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SiiS : Self Investor Income System

Copyright (c) 2018-2024 Frédéric Scherma.

Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.

Abstract

SiiS is a trading bot for Forex, Indices and Cryptocurrencies markets. It also supports semi-automated trading in way to manage your entries and exits with more possibilities than exchanges allows using terminal version or Web trader.

It is developed in Python3, using TA-lib, numpy and twisted/autobahn. Persistence uses a PostgreSQL database but can support MySQL (not officially tested).

It is co-realized with my secondary project in C++. This Python version can manage the C++ optimized strategies for backtesting and training.

SiiS is able to itself optimize a strategy during its live or even during a backtest. For realizing training in an acceptable duration it is recommended to manage a C++ version of the strategy.

Any devoted help and supports are welcome.

You can eventually contact me if you want my assistance to develop your strategy and help you for backtesting.

Disclaimers

I have no commercials interests with any trading platforms, exchanges or prop-firms.

Please do not fork this repository. So many peoples fork for nothing. Consider star or submit pull requests.

Current supported version

The current supported version is 0.4.0 or greater, and release 505 or above. Older versions are no longer supported. Any forks are not supported.

Thanks to check that you use only the official repository : https://github.com/firebird631/siis.

Introduction

After reading this main documentation page you should go through the subsections. All subsections can be retrieved from the documentation directory

Terminal Trader presentation

Intro image

Web Trader presentation

Intro image

Intro image

Features

  • Intended for Linux, but should work on Windows (c) or MacOSX (c)
  • Traditional and crypto-markets trading platforms are supported
    • Binance Spot (no margin)
    • Binance Futures
    • Bitmex
    • IG CFD (forex, indices, commodities)
    • Kraken Spot
    • Kraken Margin (partial)
    • ByBit Spot (planned)
    • ByBit Futures (planned)
    • Rithmic(TM) API (planned)
    • MetaTrader(TM) RPC/Stream API (planned)
    • MetaTrader(TM) Cloud API (planned)
  • Others source of data supported
    • HistData (price/volume) (only to import downloaded files)
    • Dukascopy (price/volume)
    • DailyFx Economic Event (Calendar)
    • AlphaVantage (price/volume) (planned)
  • Fetching of OHLC history data in SQL database
  • Fetching of ticks or trades history data optimized files
  • Multiple instances can be executed at the same time
    • One strategy configured per instance
    • One exchange (account) configured per instance
    • Works with 100+ simultaneous markets
  • Connection with API key
    • You can check than yours API keys are safe with SiiS by reviewing the source code
  • Configuration of multiple accounts identities
  • Configuration of multiple profiles of strategies
    • Customize an existing strategy
    • Customize per markets parameters
    • Some parameters can be modified during runtime (depending on the strategy)
  • Backtesting support : Replay of history for one or many markets
    • Analyse reports
    • Replay-mode with a configurable slow-down factor
      • You can manually trade during a replay
  • Paper-mode : simulate an exchange using live market data
    • Works with spot market, margin and positions
  • Live-mode : real trading on your broker account
  • Machine-learning :
    • Possibility to implement a trainer (reinforcement learning, genetic algorithm)
      • Trainer based on genetic algorithm (this code not published, try to contact me)
  • Interactive command line interface
    • Many views available using shortcuts
    • Desktop notification on Linux (notify2 lib)
    • Audio alerts on Linux (alsa aplay)
  • Web application interface
    • Most of the trading features are available
    • Notification
    • Audio alerts
  • Support the spread, fees and commissions on the profit/loss display
  • Web trader and terminal screen, display :
    • Account details and assets quantities
    • Tickers and markets information, 24h change and volume
    • Active and pending trades
    • Historical trades
    • Trading performance
    • Alerts, Signals, Regions
    • Log, Debug
  • Works on multiple timeframes from 1 second to 1 month
    • Can compute at each tick/trade or at any timeframe
  • Support for order-flow (WIP)
  • Common oscillators and more others indicators are supported :
    • SMA, EMA, HMA, WMA, VWMA, MAMA, KAMA, triple HMA
    • Momentum, RSI, CCI
    • Stochastic, Stochastic RSI
    • ATR, ADX, DMI
    • Bollinger Bands
    • Donchian Channels
    • MACD
    • Standard Deviation Bands
    • SuperTrend
    • Parabolic SAR
    • Ichimoku
    • SineWave
    • TomDemark TD9
    • Williams Fractals
    • Willy (A William %R norm EMA variation)
    • Per bar Imbalance detection
    • See strategy/indicators for more details
  • Support/Resistance indicators
    • Pivot Point Supports/Resistances (Classical, Camarilla, Woodie, Fibonacci)
    • ATR based Supports/Resistances detection
  • Volume analysis indicators, with the possibility to configure a session (ETH, RTH, ...) :
    • Volume Profile
    • Composite Volume profile
    • VWAP (WIP)
    • Cumulative Volume Delta (WIP)
    • Delta imbalance, Footprint Bid/Ask (need refactoring)
  • Full automated trading or semi-automated trading
    • Notify and display signals to manually validate
  • External notifiers for signals, trading and status :
    • Desktop Linux (popup through D-Bus, audible alerts using aplay)
    • Discord using WebHook (signal, trade, trade list, performance)
    • Telegram (with bot commands)
    • Android application (signal, trade, account) with an external project
    • XMPP (planned)
  • WebHook on TradingView strategies (no longer maintained)
    • Uses TamperMonkey with Javascript
    • Watch the strategy trade last
  • Manually add per trade directives
    • One or many step stop-loss operation, at trigger price move to a better stop price
  • Manually configure per market regions of interest to help the strategies to filters signals
    • Define a region for trade entry | exit | both, in long | short | both directions
    • Strategy can filter signal to only be processed in your regions of interest
    • Two types of regions :
      • Range region : parallels horizontals, low and high prices
      • Trend channel region : slanting, symmetric or asymmetric low and high trends
    • Auto-expiration after a predefined delay
    • Cancellation above a trigger price
  • Trading session :
    • Configurable timezone and time offset
    • Multiple sessions per day, day of week, per market
  • Per market or global trading handler :
    • Daily limits (max profit and max loss)
      • Reset each day according to session timezone/offset or UTC
      • Auto cancel/close existing positions, as option
    • Dollar Cost Average trade :
      • Combine the different actives trade for an asset
    • Reinvest profit :
      • Increase automatically the quantity per market according to their best profits

Deprecated features

  • Possibility to compute the average entry price of owned assets for spots markets
    • Binance Spot (partially BROKEN due to some REST endpoints changes)
    • Kraken Spot

Strategies

Some operational strategies are available on distinct GitHub repositories :

  • Coming Soon

You have the ability to implements your own strategies or to ask for me services for a development and support. Else you can actively participate in the feedback, testing and fixing bugs.

Donate and support

Feel free to donate for my work :

  • BTC: 1GVdwcVrvvbqBgzNMii6tGNhTYnGvsJZFE
  • ETH (ERC20): 0xc2fc512df6ac6b5e2bd23873dc7df4c56bcdc214
  • XRP : rNxp4h8apvRis6mJf9Sh8C6iRxfrDWN7AV / memo 313602045

image

Support and Live

A lot of videos to understand SiiS and to serve you are available on my YouTube Channel !

image w=200

Firstly realized in english but possibly in French too.

Installation

Need Python 3.8 or a more recent version. Tested on Debian, Ubuntu and Fedora.

First you have to fetch this repository or to download a recent release.

Create the PIP virtual env

From siis base directory :

python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

You need to activate it each time you open your terminal before running SiiS.

From deps/ directory, first install TA-Lib (a C lib needed by the Python binding) :

tar xvzf deps/ta-lib-0.4.0-src.tar.gz
cd ta-lib
cp ../deps/patch/ta_utility.h src/ta_func
./configure
make

This includes a patch necessary to get correct Bollinger-Bands values for market price very low (<0.0001) else all the values will be the sames.

Eventually you need to have to install the build-essential packages from your distribution repository in way to have GCC, Make and Autotools. On Debian you can do : apt-get install build-essential.

Finally, to install in your /usr/local :

sudo make install

Or eventually if you have installed TA-lib in a custom prefix (e.g., with ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX), then you have to specify 2 variables before installing the requirements :

export TA_LIBRARY_PATH=$PREFIX/lib
export TA_INCLUDE_PATH=$PREFIX/include

For more details on TA-lib installation please visit : https://github.com/mrjbq7/ta-lib

Python dependencies

From siis base directory :

pip install -r deps/requirements.txt

Then depending on which database storage to use :

pip install -r deps/reqspgsql.txt  # if using PostgreSQL (recommended)
pip install -r deps/reqsmysql.txt  # or if using MySQL

You might need to install the C client library before. Please refer to psycopg2 or MySQLdb Python package documentation. On Debian based for PostgreSQL you will need to install libpq-dev by doing : apt-get install libpq-dev.

Before running the lib folder containing TA-Lib must be found in the LD_LIBRARY_PATH :

Doing, if installed in the default directory /usr/local/lib :

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

Database

Prefers the PostgreSQL database server for performance and because I have mostly tested with it. Another argument in favor of PostreSQL is in a future I could use of the extension TimescaleDB to improve timeseries tables performances.

The sql/ directory contains the initial SQL script for creations of the tables. The first line of comment in these files describe a possible way to install them.

PostgreSQL

Debian or Ubuntu
su - postgres

If you are using TCP socket connection do :

psql -h localhost -U root -W -p 5432

If you are using a local unix socket :

psql -U root -W
Database creation

Then in the psql CLI (you can define another username or password) :

CREATE DATABASE siis;
CREATE USER siis WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD 'siis';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE siis TO siis;

You can change database name, user and password.

Now exit (CTRL-C) the psql CLI.

You can run the table creation script :

Using TCP socket connection do :

psql -h localhost -d siis -U siis -W -p 5432 -a -q -f sql/initpg.sql

Or using local unix socket :

psql -d siis -U siis -W -a -q -f sql/initpg.sql

Configuration

The first running create a data structure on your local user.

  • /home/<username>/.siis on Linux based systems
  • C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\siis on Windows
  • /Users/<username>/.siis on MacOSX

The directory will contain 4 subdirectories:

  • config/ contains important configurations files (described belows)
  • log/ contains the log files
  • markets/ contains the market data with subdirectories for each exchange
  • learning/ contains the temporary files used for training / machine learning
  • reports/ contains the reports of the strategies traders, and used by default for scripts executions results
    • Some strategy have to log dedicated reports (trades, signals, performance and even more) here
    • Some user script write files to disk by using this directory as default

Running

python siis.py <identity> [--help, --options...]

The identity name must be specified, and need to be configured into the identities.json file.

List of command line options

General options

  • --help display command line help.
  • --version display the version number.
  • --profile=<profile> Specify the strategy profile to use from config.
  • --paper-mode instantiate paper mode trader and simulate as good as possible.
  • --backtest Process a backtesting, uses paper mode traders and data history available in the database.
  • --no-interactive No interactive (command) mode and automatically exit after a backtesting fully completed.
  • --timestep=<seconds> Timestep in seconds to increment the backesting. More precise is more accurate but need more computing simulation. Adjust to at least fits to the minimal candles size uses in the backtested strategies. Default is 60 seconds.
  • --time-factor=<factor> in backtesting mode only allow the user to change the time factor and permit interacting during the backtesting. Default speed factor is as fast as possible.
  • --from=YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss\ define the date time from which start the backtesting, fetcher or binarizer. If omitted use whole data set (take care).
  • --to=YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss\ define the date time to which stop the backtesting, fetcher or binarizer. If omitted use now.
  • --last=<number> Fast last number of candles for every watched market (take care can take all requests credits on the broker).
  • --market=<market-id> Specific market identifier to fetch, binarize only.
  • --broker=<broker-name> Specific fetcher or watcher name to fetch or binarize market from.
  • --timeframe=<timeframe> Time frame unit or 0 for trade level. For fetcher, higher candles are generated. Defined value is in second or an alias in 1m, 3m, 5m, 15m, 30m, 1h, 2h, 4h, 1d, 1w, 1M
  • --cascaded=<max-timeframe> During fetch process generate the candles of highers timeframe from lowers. Default is no. Take care to have entire multiple to fulfill the generated candles.
  • --target=<timeframe> During fetch or rebuild process generate the candles of specified timeframe. Default is no. Take care to have entire multiple to fulfill the generated candles.
  • --watcher-only Only watch and save market/candles data into the database. No trade and neither paper mode trades are performed.
  • --store-trade To force write of trade or tick data during the execution of the bot (default not stored).
  • --store-ohlc To force write of OHLC (candles/klines) data during the execution of the bot (default not stored).
  • --initial-fetch or --prefetch Process the fetching of recent OHLCs when subscribing to a market. Default don't fetch.
  • --check-trades Check trades and order at startup and each time a strategy trader is restarted. Default do not perform check.
  • --store-ohlc or --store-candle Write OHLCs to DB. Default not stored.")
  • --store-trade Write tick/trade/quote to filesystem. Default not stored.
  • --monitor Enable Web monitor HTTP socket and WebSocket. Default port is 8080.
  • --monitor-port Override the default or configured monitor HTTP port. Websocket port is monitor port+1. Default port is 8081.
  • --preprocess [WIP] Precompute some data before running the strategy.
  • --learning=<filename> During training use this file.

Related to tools

  • --verbose Used by some tools to display more information.
  • --fetch or --tool=fetcher Process the data fetcher. Can get markets details, trade/tick and OHLCs history.
    • --install-market Used only with the fetcher tool, to install the fake market data info to database without trying to fetch anything from the exchange.
    • --spec=<specific-option> Specific to fetcher and cleaner tools option (example STOCK for alphavantage.co fetcher to fetch a stock market).
  • --binarize or --tool=binarizer Convert data from text file format to binary format for a specific market.
  • --rebuild or --tool=rebuilder To rebuild OHLC from the trades/ticks data for a market. Need to specify --broker, --market, --timeframe, --from and --to date, --cascaded
  • --optimize or --tool=optimizer Check one or many market for trades/ticks or OHLCs, and returns data corruption or gaps (later could propose some fix). Need to specify --broker, --market, --timeframe, --from and --to date
  • --sync or --tool=syncer Synchronize the market data from the broker. Need to specify --broker and --market
  • --export or --tool=exporter Market data export tool, to use with --broker=, --market=, --from=, --to=, --timeframe= and --filename= arguments
    • --filename Mandatory, Destination path or prefix for the filename
  • --import or --tool=importer Market data import tool from previous export, to use with --filename= argument
  • --clean or --tool=cleaner Remove some data format the database.
  • --statistics or --tool=statistics To export some statistics data to generate extra reports.
  • --parallel=<number> Must be only used by the trainer to specify the maximum number of sub-process to run at the same time (default 1).
  • --training Allow training sub process to be called during a backtest.

You need to define the name of the identity to use. This is related to the name defined into the identity.json file. Excepted for most of the tools, the name of the profile to use --profile=<profile-name> must be specified.

There are different running mode, the normal mode, will start the watchers, the trading capacity (paper-mode, live or backtesting) and offers an interactive terminal session, or you can run the specifics tools (fetcher, binarizer, optimizer, syncer, rebuilder...).

More information about the different tools.

Fetcher : importing some historical market data

Fetching is the process of getting historical market data (details, OHLCs, trades/ticks). OHLCs data goes into the SQL database, trades/ticks data goes into the filesystem, organized into the markets/ directory.

Starting with an example will be more intuitive :

python siis.py real --tool=fetcher --broker=binance.com --market=*USDT,*BTC --from=2017-08-01T00:00:00 --to=2019-08-31T23:59:59 --timeframe=1w

This example will fetch any weekly OHLCs for the markets pairs based on USDT and BTC, from 2017-08-01 to 2019-08-31. Common timeframes are formed of a number plus a letter (s for second, m for minute, h for hour, d for day, w for week, M for month). Here we want only the weekly OHLC, then --timeframe=1w.

Defines the range of datetime using --from=<datetime> and --to=<datetime>. The format of the datetime is 4 digits year, 2 digits month, 2 digits day of month, a T separator (meaning time), 2 digits hour, 2 digits minutes, 2 digits seconds. The datetime is interpreted as UTC. It could be simplified by omitting some parts. You can omit seconds, minutes, hours, only specify the date part, a date without the day of month, a date with only the year will start on first of january.

The optional option --cascaded=<max-timeframe> will generate the higher multiple of OHLC until one of (1m, 5m, 15m, 1h, 4h, 1d, 1w, 1M). The non-multiple timeframe (like 3m, or 45m) are not generated with cascaded because of the nature of the implementation in cascade it is not possible. You have to use the rebuild command option to generate these OHLC from a sub-multiple.

For example, this will fetch from 5m OHLC from exchange, and then generate 15m, 30m, 1h, 2h, 4h and 1d from them :

python siis.py real --fetch --broker=binance.com --market=BTCUSDT --from=2017-08 --to=2019-08-31T23:59:59 --timeframe=5m --cascaded=1d

Market must be the unique market id of the broker, not the common usual name. The comma act as a separator. A wildcard * can be placed at the beginning of the market identifier. A negation symbol ! can be placed at the beginning of the market identifier to exclude a specific market when a wildcard filter is also used. Example of --market=*USDT,!BCHUSDT will fetch for any USDT based except for BCHUSDT.

If you need to only fetch the last n recent OHLCs, you can use the --last=<number> option.

The --spec optional option could be necessary with some fetchers, like with alphavantage.co where you have to specify the type of the market (--spec=STOCK).

Getting trade/tick level data imply to define --timeframe=t.

python siis.py real --fetch --broker=binance.com --market=BTCUSDT --from=2017-08 --to=2019-08-31T23:59:59 --timeframe=t

You can set the --cascaded option even from tick/trade timeframe. For example a complete fetching from 1m to 1w :

python siis.py real --fetch --broker=binance.com --market=BTCUSDT --from=2017-08 --to=2019-08-31T23:59:59 --timeframe=t --cascaded=1w

In the scripts/ directory there is some examples of how you can fetch your data using a bash script. These scripts could be installed in a crontab.

Take care than some exchanges have limitations. For example IG will limit to 10 000 candles per week. This limit is quickly reached. Some others, like BitMex limit to 30 queries per second in non auth mode or 60 in auth mode. That mean get months of data of trades could take more than a day.

More information about the fetching process and the different fetchers.

Backtesting

Let's start with an example :

python siis.py real --profile=my-backtest1 --backtest --from=2017-08 --to=2017-12-31T23:59:59 --timestep=15

Backtesting, like live and paper-mode need to know which profile to use. Let's define a profile file named my-backtest1.json in our .siis/config/profiles/.

The datetime range must be defined, --from= and --to=, and a --timestep== must be specified. This will be the minimal increment of time - in second - between two iterations. The lesser the timestep is the longer the computation will take, but if you have a strategy that works at the tick/trade level then the backtesting will be more accurate.

A C++ version have no performance issue (can run 1000x faster than the Python version).

Imagine your strategy works on close of 4h OHLC, you can run your backtesting with a --timestep=4h. Else imagine your strategy works on close of 5m, but you want the exit of a trade be more reactive than 5m, because if the price move briefly in few seconds, then you'll probably have different results using a lesser timestep.

Ideally a timestep of 0.1 second will give accurate results, but the computations could take many hours, depending on what your strategy compute internally. Some optimizations to only recompute the only last value for indicators will probably give a bit a performance, but the main problem rest the nature of the Python. Without optimized C or C++ submodules I have no idea how to optimize it : GIL is slow, Python list and slicing are slow, even a simple loop take a lot of time compared to C/C++.

Originally I've developed this backtesting feature to be focused to replay multiples markets, on a virtual account, not only oriented to backtest the raw performance of the strategy.

Adding the --time-factor=<factor> will add a supplementary delay during each iteration of the backtesting. The idea is if you want to replay a recent period, and have the time to interact manually, like replaying a semi-automated day of scalping. The factor is a multiple of the time : 1 meaning real-time, then 60 mean 1 minute of simulation per second.

More information about backtesting and its advanced usage.

How to create or modify an existing strategy

A guide explaining how to create, modify and configure a strategy.

The winning strategy

Understand the given strategies acts here as examples, you can use them, can work on some patterns, cannot work on some others. Considers doing your owns, or to use SiiS as a trading monitor with improved trade following, dynamic stop-loss, take-profit. Some fixes could be needed for the current strategies, it serves as a labs.

I will publish some other of my strategies into distinct repositories.

Paper-mode

Trading with live data but on a virtual local simulated trading account.

Example :

python siis.py real --profile=bitmex-xbteth1 --paper-mode

Here real mean for the name of the identity to use, related to the API key you want to connect with.

Adding the --paper-mode argument create a paper-trader instance in place of a connector to a real account. Initial amounts of margin or quantity of assets must be configured into the profile.

At this time the slippage is not simulated. Orders are executed at bid/ask price according to the direction. The order book is not used to look for the real offered quantities, then order are filled in one trade and without slippage.

A randomly chosen slippage factor could be implemented.

In paper-mode OHLCs and tick/trade data are stored to the database like in a normal live mode if the arguments --store-ohlc or --store-trade are specified.

More information about the paper-mode.

Live-mode

Trading with live data using your real or demo trading account.

Example :

python siis.py real --profile=bitmex-xbteth1

Trades will be executed on your trading account on a real account.

I'll suggest you in a first time to test with a demo account or a testnet before to try with real account, or try with very small amount.

Then, once you are ok with your strategy, with the interface, the stability, in a second time try with small amount, on real account, finally let the bot playing with bigger amount. Please read the disclaimer at the bottom of this file.

By default, the stream of OHLCs are not stored to the database, you can add the --store-ohlc argument to save them.

By default, the stream of trades/ticks are not stored to the database, you can add the --store-trade argument to save them.

The strategy at startup will load, from the exchange, the necessary history of OHLC data. That OHLCs, loaded at the startup of the strategy are stored into the database.

Interaction / CLI

SiiS offers a basic but auto sufficient set of commands and keyboard shortcuts to manage and control your trades, monitor your account, markets, tickers, trades, orders, positions, alerts and strategy performance.

In addition, there is a charting feature using matplotlib, only for debug purpose, that will be removed once the charting feature of the Web-Trader will be completed.

During the execution of the program you can type a command starting by a colon key : followed by the name of the command. Let's first type the :help command. To exit the command is quit, then type : followed by quit and then press enter.

There is some direct keys, not using the colon key, in default mode, and more specifics commands in command mode.

The :help command give you the list of shortcuts and commands, and :help <command-name> give the detailed help for a specific command.

More information about the command line interface, the different views and how to interact with.

Web trader / Web Application

SiiS is provided with a user-friendly Web Trader.

About data storage

Information about the structure and organisation of the data.

System Requirements

For running a single instance of SiiS a 2GB memory VPS with at least 2 (v)CPUs and 10GB of storage will suffice. In that condition it is tested with 100 markets on Binance Spot, and more than 10 markets on IG.

The load depends on the trade updates of the exchanges and of the complexity of the strategy. For machine learning it needs a lot of compute resource. In that case for training it is necessary to have more cores (8 or 16) and more RAM.

If the fitness method is done in C++ it could greatly speed up computation of backtesting and training.

Note about performance, stability and scalability

SiiS uses distinct threads per watcher, per WebSocket, per trader, per strategy, plus a pool of workers for the strategies traders, and potentially some others threads for notification and communication extra services.

Because of the Python GIL, threads are efficients when used for the IO operations, but not for the computing.

Performance seems good, tested with 100+ traded markets at trades/ticks level of watching. It could be interesting to use the asyncio capacities to distribute the computing, but in cost of extra communication, and an additional latency.

Because you can execute many instances of SiiS, you can split your strategy into different instances.

For example, you trade pairs on USDT, but you distinct 4 sorts of markets, serious coin, alt coin, shit-coin and low volume shit-coins. Then you could have 4 distinct profiles and then 4 instances of SiiS.

Another example, an exchange offers trading on spot and some others pairs on margin, then you will start two different instances.

Finally, you could set up your different VPS, one instance per VPS, for lesser failures, lower resource usage, and you could adjust the hardware to the optimal point to minimize costs.

Troubles

If you have some issues you can first check about the know issues.

Support

You can contact me for a private technical support.

Disclaimer

The authors are not responsible for the losses on your trading accounts that you will make by using SiiS, neither of the data losses, corruptions, computers crashes or physical damages on your computers or on the cloud you use.

The authors are not responsible for the losses due to the lack of the security of your systems.

Use SiiS at your own risk, backtest strategies many times before running them on a live account. Test the stability, test the efficiency, take in account the potential execution slippage and latency caused by the network, the exchange or by having an inadequate system.