layout	title
section	Pipeline Syntax

Table of Contents

Declarative Pipeline
- Sections
  - agent
  - post
  - stages
  - steps
- Directives
  - environment
  - options
  - parameters
  - triggers
  - Jenkins cron syntax
  - stage
  - tools
  - input
  - when
- Sequential Stages
  - Example
- Parallel
  - Example
- Steps
  - script
Scripted Pipeline
Syntax Comparison

This section builds on the information introduced in Getting started with Pipeline and should be treated solely as a reference. For more information on how to use Pipeline syntax in practical examples, refer to the Using a Jenkinsfile section of this chapter. As of version 2.5 of the Pipeline plugin, Pipeline supports two discrete syntaxes which are detailed below. For the pros and cons of each, see the Syntax Comparison.

As discussed at the start of this chapter, the most fundamental part of a Pipeline is the "step". Basically, steps tell Jenkins what to do and serve as the basic building block for both Declarative and Scripted Pipeline syntax.

For an overview of available steps, please refer to the Pipeline Steps reference which contains a comprehensive list of steps built into Pipeline as well as steps provided by plugins.

Declarative Pipeline

Declarative Pipeline is a relatively recent addition to Jenkins Pipeline ^[1] which presents a more simplified and opinionated syntax on top of the Pipeline sub-systems.

All valid Declarative Pipelines must be enclosed within a pipeline block, for example:

pipeline {
    /* insert Declarative Pipeline here */
}

The basic statements and expressions which are valid in Declarative Pipeline follow the same rules as Groovy’s syntax with the following exceptions:

The top-level of the Pipeline must be a block, specifically: pipeline { }
No semicolons as statement separators. Each statement has to be on its own line
Blocks must only consist of Sections, Directives, Steps, or assignment statements.
A property reference statement is treated as no-argument method invocation. So for example, input is treated as input()

You can use the Declarative Directive Generator to help you get started with configuring the directives and sections in your Declarative Pipeline.

Sections

Sections in Declarative Pipeline typically contain one or more Directives or Steps.

agent

The agent section specifies where the entire Pipeline, or a specific stage, will execute in the Jenkins environment depending on where the agent section is placed. The section must be defined at the top-level inside the pipeline block, but stage-level usage is optional.

Required	Yes
Parameters	Described below
Allowed	In the top-level `pipeline` block and each `stage` block.

Parameters

In order to support the wide variety of use-cases Pipeline authors may have, the agent section supports a few different types of parameters. These parameters can be applied at the top-level of the pipeline block, or within each stage directive.

any

Execute the Pipeline, or stage, on any available agent. For example: agent any

none

When applied at the top-level of the pipeline block no global agent will be allocated for the entire Pipeline run and each stage section will need to contain its own agent section. For example: agent none

label

Execute the Pipeline, or stage, on an agent available in the Jenkins environment with the provided label. For example: agent { label 'my-defined-label' }

node

agent { node { label 'labelName' } } behaves the same as agent { label 'labelName' }, but node allows for additional options (such as customWorkspace).

docker

Execute the Pipeline, or stage, with the given container which will be dynamically provisioned on a node pre-configured to accept Docker-based Pipelines, or on a node matching the optionally defined label parameter. docker also optionally accepts an args parameter which may contain arguments to pass directly to a docker run invocation, and an alwaysPull option, which will force a docker pull even if the image name is already present. For example: agent { docker 'maven:3-alpine' } or

agent {
    docker {
        image 'maven:3-alpine'
        label 'my-defined-label'
        args  '-v /tmp:/tmp'
    }
}

docker also optionally accepts a registryUrl and registryCredentialsId parameters which will help to specify the Docker Registry to use and its credentials. For example:

agent {
    docker {
        image 'myregistry.com/node'
        label 'my-defined-label'
        registryUrl 'https://myregistry.com/'
        registryCredentialsId 'myPredefinedCredentialsInJenkins'
    }
}

dockerfile

Execute the Pipeline, or stage, with a container built from a Dockerfile contained in the source repository. In order to use this option, the Jenkinsfile must be loaded from either a Multibranch Pipeline, or a "Pipeline from SCM." Conventionally this is the Dockerfile in the root of the source repository: agent { dockerfile true }. If building a Dockerfile in another directory, use the dir option: agent { dockerfile { dir 'someSubDir' } }. If your Dockerfile has another name, you can specify the file name with the filename option. You can pass additional arguments to the docker build … command with the additionalBuildArgs option, like agent { dockerfile { additionalBuildArgs '--build-arg foo=bar' } }. For example, a repository with the file build/Dockerfile.build, expecting a build argument version:

agent {
    // Equivalent to "docker build -f Dockerfile.build --build-arg version=1.0.2 ./build/
    dockerfile {
        filename 'Dockerfile.build'
        dir 'build'
        label 'my-defined-label'
        additionalBuildArgs  '--build-arg version=1.0.2'
        args '-v /tmp:/tmp'
    }
}

dockerfile also optionally accepts a registryUrl and registryCredentialsId parameters which will help to specify the Docker Registry to use and its credentials. For example:

agent {
    dockerfile {
        filename 'Dockerfile.build'
        dir 'build'
        label 'my-defined-label'
        registryUrl 'https://myregistry.com/'
        registryCredentialsId 'myPredefinedCredentialsInJenkins'
    }
}

Common Options

These are a few options that can be applied two or more agent implementations. They are not required unless explicitly stated.

label

A string. The label on which to run the Pipeline or individual stage.

This option is valid for node, docker and dockerfile, and is required for node.

customWorkspace

A string. Run the Pipeline or individual stage this agent is applied to within this custom workspace, rather than the default. It can be either a relative path, in which case the custom workspace will be under the workspace root on the node, or an absolute path. For example:

agent {
    node {
        label 'my-defined-label'
        customWorkspace '/some/other/path'
    }
}

This option is valid for node, docker and dockerfile.

reuseNode

A boolean, false by default. If true, run the container on the node specified at the top-level of the Pipeline, in the same workspace, rather than on a new node entirely.

This option is valid for docker and dockerfile, and only has an effect when used on an agent for an individual stage.

args

A string. Runtime arguments to pass to docker run.

This option is valid for docker and dockerfile.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent { docker 'maven:3-alpine' } // (1)
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'mvn -B clean verify'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Execute all the steps defined in this Pipeline within a newly created container of the given name and tag (maven:3-alpine).

Stage-level `agent` section

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent none // (1)
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            agent { docker 'maven:3-alpine' } // (2)
            steps {
                echo 'Hello, Maven'
                sh 'mvn --version'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Test') {
            agent { docker 'openjdk:8-jre' } // (3)
            steps {
                echo 'Hello, JDK'
                sh 'java -version'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Defining agent none at the top-level of the Pipeline ensures that an Executor will not be assigned unnecessarily. Using agent none also forces each stage section to contain its own agent section.
Execute the steps in this stage in a newly created container using this image.
Execute the steps in this stage in a newly created container using a different image from the previous stage.

post

The post section defines one or more additional steps that are run upon the completion of a Pipeline’s or stage’s run (depending on the location of the post section within the Pipeline). post can support any of of the following post-condition blocks: always, changed, fixed, regression, aborted, failure, success, unstable, and cleanup. These condition blocks allow the execution of steps inside each condition depending on the completion status of the Pipeline or stage. The condition blocks are executed in the order shown below.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	In the top-level `pipeline` block and each `stage` block.

Conditions

always: Run the steps in the post section regardless of the completion status of the Pipeline’s or stage’s run.
changed: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run has a different completion status from its previous run.
fixed: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run is successful and the previous run failed or was unstable.
regression: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run’s status is failure, unstable, or aborted and the previous run was successful.
aborted: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run has an "aborted" status, usually due to the Pipeline being manually aborted. This is typically denoted by gray in the web UI.
failure: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run has a "failed" status, typically denoted by red in the web UI. Note that if you manually set currentBuild.result = 'FAILURE' in a stage and have a failure post condition on that stage, the failure will not fire for that stage.
success: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run has a "success" status, typically denoted by blue or green in the web UI.
unstable: Only run the steps in post if the current Pipeline’s or stage’s run has an "unstable" status, usually caused by test failures, code violations, etc. This is typically denoted by yellow in the web UI.
cleanup: Run the steps in this post condition after every other post condition has been evaluated, regardless of the Pipeline or stage’s status.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
    post { // (1)
        always { // (2)
            echo 'I will always say Hello again!'
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Conventionally, the post section should be placed at the end of the Pipeline.
Post-condition blocks contain steps the same as the steps section.

stages

Containing a sequence of one or more stage directives, the stages section is where the bulk of the "work" described by a Pipeline will be located. At a minimum it is recommended that stages contain at least one stage directive for each discrete part of the continuous delivery process, such as Build, Test, and Deploy.

Required	Yes
Parameters	None
Allowed	Only once, inside the `pipeline` block.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages { // (1)
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

The stages section will typically follow the directives such as agent, options, etc.

steps

The steps section defines a series of one or more steps to be executed in a given stage directive.

Required	Yes
Parameters	None
Allowed	Inside each `stage` block.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps { // (1)
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

The steps section must contain one or more steps.

Directives

environment

The environment directive specifies a sequence of key-value pairs which will be defined as environment variables for the all steps, or stage-specific steps, depending on where the environment directive is located within the Pipeline.

This directive supports a special helper method credentials() which can be used to access pre-defined Credentials by their identifier in the Jenkins environment. For Credentials which are of type "Secret Text", the credentials() method will ensure that the environment variable specified contains the Secret Text contents. For Credentials which are of type "Standard username and password", the environment variable specified will be set to username:password and two additional environment variables will be automatically be defined: MYVARNAME_USR and MYVARNAME_PSW respectively.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	Inside the `pipeline` block, or within `stage` directives.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    environment { // (1)
        CC = 'clang'
    }
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            environment { // (2)
                AN_ACCESS_KEY = credentials('my-prefined-secret-text') // (3)
            }
            steps {
                sh 'printenv'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

An environment directive used in the top-level pipeline block will apply to all steps within the Pipeline.
An environment directive defined within a stage will only apply the given environment variables to steps within the stage.
The environment block has a helper method credentials() defined which can be used to access pre-defined Credentials by their identifier in the Jenkins environment.

options

The options directive allows configuring Pipeline-specific options from within the Pipeline itself. Pipeline provides a number of these options, such as buildDiscarder, but they may also be provided by plugins, such as timestamps.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	Only once, inside the `pipeline` block.

Available Options

buildDiscarder: Persist artifacts and console output for the specific number of recent Pipeline runs. For example: options { buildDiscarder(logRotator(numToKeepStr: '1')) }
checkoutToSubdirectory: Perform the automatic source control checkout in a subdirectory of the workspace. For example: options { checkoutToSubdirectory('foo') }
disableConcurrentBuilds: Disallow concurrent executions of the Pipeline. Can be useful for preventing simultaneous accesses to shared resources, etc. For example: options { disableConcurrentBuilds() }
newContainerPerStage: Used with docker or dockerfile top-level agent. When specified, each stage will run in a new container instance on the same node, rather than all stages running in the same container instance.
overrideIndexTriggers: Allows overriding default treatment of branch indexing triggers. If branch indexing triggers are disabled at the multibranch or organization label, options { overrideIndexTriggers(true) } will enable them for this job only. Otherwise, options { overrideIndexTriggers(false) } will disable branch indexing triggers for this job only.
preserveStashes: Preserve stashes from completed builds, for use with stage restarting. For example: options { preserveStashes() } to preserve the stashes from the most recent completed build, or options { preserveStashes(5) } to preserve the stashes from the five most recent completed builds.
quietPeriod: Set the quiet period, in seconds, for the Pipeline, overriding the global default. For example: options { quietPeriod(30) }
retry: On failure, retry the entire Pipeline the specified number of times. For example: options { retry(3) }
skipDefaultCheckout: Skip checking out code from source control by default in the agent directive. For example: options { skipDefaultCheckout() }
skipStagesAfterUnstable: Skip stages once the build status has gone to UNSTABLE. For example: options { skipStagesAfterUnstable() }
timeout: Set a timeout period for the Pipeline run, after which Jenkins should abort the Pipeline. For example: options { timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') }
timestamps: Prepend all console output generated by the Pipeline run with the time at which the line was emitted. For example: options { timestamps() }
parallelsAlwaysFailFast: Set failfast true for all subsequent parallel stages in the pipeline. For example: options { parallelsAlwaysFailFast() }

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    options {
        timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') // (1)
    }
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Specifying a global execution timeout of one hour, after which Jenkins will abort the Pipeline run.

Note	A comprehensive list of available options is pending the completion of INFRA-1503.

stage options

The options directive for a stage is similar to the options directive at the root of the Pipeline. However, the stage-level options can only contain steps like retry, timeout, or timestamps, or Declarative options that are relevant to a stage, like skipDefaultCheckout.

Inside a stage, the steps in the options directive are invoked before entering the agent or checking any when conditions.

Available Stage Options

skipDefaultCheckout: Skip checking out code from source control by default in the agent directive. For example: options { skipDefaultCheckout() }
timeout: Set a timeout period for this stage, after which Jenkins should abort the stage. For example: options { timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') }
retry: On failure, retry this stage the specified number of times. For example: options { retry(3) }
timestamps: Prepend all console output generated during this stage with the time at which the line was emitted. For example: options { timestamps() }

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            options {
                timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') // (1)
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Specifying a execution timeout of one hour for the Example stage, after which Jenkins will abort the Pipeline run.

parameters

The parameters directive provides a list of parameters which a user should provide when triggering the Pipeline. The values for these user-specified parameters are made available to Pipeline steps via the params object, see the Example for its specific usage.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	Only once, inside the `pipeline` block.

Available Parameters

string: A parameter of a string type, for example: parameters { string(name: 'DEPLOY_ENV', defaultValue: 'staging', description: '') }
text: A text parameter, which can contain multiple lines, for example: parameters { text(name: 'DEPLOY_TEXT', defaultValue: 'One\nTwo\nThree\n', description: '') }
booleanParam: A boolean parameter, for example: parameters { booleanParam(name: 'DEBUG_BUILD', defaultValue: true, description: '') }
choice: A choice parameter, for example: parameters { choice(name: 'CHOICES', choices: ['one', 'two', 'three'], description: '') }
file: A file parameter, which specifies a file to be submitted by the user when scheduling a build, for example: parameters { file(name: 'FILE', description: 'Some file to upload') }
password: A password parameter, for example: parameters { password(name: 'PASSWORD', defaultValue: 'SECRET', description: 'A secret password') }

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    parameters {
        string(name: 'PERSON', defaultValue: 'Mr Jenkins', description: 'Who should I say hello to?')

        text(name: 'BIOGRAPHY', defaultValue: '', description: 'Enter some information about the person')

        booleanParam(name: 'TOGGLE', defaultValue: true, description: 'Toggle this value')

        choice(name: 'CHOICE', choices: ['One', 'Two', 'Three'], description: 'Pick something')

        password(name: 'PASSWORD', defaultValue: 'SECRET', description: 'Enter a password')

        file(name: "FILE", description: "Choose a file to upload")
    }
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo "Hello ${params.PERSON}"

                echo "Biography: ${params.BIOGRAPHY}"

                echo "Toggle: ${params.TOGGLE}"

                echo "Choice: ${params.CHOICE}"

                echo "Password: ${params.PASSWORD}"
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Note	A comprehensive list of available parameters is pending the completion of INFRA-1503.

triggers

The triggers directive defines the automated ways in which the Pipeline should be re-triggered. For Pipelines which are integrated with a source such as GitHub or BitBucket, triggers may not be necessary as webhooks-based integration will likely already be present. The triggers currently available are cron, pollSCM and upstream.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	Only once, inside the `pipeline` block.

cron: Accepts a cron-style string to define a regular interval at which the Pipeline should be re-triggered, for example: triggers { cron('H */4 * * 1-5') }
pollSCM: Accepts a cron-style string to define a regular interval at which Jenkins should check for new source changes. If new changes exist, the Pipeline will be re-triggered. For example: triggers { pollSCM('H */4 * * 1-5') }
upstream: Accepts a comma separated string of jobs and a threshold. When any job in the string finishes with the minimum threshold, the Pipeline will be re-triggered. For example: triggers { upstream(upstreamProjects: 'job1,job2', threshold: hudson.model.Result.SUCCESS) }

Note	The `pollSCM` trigger is only available in Jenkins 2.22 or later.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    triggers {
        cron('H */4 * * 1-5')
    }
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Jenkins cron syntax

The Jenkins cron syntax follows the syntax of the cron utility (with minor differences). Specifically, each line consists of 5 fields separated by TAB or whitespace:

MINUTE	HOUR	DOM	MONTH	DOW
Minutes within the hour (0–59)	The hour of the day (0–23)	The day of the month (1–31)	The month (1–12)	The day of the week (0–7) where 0 and 7 are Sunday.

To specify multiple values for one field, the following operators are available. In the order of precedence,

* specifies all valid values
M-N specifies a range of values
M-N/X or */X steps by intervals of X through the specified range or whole valid range
A,B,…,Z enumerates multiple values

To allow periodically scheduled tasks to produce even load on the system, the symbol H (for “hash”) should be used wherever possible. For example, using 0 0 * * * for a dozen daily jobs will cause a large spike at midnight. In contrast, using H H * * * would still execute each job once a day, but not all at the same time, better using limited resources.

The H symbol can be used with a range. For example, H H(0-7) * * * means some time between 12:00 AM (midnight) to 7:59 AM. You can also use step intervals with H, with or without ranges.

The H symbol can be thought of as a random value over a range, but it actually is a hash of the job name, not a random function, so that the value remains stable for any given project.

Beware that for the day of month field, short cycles such as /3 or H/3 will not work consistently near the end of most months, due to variable month lengths. For example, /3`j will run on the 1st, 4th, …31st days of a long month, then again the next day of the next month. Hashes are always chosen in the 1-28 range, so `H/3 will produce a gap between runs of between 3 and 6 days at the end of a month. (Longer cycles will also have inconsistent lengths but the effect may be relatively less noticeable.)

Empty lines and lines that start with # will be ignored as comments.

In addition, @yearly, @annually, @monthly, @weekly, @daily, @midnight, and @hourly are supported as convenient aliases. These use the hash system for automatic balancing. For example, @hourly is the same as H * * * * and could mean at any time during the hour. @midnight actually means some time between 12:00 AM and 2:59 AM.

Table 1. Jenkins cron syntax examples

every fifteen minutes (perhaps at :07, :22, :37, :52)

triggers{ cron('H/15 * * * *') }

every ten minutes in the first half of every hour (three times, perhaps at :04, :14, :24)

triggers{ cron('H(0-29)/10 * * * *') }

once every two hours at 45 minutes past the hour starting at 9:45 AM and finishing at 3:45 PM every weekday.

triggers{ cron('45 9-16/2 * * 1-5') }

once in every two hours slot between 9 AM and 5 PM every weekday (perhaps at 10:38 AM, 12:38 PM, 2:38 PM, 4:38 PM)

triggers{ cron('H H(9-16)/2 * * 1-5') }

once a day on the 1st and 15th of every month except December

triggers{ cron('H H 1,15 1-11 *') }

stage

The stage directive goes in the stages section and should contain a steps section, an optional agent section, or other stage-specific directives. Practically speaking, all of the real work done by a Pipeline will be wrapped in one or more stage directives.

Required	At least one
Parameters	One mandatory parameter, a string for the name of the stage.
Allowed	Inside the `stages` section.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

tools

A section defining tools to auto-install and put on the PATH. This is ignored if agent none is specified.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	Inside the `pipeline` block or a `stage` block.

Supported Tools

maven
jdk
gradle

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    tools {
        maven 'apache-maven-3.0.1' // (1)
    }
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                sh 'mvn --version'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

The tool name must be pre-configured in Jenkins under Manage Jenkins → Global Tool Configuration.

input

The input directive on a stage allows you to prompt for input, using the input step. The stage will pause after any options have been applied, and before entering the stage`s `agent or evaluating its when condition. If the input is approved, the stage will then continue. Any parameters provided as part of the input submission will be available in the environment for the rest of the stage.

Configuration options

message: Required. This will be presented to the user when they go to submit the input.
id: An optional identifier for this input. Defaults to the stage name.
ok: Optional text for the "ok" button on the input form.
submitter: An optional comma-separated list of users or external group names who are allowed to submit this input. Defaults to allowing any user.
submitterParameter: An optional name of an environment variable to set with the submitter name, if present.
parameters: An optional list of parameters to prompt the submitter to provide. See parameters for more information.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            input {
                message "Should we continue?"
                ok "Yes, we should."
                submitter "alice,bob"
                parameters {
                    string(name: 'PERSON', defaultValue: 'Mr Jenkins', description: 'Who should I say hello to?')
                }
            }
            steps {
                echo "Hello, ${PERSON}, nice to meet you."
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

when

The when directive allows the Pipeline to determine whether the stage should be executed depending on the given condition. The when directive must contain at least one condition. If the when directive contains more than one condition, all the child conditions must return true for the stage to execute. This is the same as if the child conditions were nested in an allOf condition (see the examples below). If an anyOf condition is used, note that the condition skips remaining tests as soon as the first "true" condition is found.

More complex conditional structures can be built using the nesting conditions: not, allOf, or anyOf. Nesting conditions may be nested to any arbitrary depth.

Required	No
Parameters	None
Allowed	Inside a `stage` directive

Built-in Conditions

branch: Execute the stage when the branch being built matches the branch pattern given, for example: when { branch 'master' }. Note that this only works on a multibranch Pipeline.
buildingTag: Execute the stage when the build is building a tag. Example: when { buildingTag() }
changelog: Execute the stage if the build’s SCM changelog contains a given regular expression pattern, for example: when { changelog '.*^\\[DEPENDENCY\\] .+$' }
changeset: Execute the stage if the build’s SCM changeset contains one or more files matching the given string or glob. Example: when { changeset "**/*.js" }

By default the path matching will be case insensitive, this can be turned off with the caseSensitive parameter, for example: when { changeset glob: "ReadMe.*", caseSensitive: true }
changeRequest: Executes the stage if the current build is for a "change request" (a.k.a. Pull Request on GitHub and Bitbucket, Merge Request on GitLab or Change in Gerrit etc.). When no parameters are passed the stage runs on every change request, for example: when { changeRequest() }.

By adding a filter attribute with parameter to the change request, the stage can be made to run only on matching change requests. Possible attributes are id, target, branch, fork, url, title, author, authorDisplayName, and authorEmail. Each of these corresponds to a CHANGE_* environment variable, for example: when { changeRequest target: 'master' }.

The optional parameter comparator may be added after an attribute to specify how any patterns are evaluated for a match: EQUALS for a simple string comparison (the default), GLOB for an ANT style path glob (same as for example changeset), or REGEXP for regular expression matching. Example: when { changeRequest authorEmail: "[\\w_-.]+@example.com", comparator: 'REGEXP' }
environment: Execute the stage when the specified environment variable is set to the given value, for example: when { environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'production' }
equals: Execute the stage when the expected value is equal to the actual value, for example: when { equals expected: 2, actual: currentBuild.number }
expression: Execute the stage when the specified Groovy expression evaluates to true, for example: when { expression { return params.DEBUG_BUILD } } Note that when returning strings from your expressions they must be converted to booleans or return null to evaluate to false. Simply returning "0" or "false" will still evaluate to "true".
tag: Execute the stage if the TAG_NAME variable matches the given pattern. Example: when { tag "release-*" }. If an empty pattern is provided the stage will execute if the TAG_NAME variable exists (same as buildingTag()).

The optional parameter comparator may be added after an attribute to specify how any patterns are evaluated for a match: EQUALS for a simple string comparison, GLOB (the default) for an ANT style path glob (same as for example changeset), or REGEXP for regular expression matching. For example: when { tag pattern: "release-\\d+", comparator: "REGEXP"}
not: Execute the stage when the nested condition is false. Must contain one condition. For example: when { not { branch 'master' } }
allOf: Execute the stage when all of the nested conditions are true. Must contain at least one condition. For example: when { allOf { branch 'master'; environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'production' } }
anyOf: Execute the stage when at least one of the nested conditions is true. Must contain at least one condition. For example: when { anyOf { branch 'master'; branch 'staging' } }

Evaluating `when` before entering the stage’s `agent

By default, the when condition for a stage will be evaluated after entering the agent for that stage, if one is defined. However, this can be changed by specifying the beforeAgent option within the when block. If beforeAgent is set to true, the when condition will be evaluated first, and the agent will only be entered if the when condition evaluates to true.

Evaluating `when` before the `input` directive

By default, the when condition for a stage will be evaluated before the input, if one is defined. However, this can be changed by specifying the beforeInput option within the when block. If beforeInput is set to true, the when condition will be evaluated first, and the input will only be entered if the when condition evaluates to true.

Examples

Single condition

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            when {
                branch 'production'
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Multiple condition

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            when {
                branch 'production'
                environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'production'
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Nested condition (same behavior as previous example)

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            when {
                allOf {
                    branch 'production'
                    environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'production'
                }
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Multiple condition and nested condition

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            when {
                branch 'production'
                anyOf {
                    environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'production'
                    environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'staging'
                }
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Expression condition and nested condition

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            when {
                expression { BRANCH_NAME ==~ /(production|staging)/ }
                anyOf {
                    environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'production'
                    environment name: 'DEPLOY_TO', value: 'staging'
                }
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

beforeAgent

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent none
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            agent {
                label "some-label"
            }
            when {
                beforeAgent true
                branch 'production'
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

beforeInput

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent none
    stages {
        stage('Example Build') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'
            }
        }
        stage('Example Deploy') {
            when {
                beforeInput true
                branch 'production'
            }
            input {
                message "Deploy to production?"
                id "simple-input"
            }
            steps {
                echo 'Deploying'
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Sequential Stages

Stages in Declarative Pipeline may declare a list of nested stages to be run within them in sequential order. Note that a stage must have one and only one of steps, parallel, or stages, the last for sequential stages. The stages within stages in a stage cannot contain further parallel or stages themselves, but they do allow use of all other functionality of a stage, including agent, tools, `when, etc.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent none
    stages {
        stage('Non-Sequential Stage') {
            agent {
                label 'for-non-sequential'
            }
            steps {
                echo "On Non-Sequential Stage"
            }
        }
        stage('Sequential') {
            agent {
                label 'for-sequential'
            }
            environment {
                FOR_SEQUENTIAL = "some-value"
            }
            stages {
               stage('In Sequential 1') {
                   steps {
                       echo "In Sequential 1"
                   }
               }
               stage('In Sequential 2') {
                   steps {
                       echo "In Sequential 2"
                   }
               }
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Parallel

Stages in Declarative Pipeline may declare a number of nested stages within a parallel block, which will be executed in parallel. Note that a stage must have one and only one of steps, stages, or parallel. The nested stages cannot contain further parallel stages themselves, but otherwise behave the same as any other stage, including a list of sequential stages within stages. Any stage containing parallel cannot contain agent or tools, since those are not relevant without steps.

In addition, you can force your parallel stages to all be aborted when one of them fails, by adding failFast true to the stage containing the parallel. Another option for adding failfast is adding an option to the pipeline definition: parallelsAlwaysFailFast()

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Non-Parallel Stage') {
            steps {
                echo 'This stage will be executed first.'
            }
        }
        stage('Parallel Stage') {
            when {
                branch 'master'
            }
            failFast true
            parallel {
                stage('Branch A') {
                    agent {
                        label "for-branch-a"
                    }
                    steps {
                        echo "On Branch A"
                    }
                }
                stage('Branch B') {
                    agent {
                        label "for-branch-b"
                    }
                    steps {
                        echo "On Branch B"
                    }
                }
                stage('Branch C') {
                    agent {
                        label "for-branch-c"
                    }
                    stages {
                        stage('Nested 1') {
                            steps {
                                echo "In stage Nested 1 within Branch C"
                            }
                        }
                        stage('Nested 2') {
                            steps {
                                echo "In stage Nested 2 within Branch C"
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Script //

parallelsAlwaysFailFast

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    options {
        parallelsAlwaysFailFast()
    }
    stages {
        stage('Non-Parallel Stage') {
            steps {
                echo 'This stage will be executed first.'
            }
        }
        stage('Parallel Stage') {
            when {
                branch 'master'
            }
            parallel {
                stage('Branch A') {
                    agent {
                        label "for-branch-a"
                    }
                    steps {
                        echo "On Branch A"
                    }
                }
                stage('Branch B') {
                    agent {
                        label "for-branch-b"
                    }
                    steps {
                        echo "On Branch B"
                    }
                }
                stage('Branch C') {
                    agent {
                        label "for-branch-c"
                    }
                    stages {
                        stage('Nested 1') {
                            steps {
                                echo "In stage Nested 1 within Branch C"
                            }
                        }
                        stage('Nested 2') {
                            steps {
                                echo "In stage Nested 2 within Branch C"
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}// Script //

Steps

Declarative Pipelines may use all the available steps documented in the Pipeline Steps reference, which contains a comprehensive list of steps, with the addition of the steps listed below which are only supported in Declarative Pipeline.

script

The script step takes a block of Scripted Pipeline and executes that in the Declarative Pipeline. For most use-cases, the script step should be unnecessary in Declarative Pipelines, but it can provide a useful "escape hatch." script blocks of non-trivial size and/or complexity should be moved into Shared Libraries instead.

Example

// Declarative //
pipeline {
    agent any
    stages {
        stage('Example') {
            steps {
                echo 'Hello World'

                script {
                    def browsers = ['chrome', 'firefox']
                    for (int i = 0; i < browsers.size(); ++i) {
                        echo "Testing the ${browsers[i]} browser"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
// Script //

Scripted Pipeline

Scripted Pipeline, like Declarative Pipeline, is built on top of the underlying Pipeline sub-system. Unlike Declarative, Scripted Pipeline is effectively a general purpose DSL ^[2] built with Groovy. Most functionality provided by the Groovy language is made available to users of Scripted Pipeline, which means it can be a very expressive and flexible tool with which one can author continuous delivery pipelines.

Flow Control

Scripted Pipeline is serially executed from the top of a Jenkinsfile downwards, like most traditional scripts in Groovy or other languages. Providing flow control therefore rests on Groovy expressions, such as the if/else conditionals, for example:

// Scripted //
node {
    stage('Example') {
        if (env.BRANCH_NAME == 'master') {
            echo 'I only execute on the master branch'
        } else {
            echo 'I execute elsewhere'
        }
    }
}
// Declarative //

Another way Scripted Pipeline flow control can be managed is with Groovy’s exception handling support. When Steps fail for whatever reason they throw an exception. Handling behaviors on-error must make use of the try/catch/finally blocks in Groovy, for example:

// Scripted //
node {
    stage('Example') {
        try {
            sh 'exit 1'
        }
        catch (exc) {
            echo 'Something failed, I should sound the klaxons!'
            throw
        }
    }
}
// Declarative //

Steps

As discussed at the start of this chapter, the most fundamental part of a Pipeline is the "step". Fundamentally, steps tell Jenkins what to do and serve as the basic building block for both Declarative and Scripted Pipeline syntax.

Scripted Pipeline does not introduce any steps which are specific to its syntax; Pipeline Steps reference contains a comprehensive list of steps provided by Pipeline and plugins.

Differences from plain Groovy

In order to provide durability, which means that running Pipelines can survive a restart of the Jenkins master, Scripted Pipeline must serialize data back to the master. Due to this design requirement, some Groovy idioms such as collection.each { item → /* perform operation */ } are not fully supported. See JENKINS-27421 and JENKINS-26481 for more information.

Syntax Comparison

When Jenkins Pipeline was first created, Groovy was selected as the foundation. Jenkins has long shipped with an embedded Groovy engine to provide advanced scripting capabilities for admins and users alike. Additionally, the implementors of Jenkins Pipeline found Groovy to be a solid foundation upon which to build what is now referred to as the "Scripted Pipeline" DSL. ^[2].

As it is a fully featured programming environment, Scripted Pipeline offers a tremendous amount of flexibility and extensibility to Jenkins users. The Groovy learning-curve isn’t typically desirable for all members of a given team, so Declarative Pipeline was created to offer a simpler and more opinionated syntax for authoring Jenkins Pipeline.

Both are fundamentally the same Pipeline sub-system underneath. They are both durable implementations of "Pipeline as code." They are both able to use steps built into Pipeline or provided by plugins. Both are able to utilize Shared Libraries

Where they differ however is in syntax and flexibility. Declarative limits what is available to the user with a more strict and pre-defined structure, making it an ideal choice for simpler continuous delivery pipelines. Scripted provides very few limits, insofar that the only limits on structure and syntax tend to be defined by Groovy itself, rather than any Pipeline-specific systems, making it an ideal choice for power-users and those with more complex requirements. As the name implies, Declarative Pipeline encourages a declarative programming model. ^[3] Whereas Scripted Pipelines follow a more imperative programming model. ^[4]

1. Version 2.5 of the "Pipeline plugin" introduces support for Declarative Pipeline syntax

2. Domain-specific language

3. Declarative Programming

4. Imperative Programming

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Declarative Pipeline

Sections

agent

Parameters

Common Options

Example

Stage-level agent section

post

Conditions

Example

stages

Example

steps

Example

Directives

environment

Example

options

Available Options

Example

stage options

Available Stage Options

Example

parameters

Available Parameters

Example

triggers

Example

Jenkins cron syntax

stage

Example

tools

Supported Tools

Example

input

Configuration options

Example

when

Built-in Conditions

Evaluating when before entering the stage’s `agent

Evaluating when before the input directive

Examples

Sequential Stages

Example

Parallel

Example

Steps

script

Example

Scripted Pipeline

Flow Control

Steps

Differences from plain Groovy

Syntax Comparison

Stage-level `agent` section

Evaluating `when` before entering the stage’s `agent

Evaluating `when` before the `input` directive