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AMP Optimizer

AMP Optimizer is a tool to simplify creating AMP pages and improve AMP rendering performance. AMP Optimizer implements AMP performance best practices and supports AMP server-side-rendering. By default, it will perform the following optimizations:

Server-side render AMP layouts.
Automatically import all missing AMP component scripts.
Automatically add any missing mandatory AMP tags.
Auto detects and preloads hero images from amp-img, amp-iframe, amp-video, or amp-video-iframe.
Remove the AMP boilerplate (when possible).
Remove not needed whitespace.
Extract and move CSS keyframe animations to the bottom of the page.
Optimize AMP framework and custom font loading
Generate CSP for inlined amp-script code.

The performance optimizations can improve page rendering times by up to 50%. You can read more about the potential performance gains in this blog post. To give it a try, check out the online playground.

Good to know:

AMP Optimizer will produce valid AMP.
AMP Optimizer can be used in combination with AMP Packager to create SXGs.

Usage

AMP Optimizer provides two different default modes:

Fast: this will perform only critical optimizations minimizing bundle install size and execution time. Use this when running AMP Optimizer in your critical rendering path, for example, when running AMP Optimizer in your server.
Full: this will perform all available optimizations, resulting in the best AMP performance. This mode offers a better AMP developer experience as missing AMP specific markup and imports are added automatically. This makes it a great choice when integrating it into a static site generator. Important: use only when running AMP Optimizer does not negatively affect the rendering time of your page, for example, when building a static site.

Please note: both modes just provide defaults and can be individually configured via these options. The main differences between these two modes are listed here:

Option	Fast	Full
autoAddMandatoryTags	`true`	`true`
autoExtensionImport	`false`	`true`
markdown	`false`	`true`
minify	`false`	`true`
separateKeyframes	`false`	`true`

Using `fast` mode

Install via:

npm install @ampproject/toolbox-optimizer

Minimal usage:

const AmpOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');

const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.createFastOptimizer();

const originalHtml = `
<!doctype html>
<html ⚡>
  ...
</html>`;

ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml).then((optimizedHtml) => {
  console.log(optimizedHtml);
});

It's also possible to add additional options, for example, to enable Markdown mode:

const AmpOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');

const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.createFastOptimizer({
  autoExtensionImport: true,
  imageBasePath: '../img',
  markdown: true
});

const originalHtml = `
  <img src="img.jpg"/>
`;

ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml).then((optimizedHtml) => {
  console.log(optimizedHtml);
});

Using `full` mode

Install via:

npm install @ampproject/toolbox-optimizer terser postcss postcss-safe-parser cssnano-simple

Note: full mode requires additional dependencies for all features, such as CSS minification, to work. AMP Optimizer will skip transformations if dependencies are missing. Check the log output for debugging.

Minimal usage:

const AmpOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');

const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.createFullOptimizer({
  // optional parameters
});

const originalHtml = `
<!doctype html>
<html ⚡>
  ...
</html>`;

ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml).then((optimizedHtml) => {
  console.log(optimizedHtml);
});

CLI

AMP Optimizer can be used via the AMP Toolbox CLI:

npm install @ampproject/toolbox-cli -g
amp optimize myFile.html

or run without installation via npx:

npx @ampproject/toolbox-cli optimize myFile.html

Options

Available options are:

autoAddMandatoryTags
autoExtensionImport
cache
esmModulesEnabled
extensionVersions
fetch
format
imageBasePath
imageOptimizer
lts
markdown
minify
optimizeAmpBind
optimizeHeroImages
preloadHeroImage
separateKeyframes
verbose

`autoAddMandatoryTags`

Automatically inject any missing markup required by AMP.

name: autoAddMandatoryTags
valid options: [true|false]
default: true
used by: AddMandatoryTags

`autoExtensionImport`

Automatically import any missing AMP Extensions (e.g. amp-carousel). This is not recommended if AMP Optimizer is run in the critical serving path.

name: autoExtensionImport
valid options: [true|false]
default: false
used by: AutoExtensionImport

`cache`

Specifies the cache implementation to use for caching artifacts required during transformation (runtime CSS, validation rules, latest runtime version,...). A cache needs to conform to the following interface:

interface Cache {
  set(key: Object, value: Object?): Promise<void>;
  get(key: Object): Promise<Object?>;
}

By default, artifacts will be cached in a temporary directory. If there is no filesystem access available, the cache will fallback to an in memory implementation.

name: cache
valid options: [Cache|false] (false will disable caching)
default: cache.js

`esmModulesEnabled`

Enables the smaller ESM module version of AMP runtime and components:

<script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js"></script>
<script async src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.mjs" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

Warning: This is incompatible with AMP Packager unless using a prerelease version containing this commit.

name: esmModulesEnabled
valid options: [true|false]
default: true
used by: RewriteAmpUrls

`extensionVersions`

Specify version numbers to use for automatically imported Extensions. If not defined, default to latest.

Example:

const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  extensionVersions: {
    'amp-twitter': '0.1',
  },
});

name: extensionVersions
valid options: OBJECT
default: {}
used by: AutoExtensionImport

`fetch`

Specifies the fetch implementation to use:

name: fetch
default: node-fetch

`format`

Specifies the AMP format of the input file. Defaults to AMP.

name: format
valid options: [AMP|AMP4EMAIL|AMP4ADS]
default: AMP
used by: AutoExtensionImport, AddMandatoryTags

`imageBasePath`

Specifies a base path used to resolve an image during build, this can be a file system path or URL prefix. You can also pass a function (imgSrc, params) => '../img/' + imgSrc for dynamically calculating the image path.

name: imageBasePath
valid options: STRING|FUNCTION
default: undefined
used by: Markdown

`imageOptimizer`

Enable automated image srcset generation by providing a function for calculating srcset URLs for a given image src. The function should return a URL pointing to a version of the src image with the given width. If no image is available, it should return a falsy value.

Example:

const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  imageOptimizer: (src, width) => `${src}?width=${width}`,
});

name: imageOptimizer
valid options: FUNCTION
default: undefined
used by: OptimizeImages

`lts`

Use long-term stable URLs for downloading the AMP runtime and components.

name: lts
valid options: [true|false]
default: false
used by: RewriteAmpUrls

`markdown`

This transformer adds out-of-the-box markdown support. This allows using AMP Optimizer to convert HTML documents created from Markdown files into valid AMP. A typical conversion flow would be:

README.md => HTML => AMP Optimizer => valid AMP

The only thing this transformer does is converting <img> tags into either amp-img or amp-anim tags. All other Markdown features are already supported by AMP. The transformer will try to resolve image dimensions from the actual files. Images larger than 320px will automatically get an intrinsic layout. For image detection to work, an optional dependency probe-image-size needs to be installed via NPM.

name: markdown
valid options: [true|false]
default: false
used by: Markdown

`minify`

Minifies the generated HTML output. Requires terser to be installed when inlined amp-script should be minified. Combine with separateKeyframes to also minify CSS.

name: minify
valid options: [true|false]
default: false
used by: MinifyHtml, SeparateKeyframes
additional dependency (when using amp-script): npm install terser

`optimizeAmpBind`

Enables a considerably faster scanning method in amp-bind, by injecting a i-amphtml-binding attribute on all elements with a bound attribute.

name: optimizeAmpBind
valid options: [true|false]
default: true
used by: OptimizeAmpBind

`optimizeHeroImages`

Enables hero image optimization. Hero images will either be auto detected or you can explicitly mark these by adding the data-hero attribute:

<amp-img data-hero src="foo.jpg" ...>

The maximum number of hero images that can be marked up using data-hero is 2. This number can be increased using the maxHeroImageCount parameter.

Hero images are optimized by server-side rendering the img element inside the amp-img element. This can siginificantly improve image rendering performance and reduce the largest contentful paint (LCP) metric from Core Web Vitals.

name: optimizeHeroImages
valid options: [true|false]
default: true
used by: OptimizeHeroImages

`preloadHeroImage`

Deprecated, use optimizeHeroImages instead.

`separateKeyframes`

Automatically move keyframe animations to a separate amp-keyframes style block at the end of the document. Putting keyframes declarations at the bottom of a document allows them to exceed size limitations and avoids blocking first contentful paint to parse them (see documentation).

name: separateKeyframes
valid options: [true|false]
default: true
used by: SeparateKeyframes
additional dependencies: npm install postcss postcss-safe-parser cssnano-simple

`verbose`

Enable verbose mode with more detailed logging output.

name: verbose
valid options: [true|false]
default: false

Features

Image optimization

AMP Optimizer helps you serve optimized images. For this to work, you need to provide a function that maps an image src to a resized srcset source value. The image resizing needs to either happen at build time (e.g. for static sites) or via a image hosting service such as thumbor.

Here is an example implementation that appends the image width to the src:

const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  // parameters are the amp-img `src` and the `width` of the to be generated srcset source value
  imageOptimizer: (src, width) => {
    // we cannot rename if the image does not have a file extension
    const index = src.lastIndexOf('.');
    if (index === -1) {
      // return null means we won't generate a srcset source value for this width
      return null;
    }
    const prefix = src.substring(0, index);
    const postfix = src.substring(index, src.length);
    return `${prefix}.${width}w${postfix}`;
  };
})

Using this implementation, AMP Optimizer will transform the following amp-img declarations:

<!-- Injects srcset for responsive layout -->
<amp-img src="image1.png" width="400" height="800" layout="responsive"></amp-img>
<!-- Ignores existing srcset -->
<amp-img
  layout="fill"
  srcset="image-1x.png 1x,
                             image-2x.png 2x"
></amp-img>

into:

<!-- Injects srcset for responsive layout -->
<amp-img
  src="image1.png"
  width="400"
  height="800"
  layout="responsive"
  srcset="image1.470w.png 470w, image1.820w.png 820w, image1.1440w.png 1440w"
></amp-img>
<!-- Ignores existing srcset -->
<amp-img
  layout="fill"
  srcset="image-1x.png 1x,
                               image-2x.png 2x"
></amp-img>

Important when using layout=responsive use the width and height attribute to specify the minimum image dimensions. For example, for a full-bleed hero image on mobile, specify the width aswidth=320.

Auto add incomplete markup

It's possible to pass incomplete documents and AMP Optimizer will add any missing tags and extension imports required by a valid AMP document.

const originalHtml = `
  <h1>Hello World!</h1>
  <amp-twitter width="375"
               height="472"
               layout="responsive"
               data-tweetid="1182321926473162752">
  </amp-twitter>
`;

// you can pass the canonical URL, default is `.`
const opts = {
  canonical: '/example.html',
};
ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml, opts).then((optimizedHtml) => {
  // optimizedHtml will be a valid AMP document
  console.log(optimizedHtml);
});

Automated Markdown conversion

AMP Optimizer supports converting Markdown to AMPHTML. A typical conversion flow would be:

README.md => HTML => AMP Optimizer => valid AMP

The AMP Optimizer converts <img> tags into <amp-img> or <amp-anim> tags when in Markdown mode. Enable Markdown mode via markdown : true. AMP Optimizer will try to resolve image dimensions from the actual files. Images wider than 320px will automatically get an intrinsic layout.

All other Markdown features are already supported by AMP.

You can pass an additional option imageBasePath to specify a base path used to resolve an image during build, this can be a file system path or URL prefix.

Important: for image size detection to work, an optional dependency probe-image-size needs to be installed via NPM.

npm install probe-image-size --save-dev

Example:

const AmpOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');
const md = require('markdown-it')({
  // don't sanitize html if you want to support AMP components in Markdown
  html: true,
});

// enable markdown mode
const ampOptimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  markdown: true,
});

const markdown = `
# Markdown 🤯

Here is an image declared in Markdown syntax:

![A random image](https://unsplash.it/800/600).

You can directly declare AMP components:

<amp-twitter width="375"
             height="472"
             layout="responsive"
             data-tweetid="1182321926473162752">
</amp-twitter>

Any missing extensions will be automatically imported.
`;

const html = md.render(markdown);

const amphtml = await ampOptimizer.transformHtml(html, {
  canonical: filePath,
});

You can find a working sample here.

Extending AMP Optimizer with custom transformations

AMP Optimizer supports custom HTML transformations:

const AmpOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');
const {createElement, firstChildByTag, appendChild} = AmpOptimizer.NodeUtils;

class CustomTransformer {
  constructor(config) {
    this.log_ = config.log.tag('CUSTOM');
  }
  transform(tree, params) {
    this.log_.info('Running custom transformation for ', params.filePath);
    const html = firstChildByTag(tree, 'html');
    if (!html) return;
    const head = firstChildByTag(html, 'head');
    if (!head) return;
    const desc = createElement('meta', {
      name: 'description',
      content: 'this is just a demo',
    });
    appendChild(head, desc);
  }
}

// it's best to run custom transformers first
const customTransformations = [CustomTransformer, ...AmpOptimizer.TRANSFORMATIONS_AMP_FIRST];

// pass custom transformers when creating the optimizer
const optimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  transformations: customTransformations,
});
// you can add custom parameters on a per document basis
const transformedHtml = await optimizer.transformHtml(html, {
  filePath,
});

Checkout the samples to learn how to customize AMP Optimizer.

Best Practices

Make sure to enable AMP Boilerplate removal

The biggest performance gain results from removing the AMP boilerplate code. However, under some circumstances it's not possible to remove the boilerplate code:

if theamp-experiment, amp-story or amp-dynamic-css-classes components are used (code).

To find out, why the AMP boilerplate could not be removed, enable verbose mode:

// globally
const optimizer = ampOptimizer.create({
  verbose: true,
});

... or for individual pages:

// per transformation
ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml, {
  verbose: true,
});

Transform AMP pages at build time if possible

Applying the transformations to an AMP file consumes additional server resources. Also, since the entire file is needed to apply the transformations, it also becomes impossible to stream the response while applying it. In order to avoid server overhead, if the set of AMP files to be transformed is known in advance, transformations should be run at build time.

Cache transformed AMPs at runtime

Most websites have a more dynamic nature though and are not able to apply the transformations statically. For such cases it is possible to run the transformations after AMP pages are rendered, e.g. in an Express middleware. In that case, to achieve best performance, it's best to cache transformed pages for subsequent requests. Caching can take place on the CDN level, on the site's internal infrastructure (eg: Memcached), or even on the server itself, if the set of pages is small enough to fit in memory.

Regenerate pages at least once a week

AMP Optimizer inlines CSS styles required by AMP. To make sure, that the inlined CSS stays in sync with the latest AMP release, we recommend to re-generate pages at least once a weekOut-of-sync CSS will not break your page, but it could theoretically cause AMP components to briefly appear with the "wrong" styles, such as being visible when they should be hidden. The good news is that these glitches will only be temporary, because as soon as the AMP JS starts, it will check the inlined CSS and update it if required.

Experimental Features

Warning: these features are experimental and might result in invalid AMP pages.

Paired AMP

When using experimental features resulting in invalid AMP it's best to setup paired AMP mode. Paired AMP mode will add <link rel=amphtml href=${ampUrl}> to the transformed page, were ampUrl needs to point to the valid version of this page.

Example:

const optimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  transformations: AmpOptimizer.TRANSFORMATIONS_PAIRED_AMP,
});
const ampFilePath = filePath.substring(1, filePath.length).replace('.html', '.amp.html');
const transformedHtml = await optimizer.transformHtml(html, {
  // needed to calculate the `<link rel=amphtml href=${ampUrl}>`
  ampUrl: ampFilePath,
});

Versioned AMP Runtime

The ampRuntimeVersion parameter will rewrite all AMP runtime and extension imports to the specified version. For example:

https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js

will be replaced with:

https://cdn.ampproject.org/rtv/001515617716922/v0.js

Versioning the AMP runtime URLs has one main benefit: versioned AMP runtime URLs are served with a longer max-age than the unversioned ones. This means AMP pages served with versioned AMP runtime benefit from better browser caching.

Important: when using versioned AMP runtime URLs make sure to invalidate all caches whenever a new AMP runtime is released. This is to ensure that your AMP pages always use the latest version of the AMP runtime.

You can use @ampproject/toolbox-runtime-version to retrieve the latest version of the AMP runtime. Here is a sample to apply the optimizations including versioning the URLs:

const ampOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');
const ampRuntimeVersion = await runtimeVersion.currentVersion();

// The input string
const originalHtml = `
<!doctype html>
<html ⚡>
...
`;

// Additional options can be passed as the second argument
const optimizedHtml = await ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml, {
  ampUrl: 'canonical.amp.html',
  ampRuntimeVersion: ampRuntimeVersion,
});

console.log(optimizedHtml);

Blurry image placeholders

Add placeholders for amp-img and amp-video posters. The placeholders are blurry versions of the corresponding original source. The blur will be displayed as the <amp-img> is rendering, and will fade out once the element is loaded. The current requirements of appending a blurry placeholder is for the element is to be a JPEG that is either responsive or a poster for an amp-video.

Important: blurry image placeholder computation is computationally expensive. Make sure to only use it for static or cached pages.

This transformer supports the following options:

blurredPlaceholders: Enables blurry image placeholder generation. Default is false.
imageBasePath: specifies a base path used to resolve an image during build.
maxBlurredPlaceholders: Specifies the max number of blurred images. Defaults to 5.
blurredPlaceholdersCacheSize: Specifies the max number of blurred images to be cached to avoid expensive recalculation. Set to 0 if caching should be disabled. Set to -1 if all placeholders should be cached (good for static sites). Defaults to 30.

Usage:

const optimizer = AmpOptimizer.create({
  blurredPlaceholders: true,
});

Self-hosted AMP components

It's possible to rewrite the AMP framework and component imports to a different domain than cdn.ampproject.org.

Example:

const ampOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');

// The input string
const originalHtml = `
<!doctype html>
<html ⚡>
...
`;

// Additional options can be passed as the second argument
const optimizedHtml = await ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml, {
  ampUrl: 'canonical.amp.html',
  // this will rewrite https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js to /amp/v0.js
  ampUrlPrefix: '/amp',
});

console.log(optimizedHtml);

Fallback API for amp-geo

Ideally, when self-hosting the AMP framework, amp-geo-0.1.js should be patched at delivery time to replace {{AMP_ISO_COUNTRY_HOTPATCH}} with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code where the request originated (reference). If your host does not have this capability, you can instead rely on a web API to return the country at runtime. The web API must be secure (HTTPS), adhere to AMP CORS guidelines, and return JSON in the following format:

{"country": "de"}

where in this example, de is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Germany.

Example:

const ampOptimizer = require('@ampproject/toolbox-optimizer');

// The input string
const originalHtml = `
<!doctype html>
<html ⚡>
...
`;

const optimizedHtml = await ampOptimizer.transformHtml(originalHtml, {
  // this will instruct amp-geo to fetch the user's country from an API
  // which returns JSON in format: {"country": "de"}
  geoApiUrl: 'https://example.com/geo',
});

console.log(optimizedHtml);

Development & Testing

AMP Optimizer uses a snapshot based testing approach. To execute the tests, run in the project root:

npm run test:node

Transformer tests are located in:

- spec/transformers/valid/TransformerName/test-name/
    expected_output.html
    input.html

The transformation input is defined in input.html, whereas expected_output.html contains the expected outcome of the transformation. Don't edit expected_output.html manually, instead, after changing a transformer implementation, run:

npm run test:optimizer:snapshot

to store a new snapshot version in expected_output.html.

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parent directory

README.md

AMP Optimizer

Usage

Using fast mode

Using full mode

CLI

Options

autoAddMandatoryTags

autoExtensionImport

cache

esmModulesEnabled

extensionVersions

fetch

format

imageBasePath

imageOptimizer

lts

markdown

minify

optimizeAmpBind

optimizeHeroImages

preloadHeroImage

separateKeyframes

verbose

Features

Image optimization

Auto add incomplete markup

Automated Markdown conversion

Extending AMP Optimizer with custom transformations

Best Practices

Make sure to enable AMP Boilerplate removal

Transform AMP pages at build time if possible

Cache transformed AMPs at runtime

Regenerate pages at least once a week

Experimental Features

Paired AMP

Versioned AMP Runtime

Blurry image placeholders

Self-hosted AMP components

Fallback API for amp-geo

Development & Testing

Using `fast` mode

Using `full` mode

`autoAddMandatoryTags`

`autoExtensionImport`

`cache`

`esmModulesEnabled`

`extensionVersions`

`fetch`

`format`

`imageBasePath`

`imageOptimizer`

`lts`

`markdown`

`minify`

`optimizeAmpBind`

`optimizeHeroImages`

`preloadHeroImage`

`separateKeyframes`

`verbose`