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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Brian W. Fitzpatrick and Ben Collins-Sussman">
<title>Debugging Teams</title>
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<body class="book toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>Debugging Teams</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">Brian W. Fitzpatrick and Ben Collins-Sussman</span><br>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#dedication">Dedication</a></li>
<li><a href="#mission_statement">Mission Statement</a></li>
<li><a href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#from_fitz">From Fitz</a></li>
<li><a href="#from_ben">From Ben</a></li>
<li><a href="#about_the_authors">About the Authors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_foreword_to_the_second_edition">Foreword to the Second Edition</a></li>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#who_is_this_book_for">Who Is This Book For?</a></li>
<li><a href="#the_pitch">The Pitch</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#the_myth_of_the_genius_programmer">The Myth of the Genius Programmer</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#help_me_hide_my_code">Help Me Hide My Code</a></li>
<li><a href="#the_genius_myth">The Genius Myth</a></li>
<li><a href="#hiding_is_considered_harmful">Hiding Is Considered Harmful</a></li>
<li><a href="#its_all_about_the_team">It’s All About the Team</a></li>
<li><a href="#the_three_pillars">The Three Pillars</a></li>
<li><a href="#hrt_in_practice">HRT in Practice</a></li>
<li><a href="#next_steps">Next Steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#building_an_awesome_team_culture">Building an Awesome Team Culture</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#what_is_culture">What Is Culture?</a></li>
<li><a href="#why_should_you_care">Why Should You Care?</a></li>
<li><a href="#culture_and_people">Culture and People</a></li>
<li><a href="#communication_patterns_of_successful_cul">Communication Patterns of Successful Cultures</a></li>
<li><a href="#high-level_synchronization">High-Level Synchronization</a></li>
<li><a href="#day-to-day_discussions">Day-to-Day Discussions</a></li>
<li><a href="#using_an_issue_tracker">Using an Issue Tracker</a></li>
<li><a href="#communication_as_part_of_engineering">Communication as Part of Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="#it_really_is_about_the_code_after_all">It Really Is About Your Product, After All</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#every_boat_needs_a_captain">Every Boat Needs a Captain</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#nature_abhors_a_vacuum">Nature Abhors a Vacuum</a></li>
<li><a href="#deprecated_manager">Manager Is a Four-Letter Word</a></li>
<li><a href="#the_servant_leader">The Servant Leader</a></li>
<li><a href="#antipatterns">Antipatterns</a></li>
<li><a href="#leadership_patterns">Leadership Patterns</a></li>
<li><a href="#people_are_like_plants">People Are Like Plants</a></li>
<li><a href="#intrinsic_versus_extrinsic_motivation">Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation</a></li>
<li><a href="#final_thoughts">Final Thoughts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#dealing_with_poisonous_people">Dealing with Poisonous People</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#defining_poisonous">Defining "Poisonous"</a></li>
<li><a href="#fortifying_your_team">Fortifying Your Team</a></li>
<li><a href="#identifying_the_threat">Identifying the Threat</a></li>
<li><a href="#repelling_the_poison">Repelling the Poison</a></li>
<li><a href="#a_final_thought">A Final Thought</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#the_art_of_organizational_manipulation">The Art of Organizational Manipulation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#the_good_the_bad_and_the_strategies">The Good, the Bad, and the Strategies</a></li>
<li><a href="#the_ideal_how_a_team_ought_to_function_w">How Things Ought to Be</a></li>
<li><a href="#the_reality_when_your_environment_is_an_">How Things Usually Are</a></li>
<li><a href="#manipulating_your_organization">Manipulating Your Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="#plan_b_get_out">Plan B: Get Out</a></li>
<li><a href="#all_is_not_lost">All Is Not Lost</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#usersare_people_too">Users Are People, Too</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#managing_public_perception">Managing Public Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="#how_usable_is_your_software">How Usable Is Your Software?</a></li>
<li><a href="#design_matters">Design Matters</a></li>
<li><a href="#managing_your_relationship_with_users">Managing Your Relationship with Users</a></li>
<li><a href="#remember_the_users">Remember the Users</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#epilogue">Appendix A: Epilogue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#a_final_thought-id001">A Final Thought</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#further_reading">Appendix B: Further Reading</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>© 2015 under the <a class="orm:hideurl"
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/">Creative
Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 License</a></p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/crew.jpeg" alt="crew">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Photo by <a class="orm:hideurl" href="https://unsplash.com/@jannerboy62?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Nick Fewings</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This book is available in multiple forms at <a
class="orm:hideurl"
href="https://debuggingteams.com/">debuggingteams.com</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It’s also available for purchase in <a class="orm:hideurl"
href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/debugging-teams/9781491932049/">physical hardcopy from O'Reilly Media</a> in a variety of international translations.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="dedication">Dedication</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From Ben</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>For my parents, bringers of hope and joy, who taught me how to read
both words and people.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From Fitz</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>For my grandfather, Alvin 'Nick' Fitzpatrick, who taught me how to
tell stories, and how to listen.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="mission_statement">Mission Statement</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The goal of this book is to help people spend more time creating and
less time fighting—by improving their ability to collaborate with
other people.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While there are two names on the cover, this book is the result of
conversations we’ve had with hundreds if not thousands of people over
the course of our lives and careers. We’d like to take a few moments
to thank just a few of the people who are responsible for many of the
useful parts of this book (mistakes, as usual, are all ours).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks to the folks at O’Reilly Media: Mike Loukides for encouraging us to write for a broader audience, and our fearless editors Brian Anderson and Mary Treseler—this book wouldn’t
exist without Mary’s encouragement, patience, and occasional prodding.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks to Sunni Brown and Amber Lewis at
<a href="http://sunnibrown.com" class="bare">http://sunnibrown.com</a> for bringing our book to life with
such delightful illustrations—working with you guys was a true joy.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks to our technical reviewers who contributed numerous
suggestions, ideas, and fixes that really brought the book together:
Dustin Boswell, Trevor Foucher, Michael Hunger, Jonathan LeBlanc, Piaw
Na, and Jack Welch. Thanks to our friends and colleagues who reviewed
the book in progress and caught some of our more egregious mistakes:
Dave Baum, Matt Cutts, Will Robinson, and Bill Duane. Thanks to our
friends who listened, offered advice, and are just plain awesome: Karl
Fogel, Jim Blandy, Matt Braithwaite, Danny Berlin, and Chris
DiBona. Thanks also to Linda Stone, DeWitt Clinton, Bruce Johnson,
Roland McGrath, and Amit Patel for ideas and suggestions.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks to Google, and especially the Google Chicago engineering team,
for their support, ideas, and suggestions, and for just plain being a
fantastic group of people to work with every day.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks especially to some of our senior mentors and teachers, a tiny
bit of whose collective wisdom we’ve attempted to squeeze onto these
pages: Bill Coughran, Steve Vinter, Alan Eustace, Stu Feldman, and
Eric Schmidt.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Special thanks to Brian Robinson and Yvonne Ellison-Sandler for their
mentoring, guidance, and tutelage.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks to the Apache Software Foundation, not only for having us, but
also for your focus on community and collaboration.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thanks to all our close friends, who make us rich, rich men. Don’t
look at us that way—you know who you are.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Huge swaths of this book were conceived, outlined, and written at the
fabulous, friendly, and cozy Filter Cafe in our fair city of Chicago.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="from_fitz">From Fitz</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Huge thanks to my wife Marie for her encouragement, understanding, and
patience—your insight and compassion are always an inspiration to
me. Thanks to my mom for her support and enthusiasm, and thanks
especially to my mother-in-law Rita Gumler, for her "people are like
plants" analogy.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To Ben: after knowing each other for 16 years, working together at
three jobs, and writing three books together, I have to say that I
miss working with you every day. Thanks for taking this wild, weird,
and wonderful ride with me—you’ve been a great friend and teacher.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Lastly, thanks to everyone that I’ve worked with in my (gulp) 21 years
in software engineering. It’s been an incredible journey, and not a
day has gone by where I didn’t learn something from one of you.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="from_ben">From Ben</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There aren’t proper words to express my gratitude for the amount of
space my wife Frances has given me—not just in writing this book, but
in a dozen other creative projects I’ve taken on over the past few
years. Without her quiet and rocklike support, none of them could
possibly have happened.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To Fitz: now that we finish each other’s sentences I think it’s fair
to say we’re like a very old married couple. I never knew it could be
so much fun to give talks with somebody, let alone write software and
books together. What an amazing set of opportunities we’ve been given!
Thanks for teaching me so much.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Finally, thanks to all the crazy people and corporations of Silicon
Valley: none of these crazy experiences could have happened if you
hadn’t inducted me into your bizarro-world.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="about_the_authors">About the Authors</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Brian Fitzpatrick is Founder and CTO of Tock. Brian started Google’s
Chicago engineering office with Ben in 2005 and led several of
Google’s global engineering efforts, including the Data Liberation
Front, and Transparency Engineering. He also served as internal
advisor for Google’s open data efforts, having previously led the
Google Code and Google Affiliate Network teams. Prior to joining
Google, Brian worked as an engineer at Apple, CollabNet, and a local
Chicago development shop.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Brian has written numerous articles and given dozens of presentations,
including cowriting <a class="orm:hideurl" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920018025.do"><em>Team Geek: A Software Developer's Guide to
Working Well with Others</em></a>, <a class="orm:hideurl" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596004484.do"><em>Version Control with Subversion</em></a> (now in
its second edition), and chapters for <a class="orm:hideurl" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596100292.do"><em>Unix in a Nutshell</em></a> and <a class="orm:hideurl" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596154493.do"><em>Linux
in a Nutshell</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Brian has an A.B. in Classics from Loyola University Chicago with a
major in Latin, a minor in Greek, and a concentration in Fine Arts and
Ceramics. He resides in Chicago.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ben Collins-Sussman was one of the founding developers of the
Subversion version control system. He cofounded Google’s engineering
office in Chicago, launched Google Code, led two display advertising
teams, and now manages teams that power Google’s search
infrastructure. He’s currently the engineering Site Lead for Google
Chicago, but also collects hobbies—including authoring interactive
fiction, playing bluegrass banjo and jazz piano, composing musicals,
operating ham radios, and exploring photography. Ben is a proud
native of Chicago and holds a Bachelor of Science from the
University of Chicago with a major in Mathematics and minor in
Linguistics. He still lives in Chicago with his wife, kids, and cats.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 foreword">
<h2 id="_foreword_to_the_second_edition">Foreword to the Second Edition</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The first edition of this book, <em>Team Geek</em>, proved to be a great
success. In the four years since it was published there seems to be
more widespread recognition of the importance of teamwork in business.
In some places, collaboration is now being taught as part of college
curriculums and leadership training classes (often using our book!).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>But we also came to realize that the first edition of the book was
perhaps a bit too focused on software engineering, so we’ve expanded
this second edition to be more accessible to a nontechnical audience—hence the title change to <em>Debugging Teams</em>. While we still draw
on engineering examples, there’s less focus on nitty-gritty details of
software development tools. We’ve expanded and generalized a number
of our explanations throughout the book based on continuous feedback
from readers. We’ve also added sections on more recent topics, such
as open seating plans, imposter syndrome, and newer communication and
leadership techniques.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We hope this expansion will have a broader appeal and impact across
multiple industries.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>Ben and Fitz, September 2015</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Engineering is easy. People are hard.</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="attribution">
— Bill Coughran<br>
<cite>former SVP of Engineering at Google</cite>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Life is full of unexpected twists, and the two of us never imagined
we’d someday write a book about teamwork and collaboration.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Like so many modern "makers," we discovered that our hobby and
passion—playing with computers—was a great way to make a living after
graduating college. And like most hackers of our generation, we spent
the mid-1990s building PCs out of spare parts, installing prerelease
versions of Linux from piles of diskettes, and learning to administer
Unix machines. At the dawn of the dot-com bubble we became
programmers, and after the bubble burst we started working for
surviving Silicon Valley companies such as Apple. Later, we were
hired by a startup to work full time on designing and writing an open
source version control system called Subversion.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>But something unexpected happened between 2000 and 2005. While we were
creating Subversion, our job responsibilities slowly changed. We
weren’t just writing code all day in a vacuum; we were leading an open
source project. This meant hanging in a chat room all day with a dozen
other volunteer programmers and paying attention to what they were
doing. It meant coordinating new features almost entirely through an
email list. Along the way, we discovered that the key to a project’s
success wasn’t just writing great code: the <em>way</em> in which people
collaborated toward the end goal mattered just as much.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In 2005 we started Google’s Chicago engineering office and continued
our careers as programmers. At this point we were already deeply
involved with the open source world—not just Subversion, but the
Apache Software Foundation (ASF) too. We ported Subversion to Google’s
BigTable infrastructure and launched an open source project hosting
service (similar to SourceForge) under the banner of Google Code. We
began attending—then speaking at—developer-centric conferences such as
OSCON, ApacheCon, PyCon, and eventually Google I/O. We discovered that
by working in both corporations and open source projects we had
accidentally picked up a trove of wisdom and anecdotes about how real
software engineering teams work. What began as a series of humorous
talks about dysfunctional development processes ("Subversion Worst
Practices") eventually turned into talks about protecting teams from
jerks ("How Open Source Projects Survive Poisonous People"). Larger
and larger crowds gathered at our presentations in what can only be
described as "group therapy" for software developers.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After giving talk after talk about the social challenges of creative
collaboration, our editor at O’Reilly Media encouraged us to convert
the talks into a book. The rest is history.</p>
</div>
<div id="image_no_caption-id000" class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/dbtm_00in01.png" alt="dbtm 00in01">
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="who_is_this_book_for">Who Is This Book For?</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This book was originally written for software developers—for those who
are trying to advance their careers and ship great software. But in
updating the book for a second edition, it has become clear to us that
the topics in this book apply to a much broader group. If you work on
<em>any</em> sort of creative endeavor with other people, the lessons in
this book apply to you. You might be part of a neighborhood club, a
church group, a fraternity, a committee, or a group of architects.
We’re assuming two important things about you as our reader:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>You work on a team with other creative people, probably in a
corporate or other structured environment.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You enjoy building things and believe it should be a rewarding and
fun activity. If you’re cranking out products for no other reason
than to pay your bills, you probably aren’t interested in
self-actualization or career <span class="keep-together">fulfillment</span>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Our own experiences come from software engineering, so predictably
most of the examples in this book live in that realm. But nearly all
the processes and strategies we describe are directly applicable (or
have a direct analogue) to any team of creative people.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the process of discussing how engineers best "play well with
others," we end up touching on a number of subjects that
(superficially) may seem to be out of a programmer’s job
description. At different points we discuss how to lead a team
effectively, navigate an organization, and build a healthy
relationship with the users of your software. On the surface these
chapters may seem specifically directed toward "people managers" or
"product managers"—but we assure you that at some point in your career
you’ll find yourself accidentally wearing those hats. Suspend your
disbelief and keep reading! Everything in this book is ultimately
relevant to anyone building things.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="warning_this_is_not_a_technical_manual">Warning: This Is Not a Technical Manual</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Before we start, we need to set your expectations. Motivated
programmers love to read books that lay out domain-specific problems
in a perfect mathematical presentation; each problem is typically
paired with a prescribed procedural solution.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is not such a book.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph pagebreak-before">
<p>Our book specifically investigates the <em>human</em> side of creative
product development, and humans are complex things. As we like to say
in our talks, "People are basically a giant pile of intermittent
bugs." Both the problems and solutions we discuss are messy and
difficult to place into perfect logical boxes. This book reads as a
series of essays, because that’s what it essentially is. In each
chapter we’ll discuss a slew of related problems (often as anecdotes),
then move on to discuss a group of solutions relevant to the overall
topic. To fully absorb everything you may need to lengthen your
attention span to cover multiple pages, engage your right brain to
make connections, or just plain sleep on it!</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We should also make a couple more disclaimers. As we like to joke in
our talks, "These opinions are purely our own and are based on our
experiences. If you disagree, you’re welcome to get your own talk."
Just as with our oral presentations, we encourage any and all
discussion that arises from the topics in this book. We’re happy to
chat about feedback, corrections, new opinions, and disagreements: you
can find us at <a href="http://www.debuggingteams.com/" class="bare">http://www.debuggingteams.com/</a>. Everything in
this book comes from our own trials by fire and the lessons that came
out of our numerous mistakes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You should also know that every name used in our examples has been
changed to protect the innocent (or guilty).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="the_contents_of_this_book_are_not_taught">The Contents of This Book Are Not Taught in School</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Most of the software engineers we know have spent anywhere from 4
to 10 years in school learning about computer science and software
engineering. And yet there are hardly any
curricula <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup> that
actually teach you how to communicate and collaborate in a team or a
company. Sure, most students are required to participate in a group
project at some point in their academic career, but there’s a big
difference between teaching someone how to successfully work with
another person and throwing him into a situation of forced
collaboration. Most students end up jaded by the experience.</p>
</div>
<div id="image_no_caption-id001" class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="images/dbtm_00in02.png" alt="dbtm 00in02">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="the_pitch">The Pitch</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Being a successful programmer isn’t just about learning the latest
languages or writing the fastest code. Professional coders almost
always work in teams, and it turns out that one’s team <em>directly</em>
affects that individual’s productivity and happiness more than many
people would like to admit.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The basic idea of this book is simple: writing software is a team
sport, and we posit that the human factors involved have as much
influence on the outcome as the technical factors. Even if they’ve
spent decades learning the technical side of programming, most people
haven’t really focused on the human component. Learning to collaborate
is just as important to success. If you invest in the "soft skills" of
engineering, you can have a much greater impact for the same amount of
effort.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 pagenumrestart">
<h2 id="the_myth_of_the_genius_programmer">The Myth of the Genius Programmer</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since this is a book about the social perils of creative development,
it makes sense to focus on the one variable you definitely have
control of: you.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>People are inherently imperfect. But before you can understand the
bugs in your coworkers, you need to understand the bugs in
yourself. We’re going to ask you to think about your own
reactions, behaviors, and attitudes—and in return, we hope you gain
some real insight into how to become a more efficient and successful
software engineer. You’ll end up spending less energy dealing
with people-related problems and more time writing great code.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The critical idea in this chapter is to understand that software
development is a team sport. And in order to succeed on an engineering
team—or in any other creative collaboration—you need to reorganize
your behaviors around the core principles of humility, respect, and
trust.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Before we get ahead of ourselves, let’s start by observing how
programmers behave in general.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="help_me_hide_my_code">Help Me Hide My Code</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The two of us have been speaking at programming conferences quite a
bit for the past ten years. After launching Google’s open source
Project Hosting service back in 2006, we used to get lots of questions
and requests about the product. Back in mid-2008, we noticed a
distinctive trend in the sort of requests we were getting:</p>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock pagebreak-before">