diff --git a/examples/view-constructor/index.js b/examples/view-constructor/index.js
index 3d673670e31..f40e6b26d69 100644
--- a/examples/view-constructor/index.js
+++ b/examples/view-constructor/index.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 var express = require('../../');
 var GithubView = require('./github-view');
-var md = require('marked').parse;
+const { parse } = require('marked');
 
 var app = module.exports = express();
 
diff --git a/lib/application.js b/lib/application.js
index 838b882aaae..8a4e288bd21 100644
--- a/lib/application.js
+++ b/lib/application.js
@@ -14,14 +14,12 @@
  */
 
 var finalhandler = require('finalhandler');
-var debug = require('debug')('express:application');
+const debugCreate = require('debug');
+const debug = debugCreate('express:application');
 var View = require('./view');
 var http = require('node:http');
-var methods = require('./utils').methods;
-var compileETag = require('./utils').compileETag;
-var compileQueryParser = require('./utils').compileQueryParser;
-var compileTrust = require('./utils').compileTrust;
-var resolve = require('node:path').resolve;
+const { methods, compileETag, compileQueryParser, compileTrust } = require('./utils');
+const { resolve } = require('node:path');
 var once = require('once')
 var Router = require('router');
 
@@ -37,7 +35,9 @@ var flatten = Array.prototype.flat;
  * Application prototype.
  */
 
-var app = exports = module.exports = {};
+var app = {};
+
+module.exports = app;
 
 /**
  * Variable for trust proxy inheritance back-compat
diff --git a/lib/express.js b/lib/express.js
index 2d502eb54e4..432ade464c0 100644
--- a/lib/express.js
+++ b/lib/express.js
@@ -12,19 +12,20 @@
  * Module dependencies.
  */
 
-var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
-var EventEmitter = require('node:events').EventEmitter;
+const { json, raw, text, urlencoded } = require('body-parser');
+const { EventEmitter } = require('node:events');
 var mixin = require('merge-descriptors');
-var proto = require('./application');
+const application = require('./application');
 var Router = require('router');
-var req = require('./request');
-var res = require('./response');
+const { Route } = Router;
+const request = require('./request');
+const response = require('./response');
 
 /**
  * Expose `createApplication()`.
  */
 
-exports = module.exports = createApplication;
+module.exports = createApplication;
 
 /**
  * Create an express application.
@@ -39,15 +40,15 @@ function createApplication() {
   };
 
   mixin(app, EventEmitter.prototype, false);
-  mixin(app, proto, false);
+  mixin(app, application, false);
 
   // expose the prototype that will get set on requests
-  app.request = Object.create(req, {
+  app.request = Object.create(request, {
     app: { configurable: true, enumerable: true, writable: true, value: app }
   })
 
   // expose the prototype that will get set on responses
-  app.response = Object.create(res, {
+  app.response = Object.create(response, {
     app: { configurable: true, enumerable: true, writable: true, value: app }
   })
 
@@ -56,26 +57,18 @@ function createApplication() {
 }
 
 /**
- * Expose the prototypes.
+ * Expose the other exports as properties on createApplication.
  */
 
-exports.application = proto;
-exports.request = req;
-exports.response = res;
-
-/**
- * Expose constructors.
- */
-
-exports.Route = Router.Route;
-exports.Router = Router;
-
-/**
- * Expose middleware
- */
-
-exports.json = bodyParser.json
-exports.raw = bodyParser.raw
-exports.static = require('serve-static');
-exports.text = bodyParser.text
-exports.urlencoded = bodyParser.urlencoded
+Object.assign(module.exports, {
+  application,
+  request,
+  response,
+  Route,
+  Router,
+  json,
+  raw,
+  static: require('serve-static'),
+  text,
+  urlencoded,
+});
diff --git a/lib/request.js b/lib/request.js
index 69990da39b6..690cf50dca6 100644
--- a/lib/request.js
+++ b/lib/request.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  */
 
 var accepts = require('accepts');
-var isIP = require('node:net').isIP;
+const { isIP } = require('node:net');
 var typeis = require('type-is');
 var http = require('node:http');
 var fresh = require('fresh');
diff --git a/lib/response.js b/lib/response.js
index 7a2f0ecce56..610c48acec7 100644
--- a/lib/response.js
+++ b/lib/response.js
@@ -20,17 +20,12 @@ var escapeHtml = require('escape-html');
 var http = require('node:http');
 var onFinished = require('on-finished');
 var mime = require('mime-types')
-var path = require('node:path');
-var pathIsAbsolute = require('node:path').isAbsolute;
+const { extname, resolve, isAbsolute: pathIsAbsolute } = require('node:path');
 var statuses = require('statuses')
-var sign = require('cookie-signature').sign;
-var normalizeType = require('./utils').normalizeType;
-var normalizeTypes = require('./utils').normalizeTypes;
-var setCharset = require('./utils').setCharset;
+const { sign } = require('cookie-signature');
+const { normalizeType, normalizeTypes, setCharset } = require('./utils');
 var cookie = require('cookie');
 var send = require('send');
-var extname = path.extname;
-var resolve = path.resolve;
 var vary = require('vary');
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 
diff --git a/lib/utils.js b/lib/utils.js
index 4f21e7ef1e3..2f9cba8876e 100644
--- a/lib/utils.js
+++ b/lib/utils.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 var { METHODS } = require('node:http');
 var contentType = require('content-type');
-var etag = require('etag');
+var etag_gen = require('etag');
 var mime = require('mime-types')
 var proxyaddr = require('proxy-addr');
 var qs = require('qs');
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
  * A list of lowercased HTTP methods that are supported by Node.js.
  * @api private
  */
-exports.methods = METHODS.map((method) => method.toLowerCase());
+const methods = METHODS.map((method) => method.toLowerCase());
 
 /**
  * Return strong ETag for `body`.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ exports.methods = METHODS.map((method) => method.toLowerCase());
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.etag = createETagGenerator({ weak: false })
+const etag = createETagGenerator({ weak: false })
 
 /**
  * Return weak ETag for `body`.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ exports.etag = createETagGenerator({ weak: false })
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.wetag = createETagGenerator({ weak: true })
+const wetag = createETagGenerator({ weak: true })
 
 /**
  * Normalize the given `type`, for example "html" becomes "text/html".
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ exports.wetag = createETagGenerator({ weak: true })
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.normalizeType = function(type){
+const normalizeType = function(type){
   return ~type.indexOf('/')
     ? acceptParams(type)
     : { value: (mime.lookup(type) || 'application/octet-stream'), params: {} }
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ exports.normalizeType = function(type){
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.normalizeTypes = function(types) {
-  return types.map(exports.normalizeType);
+const normalizeTypes = function(types) {
+  return types.map(normalizeType);
 };
 
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ function acceptParams (str) {
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.compileETag = function(val) {
+const compileETag = function(val) {
   var fn;
 
   if (typeof val === 'function') {
@@ -137,12 +137,12 @@ exports.compileETag = function(val) {
   switch (val) {
     case true:
     case 'weak':
-      fn = exports.wetag;
+      fn = wetag;
       break;
     case false:
       break;
     case 'strong':
-      fn = exports.etag;
+      fn = etag;
       break;
     default:
       throw new TypeError('unknown value for etag function: ' + val);
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ exports.compileETag = function(val) {
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.compileQueryParser = function compileQueryParser(val) {
+const compileQueryParser = function compileQueryParser(val) {
   var fn;
 
   if (typeof val === 'function') {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ exports.compileQueryParser = function compileQueryParser(val) {
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.compileTrust = function(val) {
+const compileTrust = function(val) {
   if (typeof val === 'function') return val;
 
   if (val === true) {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ exports.compileTrust = function(val) {
  * @api private
  */
 
-exports.setCharset = function setCharset(type, charset) {
+const setCharset = function setCharset(type, charset) {
   if (!type || !charset) {
     return type;
   }
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ function createETagGenerator (options) {
       ? Buffer.from(body, encoding)
       : body
 
-    return etag(buf, options)
+    return etag_gen(buf, options)
   }
 }
 
@@ -269,3 +269,15 @@ function parseExtendedQueryString(str) {
     allowPrototypes: true
   });
 }
+
+module.exports = {
+  methods,
+  etag,
+  wetag,
+  normalizeType,
+  normalizeTypes,
+  compileETag,
+  compileQueryParser,
+  compileTrust,
+  setCharset
+};
diff --git a/lib/view.js b/lib/view.js
index d66b4a2d89c..26534db1b9c 100644
--- a/lib/view.js
+++ b/lib/view.js
@@ -13,21 +13,11 @@
  * @private
  */
 
-var debug = require('debug')('express:view');
-var path = require('node:path');
+const debugCreate = require('debug');
+const debug = debugCreate('express:view');
+const { dirname, basename, extname, join, resolve } = require('node:path');
 var fs = require('node:fs');
 
-/**
- * Module variables.
- * @private
- */
-
-var dirname = path.dirname;
-var basename = path.basename;
-var extname = path.extname;
-var join = path.join;
-var resolve = path.resolve;
-
 /**
  * Module exports.
  * @public
diff --git a/test/Route.js b/test/Route.js
index e4b73c7e6ec..d9e7155e786 100644
--- a/test/Route.js
+++ b/test/Route.js
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 
 var after = require('after');
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var express = require('../')
-  , Route = express.Route
-  , methods = require('../lib/utils').methods
+const { Route } = require('../');
+const { methods } = require('../lib/utils');
 
 describe('Route', function(){
   it('should work without handlers', function(done) {
diff --git a/test/Router.js b/test/Router.js
index 7bac7159b04..431a80a069d 100644
--- a/test/Router.js
+++ b/test/Router.js
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 'use strict'
 
 var after = require('after');
-var express = require('../')
-  , Router = express.Router
-  , methods = require('../lib/utils').methods
-  , assert = require('node:assert');
+const { Router } = require('../');
+const { methods } = require('../lib/utils');
+const assert = require('node:assert');
 
 describe('Router', function () {
   it('should return a function with router methods', function () {
diff --git a/test/app.router.js b/test/app.router.js
index 6e7be684e55..0bfc82d92d8 100644
--- a/test/app.router.js
+++ b/test/app.router.js
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ var after = require('after');
 var express = require('../')
   , request = require('supertest')
   , assert = require('node:assert')
-  , methods = require('../lib/utils').methods;
+  , { methods } = require('../lib/utils');
 
-var shouldSkipQuery = require('./support/utils').shouldSkipQuery
+const { shouldSkipQuery } = require('./support/utils')
 
 describe('app.router', function () {
   it('should restore req.params after leaving router', function (done) {
diff --git a/test/express.json.js b/test/express.json.js
index 28746bfebda..59c2b7731e9 100644
--- a/test/express.json.js
+++ b/test/express.json.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict'
 
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var AsyncLocalStorage = require('node:async_hooks').AsyncLocalStorage
+const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('node:async_hooks');
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 
 var express = require('..')
diff --git a/test/express.raw.js b/test/express.raw.js
index 5576e225283..df0c4bb8308 100644
--- a/test/express.raw.js
+++ b/test/express.raw.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict'
 
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var AsyncLocalStorage = require('node:async_hooks').AsyncLocalStorage
+const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('node:async_hooks');
 
 var express = require('..')
 var request = require('supertest')
diff --git a/test/express.text.js b/test/express.text.js
index e96cc5efe52..2130b86a42e 100644
--- a/test/express.text.js
+++ b/test/express.text.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict'
 
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var AsyncLocalStorage = require('node:async_hooks').AsyncLocalStorage
+const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('node:async_hooks');
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 var express = require('..')
 var request = require('supertest')
diff --git a/test/express.urlencoded.js b/test/express.urlencoded.js
index f4acf231989..ac2f0f6e5c8 100644
--- a/test/express.urlencoded.js
+++ b/test/express.urlencoded.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict'
 
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var AsyncLocalStorage = require('node:async_hooks').AsyncLocalStorage
+const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('node:async_hooks');
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 
 var express = require('..')
diff --git a/test/res.download.js b/test/res.download.js
index e9966007eba..d13adb31bc3 100644
--- a/test/res.download.js
+++ b/test/res.download.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 var after = require('after');
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var AsyncLocalStorage = require('node:async_hooks').AsyncLocalStorage
+const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('node:async_hooks');
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 
 var express = require('..');
diff --git a/test/res.send.js b/test/res.send.js
index 8547b77648b..469de3be6a4 100644
--- a/test/res.send.js
+++ b/test/res.send.js
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 var assert = require('node:assert')
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 var express = require('..');
-var methods = require('../lib/utils').methods;
+const { methods } = require('../lib/utils');
 var request = require('supertest');
 var utils = require('./support/utils');
 
-var shouldSkipQuery = require('./support/utils').shouldSkipQuery
+const { shouldSkipQuery } = require('./support/utils')
 
 describe('res', function(){
   describe('.send()', function(){
diff --git a/test/res.sendFile.js b/test/res.sendFile.js
index 16eea79761e..392c58c00bf 100644
--- a/test/res.sendFile.js
+++ b/test/res.sendFile.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 var after = require('after');
 var assert = require('node:assert')
-var AsyncLocalStorage = require('node:async_hooks').AsyncLocalStorage
+const { AsyncLocalStorage } = require('node:async_hooks');
 const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
 
 var express = require('../')