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+## logging in llama.cpp
+For the examples in llama.cpp, in particular main.cpp the logging is initialized
+by calling `common_init` in common/common.h:
+```c++
+// call once at the start of a program if it uses libcommon
+// initializes the logging system and prints info about the build
+void common_init();
+```
+
+```c++
+void common_init() {
+    llama_log_set([](ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * /*user_data*/) {
+        if (LOG_DEFAULT_LLAMA <= common_log_verbosity_thold) {
+            common_log_add(common_log_main(), level, "%s", text);
+        }
+    }, NULL);
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+    const char * build_type = "";
+#else
+    const char * build_type = " (debug)";
+#endif
+
+    LOG_INF("build: %d (%s) with %s for %s%s\n", LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER, LLAMA_COMMIT, LLAMA_COMPILER, LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET, build_type);
+}
+```
+The function `llama_log_set` is defined in llama.cpp and it takes a callback
+function declared in ggml/include/ggml.h:
+```
+typedef void (*ggml_log_callback)(enum ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data);
+```
+So this is a void function which takes a log level and a text string and a void
+pointer to some user data.
+```c++
+void llama_log_set(ggml_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data) {
+    ggml_log_set(log_callback, user_data);
+    g_logger_state.log_callback = log_callback ? log_callback : llama_log_callback_default;
+    g_logger_state.log_callback_user_data = user_data;
+}
+```
+`ggml_log_set` is setting the logger callback for the ggml library:
+```c
+void ggml_log_set(ggml_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data) {
+    g_logger_state.log_callback = log_callback ? log_callback : ggml_log_callback_default;
+    g_logger_state.log_callback_user_data = user_data;
+}
+```
+And llama.cpp also as a global state variable for the logger callback and the
+user data which is set.
+So what `common_init` is doing is that it is setting the callback function to
+a lambda and the NULL argument is the user data. The body of the function looks
+like this:
+```c++
+        if (LOG_DEFAULT_LLAMA <= common_log_verbosity_thold) {
+            common_log_add(common_log_main(), level, "%s", text);
+        }
+```
+The verbosity is an argument or it can be an environment variable which can be
+specified as `-lv` or `--verbosity` or `--log-verbosity` and messages with a
+higher verbosity then this threshold will be ignored.
+
+So if we set this to 3 then a log message of level 1 (INFO) should be ignored
+if I'm understanding this correctly.
+
+`LOG_DEFAULT_LLAMA` is a macro defined in common/log.h:
+```c++
+#define LOG_DEFAULT_LLAMA 0
+```
+
+In `src/llama-impl.h` we can find the macros that are used in llama.cpp:
+```c++
+//
+// logging
+//
+
+LLAMA_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(2, 3)
+void llama_log_internal        (ggml_log_level level, const char * format, ...);
+void llama_log_callback_default(ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data);
+
+#define LLAMA_LOG(...)       llama_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE , __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LLAMA_LOG_INFO(...)  llama_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO , __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LLAMA_LOG_WARN(...)  llama_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN , __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LLAMA_LOG_ERROR(...) llama_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG(...) llama_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LLAMA_LOG_CONT(...)  llama_log_internal(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT , __VA_ARGS__)
+```
+And in llama.cpp we can find the implementation of `llama_log_internal`:
+```c++
+void llama_log_internal(ggml_log_level level, const char * format, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, format);
+    llama_log_internal_v(level, format, args);
+    va_end(args);
+}
+
+static void llama_log_internal_v(ggml_log_level level, const char * format, va_list args) {
+    va_list args_copy;
+    va_copy(args_copy, args);
+    char buffer[128];
+    int len = vsnprintf(buffer, 128, format, args);
+    if (len < 128) {
+        g_logger_state.log_callback(level, buffer, g_logger_state.log_callback_user_data);
+    } else {
+        char * buffer2 = new char[len + 1];
+        vsnprintf(buffer2, len + 1, format, args_copy);
+        buffer2[len] = 0;
+        g_logger_state.log_callback(level, buffer2, g_logger_state.log_callback_user_data);
+        delete[] buffer2;
+    }
+    va_end(args_copy);
+}
+```
+Notice that `g_logger_state.log_callback` is used and this is the callback that
+we set previously.
+
+
+
+### Logging macros
+There are a number of helper macros in `common/log.h` which looks like this:
+```c++
+#define LOG_INF(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO,  0,                 __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_WRN(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN,  0,                 __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_ERR(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, 0,                 __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_DBG(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, LOG_DEFAULT_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_CNT(...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT,  0,                 __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define LOG_INFV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO,  verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_WRNV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN,  verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_ERRV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_DBGV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_CNTV(verbosity, ...) LOG_TMPL(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT,  verbosity, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define LOG_TMPL(level, verbosity, ...) \
+    do { \
+        if ((verbosity) <= common_log_verbosity_thold) { \
+            common_log_add(common_log_main(), (level), __VA_ARGS__); \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
+```
+Notice how this macro uses the verbosity value to determine if the log message
+should be added to the logger.
+
+
+There is an example, [logging.cpp](./fundamentals/llama.cpp/src/logging.cpp) 
+that shows how to set the verbosity level using the
+`common_log_verbosity_thold` and then using different log macros to see how
+they work. There is a pre-processor make target/recipe that can be used to
+inspect the expanded macros:
+```console
+$ cd fundamentals/llama.cpp
+$ make logging-pre
+...
+   do { if ((0) <= common_log_verbosity_thold) { common_log_add(common_log_main(), (GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO), "%s: BEVE info\n", __func__); } } while (0);
+    do { if ((0) <= common_log_verbosity_thold) { common_log_add(common_log_main(), (GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR), "%s: BEVE error\n", __func__); } } while (0);
+
+
+    do { if ((3) <= common_log_verbosity_thold) { common_log_add(common_log_main(), (GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO), "%s: BEVE v info\n", __func__); } } while (0);
+    do { if ((3) <= common_log_verbosity_thold) { common_log_add(common_log_main(), (GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR), "%s: BEVE v error\n", __func__); } } while (0);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+The value of `common_log_verbosity_thold` can be set as a command line argument
+for llama-cli and other examples in llama.cpp. These are the logging options:
+```console
+$ ./llama-cli --help
+...
+
+-ld,   --logdir LOGDIR                  path under which to save YAML logs (no logging if unset)
+--log-disable                           Log disable
+--log-file FNAME                        Log to file
+--log-colors                            Enable colored logging
+                                        (env: LLAMA_LOG_COLORS)
+-v,    --verbose, --log-verbose         Set verbosity level to infinity (i.e. log all messages, useful for
+                                        debugging)
+-lv,   --verbosity, --log-verbosity N   Set the verbosity threshold. Messages with a higher verbosity will be
+                                        ignored.
+                                        (env: LLAMA_LOG_VERBOSITY)
+--log-prefix                            Enable prefx in log messages
+                                        (env: LLAMA_LOG_PREFIX)
+--log-timestamps                        Enable timestamps in log messages
+                                        (env: LLAMA_LOG_TIMESTAMPS)
+```
+So if I'm reading this correctly setting a verbosity level of 3 should ignore
+all calls with a verbosity greater than 3. This indeed works but I was thinking
+that it would be possible to specify that only log message of ERROR should be
+displayed, or that if I specify that the log level should be 0
+(GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE) then no log message should be printed.
+
+### Log levels
+The log levels are defined in ggml/include/ggml.h:
+```c
+    enum ggml_log_level {
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_NONE  = 0,
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO  = 1,
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN  = 2,
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR = 3,
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG = 4,
+        GGML_LOG_LEVEL_CONT  = 5, // continue previous log
+    };
+```