Time::Local - Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
version 1.35
use Time::Local qw( timelocal_posix timegm_posix );
my $time = timelocal_posix( $sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year );
my $time = timegm_posix( $sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year );
This module provides functions that are the inverse of built-in perl functions
localtime() and gmtime(). They accept a date as a six-element array, and
return the corresponding time(2) value in seconds since the system epoch
(Midnight, January 1, 1970 GMT on Unix, for example). This value can be
positive or negative, though POSIX only requires support for positive values,
so dates before the system's epoch may not work on all operating systems.
It is worth drawing particular attention to the expected ranges for the values
provided. The value for the day of the month is the actual day (i.e. 1..31),
while the month is the number of months since January (0..11). This is
consistent with the values returned from localtime() and gmtime().
Since version 1.30.
These functions are the exact inverse of Perl's built-in localtime and
gmtime functions. That means that calling timelocal_posix( localtime($value) ) will always give you the same $value you started
with. The same applies to timegm_posix( gmtime($value) ).
The one exception is when the value returned from localtime() represents an
ambiguous local time because of a DST change. See the documentation below for
more details.
These functions expect the year value to be the number of years since 1900,
which is what the localtime() and gmtime() built-ins returns.
They perform range checking by default on the input $sec, $min, $hour,
$mday, and $mon values and will croak (using Carp::croak()) if given a
value outside the allowed ranges.
While it would be nice to make this the default behavior, that would almost
certainly break a lot of code, so you must explicitly import these functions
and use them instead of the default timelocal() and timegm().
You are strongly encouraged to use these functions in any new code which uses this module. It will almost certainly make your code's behavior less surprising.
Since version 1.27.
When Time::Local was first written, it was a common practice to represent
years as a two-digit value like 99 for 1999 or 1 for 2001. This
caused all sorts of problems (google "Y2K problem" if you're very young) and
developers eventually realized that this was a terrible idea.
The default exports of timelocal() and timegm() do a complicated
calculation when given a year value less than 1000. This leads to surprising
results in many cases. See "Year Value Interpretation" for details.
The time*_modern() functions do not do this year munging and simply take the
year value as provided.
They perform range checking by default on the input $sec, $min, $hour,
$mday, and $mon values and will croak (using Carp::croak()) if given a
value outside the allowed ranges.
This module exports two functions by default, timelocal() and timegm().
They perform range checking by default on the input $sec, $min, $hour,
$mday, and $mon values and will croak (using Carp::croak()) if given a
value outside the allowed ranges.
Warning: The year value interpretation that these functions and their nocheck
variants use will almost certainly lead to bugs in your code, if not now, then
in the future. You are strongly discouraged from using these in new code, and
you should convert old code to using either the *_posix or *_modern
functions if possible.
If you are working with data you know to be valid, you can use the "nocheck"
variants, timelocal_nocheck() and timegm_nocheck(). These variants must
be explicitly imported.
If you supply data which is not valid (month 27, second 1,000) the results will be unpredictable (so don't do that).
Note that my benchmarks show that this is just a 3% speed increase over the
checked versions, so unless calling Time::Local is the hottest spot in your
application, using these nocheck variants is unlikely to have much impact on
your application.
This does not apply to the *_posix or *_modern functions. Use those
exports if you want to ensure consistent behavior as your code ages.
Strictly speaking, the year should be specified in a form consistent with
localtime(), i.e. the offset from 1900. In order to make the interpretation
of the year easier for humans, however, who are more accustomed to seeing years
as two-digit or four-digit values, the following conventions are followed:
- Years greater than 999 are interpreted as being the actual year, rather than the offset from 1900. Thus, 1964 would indicate the year Martin Luther King won the Nobel prize, not the year 3864.
- Years in the range 100..999 are interpreted as offset from 1900, so that 112 indicates 2012. This rule also applies to years less than zero (but see note below regarding date range).
- Years in the range 0..99 are interpreted as shorthand for years in the rolling "current century," defined as 50 years on either side of the current year. Thus, today, in 1999, 0 would refer to 2000, and 45 to 2045, but 55 would refer to 1955. Twenty years from now, 55 would instead refer to 2055. This is messy, but matches the way people currently think about two digit dates. Whenever possible, use an absolute four digit year instead.
The scheme above allows interpretation of a wide range of dates, particularly if 4-digit years are used. But it also means that the behavior of your code changes as time passes, because the rolling "current century" changes each year.
On perl versions older than 5.12.0, the range of dates that can be actually be
handled depends on the size of time_t (usually a signed integer) on the
given platform. Currently, this is 32 bits for most systems, yielding an
approximate range from Dec 1901 to Jan 2038.
Both timelocal() and timegm() croak if given dates outside the supported
range.
As of version 5.12.0, perl has stopped using the time implementation of the operating system it's running on. Instead, it has its own implementation of those routines with a safe range of at least +/- 2**52 (about 142 million years)
Because of DST changes, there are many time zones where the same local time occurs for two different GMT times on the same day. For example, in the "Europe/Paris" time zone, the local time of 2001-10-28 02:30:00 can represent either 2001-10-28 00:30:00 GMT, or 2001-10-28 01:30:00 GMT.
When given an ambiguous local time, the timelocal() function will always return the epoch for the earlier of the two possible GMT times.
When a DST change causes a locale clock to skip one hour forward, there will be an hour's worth of local times that don't exist. Again, for the "Europe/Paris" time zone, the local clock jumped from 2001-03-25 01:59:59 to 2001-03-25 03:00:00.
If the timelocal() function is given a non-existent local time, it will
simply return an epoch value for the time one hour later.
On perl version 5.12.0 and newer, negative epoch values are fully supported.
On older versions of perl, negative epoch (time_t) values, which are not
officially supported by the POSIX standards, are known not to work on some
systems. These include MacOS (pre-OSX) and Win32.
On systems which do support negative epoch values, this module should be able to cope with dates before the start of the epoch, down the minimum value of time_t for the system.
These routines are quite efficient and yet are always guaranteed to agree with
localtime() and gmtime(). We manage this by caching the start times of
any months we've seen before. If we know the start time of the month, we can
always calculate any time within the month. The start times are calculated
using a mathematical formula. Unlike other algorithms that do multiple calls to
gmtime().
The timelocal() function is implemented using the same cache. We just assume
that we're translating a GMT time, and then fudge it when we're done for the
timezone and daylight savings arguments. Note that the timezone is evaluated
for each date because countries occasionally change their official timezones.
Assuming that localtime() corrects for these changes, this routine will also
be correct.
This module is based on a Perl 4 library, timelocal.pl, that was included with Perl 4.036, and was most likely written by Tom Christiansen.
The current version was written by Graham Barr.
The whole scheme for interpreting two-digit years can be considered a bug.
Bugs may be submitted at https://github.com/houseabsolute/Time-Local/issues.
There is a mailing list available for users of this distribution, mailto:[email protected].
The source code repository for Time-Local can be found at https://github.com/houseabsolute/Time-Local.
Dave Rolsky [email protected]
- Florian Ragwitz [email protected]
- Gregory Oschwald [email protected]
- J. Nick Koston [email protected]
- Tom Wyant [email protected]
- Unknown [email protected]
This software is copyright (c) 1997 - 2023 by Graham Barr & Dave Rolsky.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
The full text of the license can be found in the
LICENSE file included with this distribution.