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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Code Driven Infrastructure and Deployment</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="author" content="Fabian Vogler">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="node_modules/normalize.css/normalize.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/doc.css">
<script src="node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/doc.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="front">
<p>
ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences<br/>
Bachelor's degree programme Computer Science<br/>
Bachelor Thesis
</p>
<h1>Code Driven Infrastructure and Deployment</h1>
<p class="cover">
<img src="images/cover.svg" width="400" height="341" alt="" />
</p>
<p>
Author: Fabian Vogler, <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br/>
Student number: 10-966-596<br/>
Advisors: Beat Seeliger, Silvan Spross<br/>
<span class="version">2015-07-31, Version 1.1<span id="version-build"></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<p>
This thesis was done as part of a bachelor's degree study at ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences in Zurich. The source code of this document is available online at <a href="https://github.com/fabian/code-driven-infrastructure-and-deployment">https://github.com/fabian/code-driven-infrastructure-and-deployment</a>.
</p>
<p>
All sources are numbered [<em>n</em>] and listed in the bibliography in the appendix. Basic knowledge in computer science is required for reading and understanding the thesis. The most important acronyms and concepts are explained in the glossary that can be found in the appendix as well.
</p>
<p>
This document has been written in HTML and was converted into a PDF document with <a href="#ref-prince">Prince</a>. The font used is <em>Helvetica Neue</em>, created by D. Stempel AG and based on <em>Helvetica</em> by Max Miedinger.
</p>
<p>
The icons used on the cover and in this document are from <a href="#ref-small-n-flat">small-n-flat</a>, they are released to the public domain.
</p>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="break nonr">Abstract</h2>
<p>
WorldSkills International manages its web infrastructure manually with a small team of developers. There is no designated system administrator, the responsibility of managing the web infrastructure is shared among the developers. The author of this thesis is employed as a developer by WorldSkills International. Target of the thesis is to develop a concept for a testable and reproducible infrastructure where all changes are done within a revision control system. This increases visibility of changes within the developers team and makes the change tracable.
</p>
<p>
Many software solutions exist for provisioning of servers and deployment of applications. They can be grouped into software containers, configuration repository, and remote command execution. With software containers the software needed to run an application is encapsulated and run in operating system-level virtualization. A configuration repository is a centralized repository with configuration files and software is used to configure servers based on the configuration files. With remote command execution the installation commands and configuration files are transmitted in a coordinated manner to a remote server.
</p>
<p>
The current infrastructure requirements were analyzed and documented. The different types of software for provisioning of servers and deployment of applications were considered for solving the problem. Each type was evaluated with a popular representative according to the requirements. The evaluation showed that software containers need additional software for the orchestration of the provisioning and deployment. Due to the additional complexity and the missing requirements for software containers their usage was delayed to a potential separate project after this thesis. The automation software Ansible was choosen as best fitting for the requirements.
</p>
<p>
An architecture concept for an automated infrastructure was developed and successfully verified in a proof-of-concept. All software and configuration files required are defined in structured text files that can be read and transmitted to the server with Ansible. Local development and testing can be done in a virtual machine on the developers’ computer. The whole infrastructure can easily be cloned by running the provisioning scripts against new servers. A continious integration server executes the provisioning script after each change and verifies the infrastructure with system tests. The automated creation of the proof-of-concept infrastructure takes about 20 minutes. The automated process of setting up a new infrastructure environment for testing is simply initiated by creating a new branch adhering to a naming scheme. The implementation of the architecture concept and a migration to the new automated infrastructure is planned for fall 2015.
</p>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="break nonr">Contents</h2>
<ol id="toc"></ol>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="break">Introduction</h2>
<h3>Current Situation</h3>
<p>
WorldSkills International is a non-profit membership association which organizes a world championship in skilled professions every two years. The author of this thesis is employed by WorldSkills International. To manage members and to organize the preparation and execution of the competition the organization runs multiple web applications. The mix of PHP and Java applications consists of legacy systems and a newly developed software system with a service-oriented architecture.
</p>
<figure class="full">
<img src="images/application_screenshots.svg" />
<figcaption>Screenshots applications</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
All web software is running on rented virtual servers with a Linux operating system. They are managed manually using a web control panel (<a href="#ref-plesk">Parallels Plesk</a>). Changes to the infrastructure are done by the four internal software developers manually.
</p>
<p>
Fundamental changes like the migration to a new server or the switch to a new runtime engine require a lot of knowledge about the existing system and manual testing of the new installation.
</p>
<h3>Objectives</h3>
<p>
The main goal of this thesis is to develop a concept for a versioned, testable and reproducible infrastructure. Changes to the system should be visible for the IT team and traceable if needed. As a result knowledge is shared in written form.
</p>
<p class="break">
To achieve this goal, manual steps to build or change the infrastructure should be replaced by code stored in a revision control system. Three different types of software for provisioning of servers and deployment exist at the moment:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Software containers: Software needed to run an application is encapsulated and run in operating system-level virtualization. Examples are <a href="#ref-docker">Docker</a>, <a href="#ref-rkt">rkt</a>.</li>
<li>Configuration repository: A centralized repository with configuration files and software is used to configure servers. Examples are <a href="#ref-chef">Chef</a>, <a href="#ref-puppet">Puppet</a>, <a href="#ref-cfengine">CFEngine</a>.</li>
<li>Remote command execution: Installation commands and configuration files are transmitted in a coordinated manner to a remote server. Examples are <a href="#ref-ansible">Ansible</a>, <a href="#ref-saltstack">SaltStack</a>, <a href="#ref-rex">Rex</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>
These types of software should be evaluated and an architecture documentation as well as a test concept should be written. The proposed architecture should then be tested in a proof-of-concept.
</p>
<h3>Tasks</h3>
<p>
The following tasks will be completed by the student as part of the bachelor thesis:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Analyze infrastructure requirements</li>
<li>Test requirements with popular representatives for each type of provisioning software</li>
<li>Evaluate provisioning software</li>
<li>Write architecture documentation</li>
<li>Develop test concept</li>
<li>Implement proof-of-concept with automated provisioning and deployment</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="break">Project Management</h3>
<p>
The following gantt diagram shows an overview of the actual timeline during the project as well as the dates of the most important milestones.
</p>
<figure class="full">
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 180px;" />
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</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th colspan="4">February</th>
<th colspan="4">March</th>
<th colspan="4">April</th>
<th colspan="4">May</th>
<th colspan="4">June</th>
<th colspan="4">July</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Kick-Off</td>
<td colspan="4" style="text-align: right;">25.02.15 ◆</td>
<td> </td>
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<td>Requirements analysis</td>
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<td>Design Review</td>
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<td colspan="4" style="border-left: 0;">◆ 29.04.15</td>
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<td>Architecture concept</td>
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<td>Proof-of-concept</td>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="4" style="text-align: right;">31.07.15 ◆</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Project schedule</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
According to the <a href="#ref-rules-bachelor-thesis">rules</a> at least 360 hours have to be invested into the bachelor thesis. The planning was done according to those hours.
</p>
<p>
Both the requirements analysis and the software evaluation took longer than expected as many aspects had to be studied in detail. In return the architecture concept could be done faster. The proof-of-concept also took less time then expected as only a small number of problems occured during development. Writing the documentation was slightly underestimated.
</p>
<figure>
<table class="full">
<colgroup>
<col class="col-fifty" />
<col />
<col />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Planned</th>
<th>Actual</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Requirements analysis</td>
<td>64 h</td>
<td>~72 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Software evaluation</td>
<td>48 h</td>
<td>~64 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Architecture concept</td>
<td>88 h</td>
<td>~80 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Test concept</td>
<td>40 h</td>
<td>~40 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Proof-of-concept</td>
<td>80 h</td>
<td>~64 h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Write documentation</td>
<td>40 h</td>
<td>~56 h</td>
</tr>
<tr class="total">
<td>Total</td>
<td>360 h</td>
<td>376 h</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Comparison planned and actual hours</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="break">Requirements</h2>
<h3>Overview</h3>
<p>
The following requirements were established by analysing the existing infrastructure and taking known problems into account.
</p>
<h3>Stakeholders</h3>
<p>
The table below shows the stakeholders which have been found for the current infrastructure. They have a direct or indirect influence on the requirements. These stakeholders are also used in the system context diagram.
</p>
<figure>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col class="col-twenty" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Stakeholder</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Developer
</th>
<td>
<p>
Works at WorldSkills International and is responsible for the development and maintenance of the infrastructure. There are four developers working full-time for WorldSkills International. There is no designated system administrator.
</p>
<p>
Developers have different backgrounds and therefore different knowledge about specific components of the instrastructure. They all share the responsibility for keeping the infrastructure running.
</p>
<p>
All developers are using Mac OS X for development. They work from three different time zones.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
User
</th>
<td>
<p>
Interacts with applications running on the WorldSkills infrastructure. This includes the Secretariat, Members, competition personnel and website visitors. Most of them are registered users. Their expectations for fast and continuously running services influence the requirements.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Hosting provider
</th>
<td>
<p>
Provides virtual Linux servers for the infrastructure. As they are in a highly competitive and fast moving market they can become obsolete and need to be replaced with another hosting provider with a better offering.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<a href="#ref-github">GitHub</a>
</th>
<td>
<p>
Hosts Git code repositories for WorldSkills International. Provides a web interface for managing permissions of the repositories. They control how code can be accessed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<a href="#ref-codeship">Codeship</a>
</th>
<td>
<p>
Provides a hosted continuous integration software for WorldSkills International. The software is based on Linux with support for PHP, Java and JavaScript applications. Their functionality defines how applications can be built and deployed.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Stakeholders</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3>System Context</h3>
<figure>
<img src="images/system-context.svg" />
<figcaption>System context</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
Both Developer and User need to interact with the infrastructure or the applications running on it. They have a direct influence on the requirements and lie within the system context.
</p>
<p>
The source code of most applications is stored on GitHub. Codeship is used for running automated tests and executing the deployment of new versions. The hosting provider supplies the servers for running the infrastructure. All three vendors influence the requirements indirectly with the constraints of their services. They are outside of the system context as they cannot be influenced.
</p>
<h3 class="break">Applications</h3>
<p>
The current infrastructure is composed of multiple applications deployed on three servers. There is no requirement to keep them on separate servers. The following diagram gives an overview of all applications. A short description of each application can be found in the appended table.
</p>
<figure>
<img src="images/overview.svg" />
<figcaption>System overview</figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="break">
The following table lists all applications and their special requirements.
</p>
<figure class="full">
<table>
<colgroup>
<col class="col-twenty" />
<col class="col-fifty" />
<col />
<col />
<col />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Application</th>
<th rowspan="2">Description</th>
<th colspan="4">Requirements</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>RabbitMQ</th>
<th>MySQL</th>
<th>JavaMail</th>
<th>Uploads</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Web services
</th>
<td>
Java applications for managing organization information
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Management
</th>
<td>
JavaScript applications for accessing the web services
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Auth
</th>
<td>
PHP application for login
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
worldskills.org
</th>
<td>
Organization website
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
WSC2015 website
</th>
<td>
WorldSkills São Paulo 2015 event website
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
WSC2017 website
</th>
<td>
WorldSkills Abu Dhabi 2017 event website
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Members map
</th>
<td>
World map with Facebook pages from other countries
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
IL
</th>
<td>
PHP application for managing infrastructure lists
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Aggregator
</th>
<td>
PHP application which serves the mobile app content
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Who-is-who
</th>
<td>
PHP application for managing organization personnel
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Registrations
</th>
<td>
PHP application for registering people and a web service
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Forums
</th>
<td>
Dicussion forums
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Portal
</th>
<td>
Website with information about WorldSkills Competition participants
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
CIS demo
</th>
<td>
Competition Information System demo
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Rooms
</th>
<td>
Java application for reserving meeting rooms
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Archive
</th>
<td>
Static copies of old event websites
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Mailer
</th>
<td>
PHP application for sending emails to groups of people
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
SMP
</th>
<td>
Skill Management Plan for planning the skill competitions
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
CPT
</th>
<td>
Competition Planning Timetable with important deadlines
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/sign-check.svg" width="16" height="16" alt="Yes">
</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>Application requirements</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 class="break">User Stories</h3>
<p>
To describe the functional requirements for the new infrastructure user stories are used in this chapter. They are prioritized in agreement with the developers in three levels: Must, Should, Could.
</p>
<figure>
<table class="full">
<colgroup>
<col class="col-twenty" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>R01 PHP applications</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Description
</th>
<td>
As a developer I want to run multiple PHP applications so users can access them. A PHP application usually needs a MySQL database, the source code is stored on GitHub.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Acceptance Criteria
</th>
<td>
Each PHP application is running and can be accessed with a web browser.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Priority</th>
<td>Must</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<br/>
<figure>
<table class="full">
<colgroup>
<col class="col-twenty" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>R02 Java applications</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Description
</th>
<td>
As a developer I want to run multiple Java applications on a Tomcat server so users and other applications can use the services provided by the applications. A Java application usually needs a MySQL database, the source code is stored on GitHub.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
Acceptance Criteria
</th>
<td>