Appium supports automating Android web pages (in Chrome and the built-in Browser) and hybrid apps that are Chrome-backed, by managing a Chromedriver instance and proxying commands to it when necessary. It comes bundled with the latest version of Chromedriver, installed through the npm package appium-chromedriver (Github: appium-chromedriver).
Unfortunately, with each update to Chromedriver there is an increase in the minimum supported version of Chrome, such that older devices are often unable to be automated with the bundled version. In the Appium server logs there will be an error like:
An unknown server-side error occurred while processing the command.
Original error: unknown error: Chrome version must be >= 55.0.2883.0
To get around this, Appium can be configured to use a particular Chromedriver
version, either at install time, by either passing the --chromedriver_version
config property, e.g.,
npm install appium --chromedriver_version="2.16"
Or specifying the version in the CHROMEDRIVER_VERSION environment variable,
e.g,
CHROMEDRIVER_VERSION=2.20 npm install appium
This can also be set to LATEST to get the most recent version.
Finally, a version can be specified at runtime, by specifying the
--chromedriver-executable server flag, along with the full path to the
Chromedriver executable which was manually downloaded, e.g.,
appium --chromedriver-executable /path/to/my/chromedriver
The following is a list of Chromedriver versions and their corresponding minimum Chrome version that is automatable:
| Version | Minimum Chrome Version | Link to Chromedriver |
|---|---|---|
| 2.46 | 71 | v2.46 (link) |
| 2.45 | 70 | v2.45 (link) |
| 2.44 | 69.0.3497.0 | v2.44 (link) |
| 2.43 | 69.0.3497.0 | v2.43 (link) |
| 2.42 | 68.0.3440.0 | v2.42 (link) |
| 2.41 | 67.0.3360.0 | v2.41 (link) |
| 2.40 | 66.0.3359.0 | v2.40 (link) |
| 2.39 | 66.0.3359.0 | v2.39 (link) |
| 2.38 | 65.0.3325.0 | v2.38 (link) |
| 2.37 | 64.0.3282.0 | v2.37 (link) |
| 2.36 | 63.0.3239.0 | v2.36 (link) |
| 2.35 | 62.0.3202.0 | v2.35 (link) |
| 2.34 | 61.0.3163.0 | v2.34 (link) |
| 2.33 | 60.0.3112.0 | v2.33 (link) |
| 2.32 | 59.0.3071.0 | v2.32 (link) |
| 2.31 | 58.0.3029.0 | v2.31 (link) |
| 2.30 | 58.0.3029.0 | v2.30 (link) |
| 2.29 | 57.0.2987.0 | v2.29 (link) |
| 2.28 | 55.0.2883.0 | v2.28 (link) |
| 2.27 | 54.0.2840.0 | v2.27 (link) |
| 2.26 | 53.0.2785.0 | v2.26 (link) |
| 2.25 | 53.0.2785.0 | v2.25 (link) |
| 2.24 | 52.0.2743.0 | v2.24 (link) |
| 2.23 | 51.0.2704.0 | v2.23 (link) |
| 2.22 | 49.0.2623.0 | v2.22 (link) |
| 2.21 | 46.0.2490.0 | v2.21 (link) |
| 2.20 | 43.0.2357.0 | v2.20 (link) |
| 2.19 | 43.0.2357.0 | v2.19 (link) |
| 2.18 | 43.0.2357.0 | v2.18 (link) |
| 2.17 | 42.0.2311.0 | v2.17 (link) |
| 2.16 | 42.0.2311.0 | v2.16 (link) |
| 2.15 | 40.0.2214.0 | v2.15 (link) |
| 2.14 | 39.0.2171.0 | v2.14 (link) |
| 2.13 | 38.0.2125.0 | v2.13 (link) |
| 2.12 | 36.0.1985.0 | v2.12 (link) |
| 2.11 | 36.0.1985.0 | v2.11 (link) |
| 2.10 | 33.0.1751.0 | v2.10 (link) |
| 2.9 | 31.0.1650.59 | v2.9 (link) |
| 2.8 | 30.0.1573.2 | v2.8 (link) |
| 2.7 | 30.0.1573.2 | v2.7 (link) |
| 2.6 | 29.0.1545.0 | v2.6 (link) |
| 2.5 | 29.0.1545.0 | v2.5 (link) |
| 2.4 | 29.0.1545.0 | v2.4 (link) |
| 2.3 | 28.0.1500.0 | v2.3 (link) |
| 2.2 | 27.0.1453.0 | v2.2 (link) |
| 2.1 | 27.0.1453.0 | v2.1 (link) |
| 2.0 | 27.0.1453.0 | v2.0 (link) |
Since version 2.46 Google has changed the rules for Chromedriver versioning, so now the major Chromedriver version corresponds to the major web view/browser version, that it can automate. Follow the Version Selection document in order to manually find the Chromedriver, that supports your current browser/web view if its major version is equal or above 73.
To find the minimum supported browsers for older Chromedriver versions (below 73), get the Chromium
source code, check out the release commit, and check the variable kMinimumSupportedChromeVersion
in the file src/chrome/test/chromedriver/chrome/version.cc. (To find the
release commits, you can use git log --pretty=format:'%h | %s%d' | grep -i "Release Chromedriver version".)
The complete list of available Chromedriver releases and release notes is here.
Beginning with Appium 1.8.0, Appium is able to pick the correct Chromedriver for the
version of Chrome under test. While Appium only comes bundled with the Chromedriver
most recently released at the time of the Appium version's release, more Chromedriver
versions can be downloaded and either placed inside the Appium installation (not
recommended since upgrading Appium will remove them) or in a custom location,
which can be indicated to Appium with the chromedriverExecutableDir desired
capability. This capability is the absolute path to the directory in which you have
placed one or more Chromedriver executables.
As well, since new versions of Chromedriver may be available that were not when
an Appium version was released, a custom mapping of Chromedrivers to the minimum
Chrome version they support can be given to Appium through the chromedriverChromeMappingFile
desired capability. This should be the absolute path to a file with the mapping
in it. The contents of the file need to be parsable as a JSON object, like:
{
"2.42": "63.0.3239",
"2.41": "62.0.3202"
}Since Appium 1.15.0 there is a possibility to automatically download the necessary chromedriver(s) into chromedriverExecutableDir from the official Google storage. The script will automatically search for the newest chromedriver version that supports the given browser/web view, download it (the hash sum is verified as well for the downloaded archive) and add to the chromedriverChromeMappingFile mapping. Everything, which is needed to be done from your side is to execute the server with chromedriver_autodownload feature enabled (like appium --allow-insecure chromedriver_autodownload).
You can also check the Security document for more details on how to control potentially insecure server features.
When Appium is installed it needs to download Chromedriver, so there is the possibility that there could be network problems that make the install fail.
By default Chromedriver is retrieved from https://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/.
To use a mirror of the ChromeDriver binaries use npm config property chromedriver_cdnurl.
npm install appium-chromedriver --chromedriver_cdnurl=http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriverOr add the property into your .npmrc file.
chromedriver_cdnurl=http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriverAnother option is to use PATH variable CHROMEDRIVER_CDNURL.
CHROMEDRIVER_CDNURL=http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver npm install appium-chromedriverIt may also be necessary to adjust network proxy and firewall settings to allow the download to occur.
Chromedriver didn't follow the W3C standard until version 75. If you encounter proxy command error like this issue, please update your Chromedriver version. Old Android devices can't use newer chrome drivers. You can avoid the error if you run tests with the Mobile JSON Wire Protocol. Since major version 75 W3C mode is the default one for Chromedriver, although it could be still switched to JSONWP one depending on the passed session capabilities. You can read the history of W3C support in Chromedriver from downloads.