diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 4f256d1..e5b99c8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -11,105 +11,9 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 jobs:
-  test-channel-args:
-    name: Test channel args (${{ matrix.name }})
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - name: default
-            country: ""
-            rc: false
-            expected_channels: "--channel=conda-forge --channel=njzjz"
-          - name: default RC
-            country: ""
-            rc: true
-            expected_channels: "--channel=conda-forge --channel=conda-forge/label/deepmd-kit_rc --channel=njzjz"
-          - name: China
-            country: CN
-            rc: false
-            expected_channels: "--channel=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/ --channel=njzjz"
-          - name: China RC
-            country: CN
-            rc: true
-            expected_channels: "--channel=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/ --channel=conda-forge/label/deepmd-kit_rc --channel=njzjz"
-    env:
-      DP1S_COUNTRY: ${{ matrix.country }}
-      DP1S_NO_PATH_UPDATE: 1
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install mocks
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          mock_bin="${RUNNER_TEMP}/mock-bin"
-          mkdir -p "${mock_bin}"
-          cat > "${mock_bin}/curl" <<'EOF'
-          #!/bin/sh
-          cat <<'INSTALLER'
-          #!/bin/sh
-          set -eu
-          mkdir -p "${PIXI_HOME}/bin"
-          cat > "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/pixi" <<'PIXI'
-          #!/bin/sh
-          set -eu
-          printf '%s\n' "$@" > "${DP1S_PIXI_ARGS_FILE}"
-          mkdir -p "${PIXI_HOME}/bin"
-          cat > "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/dp" <<'DP'
-          #!/bin/sh
-          echo "DeepMD-kit mock"
-          DP
-          chmod +x "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/dp"
-          cat > "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/lmp" <<'LMP'
-          #!/bin/sh
-          echo "pair deepmd"
-          LMP
-          chmod +x "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/lmp"
-          cat > "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/mpirun" <<'MPIRUN'
-          #!/bin/sh
-          echo "mpirun mock"
-          MPIRUN
-          chmod +x "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/mpirun"
-          PIXI
-          chmod +x "${PIXI_HOME}/bin/pixi"
-          INSTALLER
-          EOF
-          chmod +x "${mock_bin}/curl"
-          echo "${mock_bin}" >> "${GITHUB_PATH}"
-
-      - name: Run script with mocked installer
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          export DP1S_HOME="${RUNNER_TEMP}/dp1s"
-          export DP1S_PIXI_ARGS_FILE="${RUNNER_TEMP}/pixi-args.txt"
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.rc }}" == "true" ]]; then
-            export DP1S_DEEPMD_RC=1
-          fi
-          bash dp1s.sh
-
-          actual_channels=$(grep '^--channel=' "${DP1S_PIXI_ARGS_FILE}" | tr '\n' ' ' | sed 's/ $//')
-          expected_channels='${{ matrix.expected_channels }}'
-          if [[ "${actual_channels}" != "${expected_channels}" ]]; then
-            echo "Expected channels: ${expected_channels}"
-            echo "Actual channels:   ${actual_channels}"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-
   test:
     name: Test dp1s.sh (${{ matrix.name }})
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - name: default
-            country: ""
-          - name: China
-            country: CN
-    env:
-      DP1S_COUNTRY: ${{ matrix.country }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fca9025..2d98f26 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -26,4 +26,3 @@ The installation script has several options that can be manipulated through envi
 - `DP1S_NO_PATH_UPDATE`: If set the `$PATH` will not be updated to add DeePMD-kit to it.
 - `DP1S_DEEPMD_RC`: If set, add the `conda-forge/label/deepmd-kit_rc` channel to install DeePMD-kit release candidates.
 - `DEEPMD_VERSION`: The version of DeePMD-kit getting installed, can be used to up- or down-grade.
-
diff --git a/dp1s.sh b/dp1s.sh
index 648e184..d734a16 100755
--- a/dp1s.sh
+++ b/dp1s.sh
@@ -25,33 +25,219 @@ logging "This script will automatically download and install DeePMD-kit (${DEEPM
 DP1S_HOME=${DP1S_HOME:-~/.dp1s}
 export PIXI_HOME=$DP1S_HOME
 DP1S_BIN_PATH=$DP1S_HOME/bin
+DP1S_CACHE_DIR=${DP1S_CACHE_DIR:-"$DP1S_HOME/cache"}
+DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE=${DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE:-"$DP1S_CACHE_DIR/mirror-choice"}
+DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE_TTL=${DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE_TTL:-86400}
 
-# 1. check the location of the machine
+deepmd_rc_channel="conda-forge/label/deepmd-kit_rc"
+
+conda_mirror_names() {
+  if [[ -n "${DP1S_CONDA_MIRRORS:-}" ]]; then
+    echo "${DP1S_CONDA_MIRRORS}" | tr ',' ' '
+  else
+    echo "ustc tuna bfsu nju conda-forge"
+  fi
+}
+
+pixi_mirror_names() {
+  if [[ -n "${DP1S_PIXI_MIRRORS:-}" ]]; then
+    echo "${DP1S_PIXI_MIRRORS}" | tr ',' ' '
+  else
+    echo "github ghfast"
+  fi
+}
+
+conda_mirror_base() {
+  case "$1" in
+    conda-forge|official) echo "conda-forge" ;;
+    ustc) echo "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/" ;;
+    tuna) echo "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/" ;;
+    bfsu) echo "https://mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/" ;;
+    nju) echo "https://mirror.nju.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/" ;;
+    http://*|https://*) echo "$1" ;;
+    *) return 1 ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+conda_mirror_probe() {
+  local base="$1"
+  if [[ "${base}" == "conda-forge" ]]; then
+    echo "https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/noarch/current_repodata.json"
+  else
+    echo "${base%/}/noarch/current_repodata.json"
+  fi
+}
+
+pixi_mirror_base() {
+  case "$1" in
+    github|official) echo "https://github.com/prefix-dev/pixi" ;;
+    ghfast) echo "https://ghfast.top/https://github.com/prefix-dev/pixi" ;;
+    http://*|https://*) echo "$1" ;;
+    *) return 1 ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+pixi_mirror_probe() {
+  local base="$1"
+  case "$base" in
+    *) echo "${base%/}/releases/latest/download/pixi-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz" ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+probe_url() {
+  local url="$1"
+  curl -fsSL --connect-timeout "${DP1S_MIRROR_CONNECT_TIMEOUT:-60}" --max-time "${DP1S_MIRROR_TIMEOUT:-60}" \
+    --range 0-8191 -o /dev/null -w '%{time_total}' "$url"
+}
+
+pick_fastest_mirror() {
+  local kind="$1"
+  local tmpdir result_file name base probe_time probe_url_path mirror_list pending pids pid
+  tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)
+
+  case "$kind" in
+    conda) mirror_list=$(conda_mirror_names) ;;
+    pixi) mirror_list=$(pixi_mirror_names) ;;
+    *) return 1 ;;
+  esac
+
+  pids=""
+  pending=0
+  for name in $mirror_list; do
+    case "$kind" in
+      conda)
+        base=$(conda_mirror_base "$name" 2>/dev/null || true)
+        [[ -n "$base" ]] || continue
+        probe_url_path=$(conda_mirror_probe "$base")
+        ;;
+      pixi)
+        base=$(pixi_mirror_base "$name" 2>/dev/null || true)
+        [[ -n "$base" ]] || continue
+        probe_url_path=$(pixi_mirror_probe "$base")
+        ;;
+      *) return 1 ;;
+    esac
+    result_file="$tmpdir/${kind}-${pending}-${name//[^A-Za-z0-9_.-]/_}"
+    (
+      if probe_time=$(probe_url "$probe_url_path" 2>/dev/null); then
+        printf 'ok\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n' "$probe_time" "$name" "$base" "$probe_url_path" > "$result_file"
+      else
+        printf 'failed\t%s\t%s\t%s\n' "$name" "$base" "$probe_url_path" > "$result_file"
+      fi
+    ) &
+    pids="$pids $!"
+    pending=$((pending + 1))
+  done
+
+  if [[ "$pending" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    rm -rf "$tmpdir"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  local finished success_line completed=0 status probe_seconds result_name result_base result_probe_url
+  while (( completed < pending )); do
+    for result_file in "$tmpdir"/${kind}-*; do
+      [[ -f "$result_file" ]] || continue
+      finished="$result_file.done"
+      [[ -e "$finished" ]] && continue
+      : > "$finished"
+      completed=$((completed + 1))
+
+      IFS=$'\t' read -r status probe_seconds result_name result_base result_probe_url < "$result_file" || true
+      if [[ "$status" == "ok" ]]; then
+        success_line=$(cat "$result_file")
+        for pid in $pids; do
+          kill "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+        done
+        wait 2>/dev/null || true
+        IFS=$'\t' read -r status probe_seconds result_name result_base result_probe_url <<< "$success_line"
+        printf '%s\t%s\t%s\n' "$result_name" "$result_base" "$probe_seconds"
+        rm -rf "$tmpdir"
+        return 0
+      fi
+    done
+    sleep 0.05
+  done
+
+  wait 2>/dev/null || true
+  rm -rf "$tmpdir"
+  return 1
+}
+
+read_mirror_cache() {
+  [[ -f "$DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE" ]] || return 1
+  local now ts cache_conda_name cache_conda_channel cache_pixi_name cache_pixi_repo
+  now=$(date +%s)
+  IFS=$'\t' read -r ts cache_conda_name cache_conda_channel cache_pixi_name cache_pixi_repo < "$DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE" || return 1
+  [[ "$ts" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || return 1
+  (( now - ts < DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE_TTL )) || return 1
+  conda_channel="$cache_conda_channel"
+  conda_channel_name="$cache_conda_name"
+  if [[ -z "${PIXI_REPOURL:-}" ]]; then
+    export PIXI_REPOURL="$cache_pixi_repo"
+    pixi_repo_name="$cache_pixi_name"
+  fi
+}
+
+write_mirror_cache() {
+  mkdir -p "$DP1S_CACHE_DIR"
+  printf '%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n' \
+    "$(date +%s)" "${conda_channel_name:-manual}" "${conda_channel}" \
+    "${pixi_repo_name:-manual}" "${PIXI_REPOURL:-}" > "$DP1S_MIRROR_CACHE"
+}
+
+# 1. select mirrors
 ((progress++)) || :
 
-if [[ -v DP1S_COUNTRY ]]; then
-  country=${DP1S_COUNTRY}
-else
-  country=$(curl -fsSL --connect-timeout 5 --max-time 10 https://ipinfo.io/country || :)
+conda_channel_name=""
+pixi_repo_name=""
+if [[ -n "${DP1S_CONDA_CHANNEL:-}" ]]; then
+  conda_channel="$DP1S_CONDA_CHANNEL"
+  conda_channel_name="manual"
+  logging "Use conda channel from DP1S_CONDA_CHANNEL: ${conda_channel}"
+elif [[ "${DP1S_CHANNEL_AUTO:-1}" != "0" ]] && read_mirror_cache; then
+  logging "Use cached conda channel: ${conda_channel_name} (${conda_channel})"
+  if [[ -n "${pixi_repo_name:-}" ]]; then
+    logging "Use cached fastest pixi repo: ${pixi_repo_name} (${PIXI_REPOURL})"
+  fi
+elif [[ "${DP1S_CHANNEL_AUTO:-1}" != "0" ]]; then
+  logging "Benchmark conda channel mirrors"
+  if fastest_conda=$(pick_fastest_mirror conda); then
+    IFS=$'\t' read -r conda_channel_name conda_channel conda_probe_time <<< "$fastest_conda"
+    logging "Use fastest conda channel: ${conda_channel_name} (${conda_channel}, ${conda_probe_time}s)"
+  fi
 fi
 
-deepmd_rc_channel="conda-forge/label/deepmd-kit_rc"
+if [[ -z "${conda_channel:-}" ]]; then
+  conda_channel="conda-forge"
+  conda_channel_name="conda-forge"
+  logging "Use fallback conda channel: ${conda_channel_name} (${conda_channel})"
+fi
 
-case "${country}" in
-  CN)
-    logging "Location: ${country}"
-    conda_channel="https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/"
-    export PIXI_REPOURL=https://ghfast.top/https://github.com/prefix-dev/pixi
-    ;;
-  "")
-    logging "Location detection failed; falling back to conda-forge"
-    conda_channel="conda-forge"
-    ;;
-  *)
-    logging "Location: ${country}"
-    conda_channel="conda-forge"
-    ;;
-esac
+if [[ -n "${DP1S_PIXI_REPOURL:-}" ]]; then
+  export PIXI_REPOURL="$DP1S_PIXI_REPOURL"
+  pixi_repo_name="manual"
+  logging "Use pixi repo from DP1S_PIXI_REPOURL: ${PIXI_REPOURL}"
+elif [[ -n "${PIXI_REPOURL:-}" ]]; then
+  pixi_repo_name="manual"
+elif [[ "${DP1S_CHANNEL_AUTO:-1}" != "0" ]]; then
+  logging "Benchmark pixi installer mirrors"
+  if fastest_pixi=$(pick_fastest_mirror pixi); then
+    IFS=$'\t' read -r pixi_repo_name PIXI_REPOURL pixi_probe_time <<< "$fastest_pixi"
+    export PIXI_REPOURL
+    logging "Use fastest pixi repo: ${pixi_repo_name} (${PIXI_REPOURL}, ${pixi_probe_time}s)"
+  fi
+fi
+
+if [[ -z "${PIXI_REPOURL:-}" ]]; then
+  export PIXI_REPOURL=https://github.com/prefix-dev/pixi
+  pixi_repo_name="github"
+  logging "Use fallback pixi repo: ${PIXI_REPOURL}"
+fi
+
+if [[ "${DP1S_CHANNEL_AUTO:-1}" != "0" && "${conda_channel_name}" != "manual" && "${pixi_repo_name:-}" != "manual" ]]; then
+  write_mirror_cache || true
+fi
 
 channel_args=(--channel="$conda_channel")
 if [[ -v DP1S_DEEPMD_RC ]]; then