859	8364565	48188918	6767475
nRF5340-DK
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	❌ 4	❌ 6	❌ 4	❌ 6	❌ 4	❌ 6
- nRF52810

ML-DSA 87

Device	KeyGen[Debug]	KeyGen[Release]	Sign[Debug]	Sign[Release]	Verify[Debug]	Verify[Release]
Raspberry Pi 3
Raspberry Pi 4
ESP32-S3 1 2
STM32-L4R5xx (our Nucleo-144)	60053867	10633875	137335754	21909905	61676143	10794553
ESP32-C6 3
nRF52840-DK	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5	❌ 4	❌ 5
nRF5340-DK
nRF52-DK
- nRF52832	❌ 4	❌ 6	❌ 4	❌ 6	❌ 4	❌ 6
- nRF52810

Footnotes

1. https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/latest/esp32s3/hw-reference/esp32s3/user-guide-devkitc-1.html ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

2. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-s3-wroom-1_wroom-1u_datasheet_en.pdf ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

3. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-c6-wroom-1_wroom-1u_datasheet_en.pdf ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

4. Core locks up. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵ ↩¹⁶ ↩¹⁷ ↩¹⁸ ↩¹⁹ ↩²⁰ ↩²¹

5. The benchmark crashses due to insufficient stack space. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹² ↩¹³ ↩¹⁴ ↩¹⁵

6. Benchmark binary does not fit available flash space. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶