The following series of commands
$ mkdir market
$ cd market
$ mkdir fruits
$ mkdir vegetables
$ mkdir sweets
$ cd sweets
$ mkdir chocolate
$ cd ..
$ cd fruits
$ mkdir apples
$ mkdir lychee
$ cd ..
$ cd vegetables
$ mkdir carrots
$ mkdir celery
$ cd ..
$ cd sweets
$ mkdir caramels
$ pwd
Creates the following folder structure
market/
market/fruits/
market/fruits/apples/
market/fruits/lychee/
market/vegetables/
market/vegetables/carrots/
market/vegetables/celery/
market/sweets/
market/sweets/caramels/
market/sweets/chocolate/
pwd at the end of the commands, would result in market/sweets/
The following series of commands
$ mkdir lessons
$ cd lessons
$ mkdir 00-learning-style
$ mkdir 00-learning-style/assignments
$ mkdir 00-learning-style/notes
$ touch 00-learning-style/assignments/things-to-try.md
$ cd 00-learning-style/notes
$ touch learning-styles.md
$ cat learning-styles.md
$ cd ../..
Note that here we used some directory chaining (00-learning-styles/assignments, etc) so that we didn't have to change directories before creating new files or folders.
Creates the following file/folder structure
lessons/
lessons/assignments/
lessons/assignments/things-to-try.md
lessons/notes/
lessons/notes/learning-styles.md
Note that things-to-try.md and learning-styles.md would be empty since we can assume that this is the initial creation of this directory structure and files. cat learning-styles.md would therefore result in nothing printed to the screen, unless we first open that file, edit, and save it.
The following series of commands
$ mkdir songs
$ touch songs/song1.md
$ touch songs/song2.md
$ touch songs/song10.md
Creates the following file/folder structure
songs/
songs/song1.md
songs/song2.md
songs/song10.md
If we did
rm songs/*1*
then we would have:
songs/
songs/song2.md
If then we did
$ cp song2.md song3.md
$ touch song4.md
we would then have:
songs/
songs/song2.md
songs/song3.md
songs/song4.md
In this case, song4.md would be an empty file that we just created, whereas song3.md would be a copy of song2.md, at whatever state it was in when the copy command was made (in this case, probably also empty).
If then we did
$ mv song4.md song1.md
we would then have:
songs/
songs/song1.md
songs/song2.md
songs/song3.md
The following series of commands
$ mkdir card-games
$ cd card-games
$ mkdir war
$ touch war/rules.md
$ cp -r war hearts
$ cp -r war blackjack
$ pwd
$ ls
pwd here would result in card-games\ because we switched into this folder, but then didn't move out of it before, after, or during making the other folders or files.
ls here would result in blackjack hearts war because we are inside card-games\
Note that we utilized the flag -r here. This means 'recursive', which means the first directory argument (war) is copied in its entirety to the second argument (hearts), including any folder/files inside of it. If you leave off the -r flag, then the directory will not be copied because cp alone only copies files, not folders.
Creates the following file/folder structure
card-games/
card-games/blackjack/
card-games/blackjack/rules.md
card-games/hearts/
card-games/hearts/rules.md
cards-games/war/
cards-games/war/rules.md
If we wanted to then rename (move) all the rules.md files at once, we could do:
mv */rules.md */game-rules.md
Which would result in:
card-games/
card-games/blackjack/
card-games/blackjack/game-rules.md
card-games/hearts/
card-games/hearts/game-rules.md
cards-games/war/
cards-games/war/game-rules.md
Note that the * is a wildcard, which means anything can go in its place. In this case, that 'anything' is each of the directories.
Then if we did the following:
rm hearts/game*
rm -r blackjack
Which would result in:
card-games/
card-games/hearts/
cards-games/war/
cards-games/war/game-rules.md
Note that we used the wildcard (*) here again to delete any files inside the hearts directory that began with 'game'. In this case there was only one file that met this criteria, but if there had been more files with 'game' at their start, they would also have been removed. Relatedly, we can also use multiple wildcards in a command, like rm *rules*, which would remove any files with 'rules' in them: for example all of the following (had they exsisted): rules1.md, all-the-rules.txt, somerules.md, rules.doc, ...
Note that we also utilized the flag -r here. This means 'recursive', which means to delete the folder you reference as well as any folder/files inside of it. If you leave off the -r flag, then the non-empty directory will not be deleted.