This document captures the design of event compression.
Kubernetes components can get into a state where they generate tons of events which are identical except for the timestamp. For example, when pulling a non-existing image, Kubelet will repeatedly generate image_not_existing and container_is_waiting events until upstream components correct the image. When this happens, the spam from the repeated events makes the entire event mechanism useless. It also appears to cause memory pressure in etcd (see #3853).
Each binary that generates events (for example, kubelet) should keep track of previously generated events so that it can collapse recurring events into a single event instead of creating a new instance for each new event.
Event compression should be best effort (not guaranteed). Meaning, in the worst case, n identical (minus timestamp) events may still result in n event entries.
Instead of a single Timestamp, each event object contains the following fields:
FirstTimestamp util.Time- The date/time of the first occurrence of the event.
LastTimestamp util.Time- The date/time of the most recent occurrence of the event.
- On first occurrence, this is equal to the FirstTimestamp.
Count int- The number of occurrences of this event between FirstTimestamp and LastTimestamp
- On first occurrence, this is 1.
Each binary that generates events:
- Maintains a historical record of previously generated events:
- Implemented with "Least Recently Used Cache" in
pkg/client/record/events_cache.go. - The key in the cache is generated from the event object minus timestamps/count/transient fields, specifically the following events fields are used to construct a unique key for an event:
event.Source.Componentevent.Source.Hostevent.InvolvedObject.Kindevent.InvolvedObject.Namespaceevent.InvolvedObject.Nameevent.InvolvedObject.UIDevent.InvolvedObject.APIVersionevent.Reasonevent.Message
- The LRU cache is capped at 4096 events. That means if a component (e.g. kubelet) runs for a long period of time and generates tons of unique events, the previously generated events cache will not grow unchecked in memory. Instead, after 4096 unique events are generated, the oldest events are evicted from the cache.
- Implemented with "Least Recently Used Cache" in
- When an event is generated, the previously generated events cache is checked (see
pkg/client/record/event.go).- If the key for the new event matches the key for a previously generated event (meaning all of the above fields match between the new event and some previously generated event), then the event is considered to be a duplicate and the existing event entry is updated in etcd:
- The new PUT (update) event API is called to update the existing event entry in etcd with the new last seen timestamp and count.
- The event is also updated in the previously generated events cache with an incremented count, updated last seen timestamp, name, and new resource version (all required to issue a future event update).
- If the key for the new event does not match the key for any previously generated event (meaning none of the above fields match between the new event and any previously generated events), then the event is considered to be new/unique and a new event entry is created in etcd:
- The usual POST/create event API is called to create a new event entry in etcd.
- An entry for the event is also added to the previously generated events cache.
- If the key for the new event matches the key for a previously generated event (meaning all of the above fields match between the new event and some previously generated event), then the event is considered to be a duplicate and the existing event entry is updated in etcd:
- Compression is not guaranteed, because each component keeps track of event history in memory
- An application restart causes event history to be cleared, meaning event history is not preserved across application restarts and compression will not occur across component restarts.
- Because an LRU cache is used to keep track of previously generated events, if too many unique events are generated, old events will be evicted from the cache, so events will only be compressed until they age out of the events cache, at which point any new instance of the event will cause a new entry to be created in etcd.
Sample kubectl output
FIRSTSEEN LASTSEEN COUNT NAME KIND SUBOBJECT REASON SOURCE MESSAGE
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:02 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:02 +0000 1 kubernetes-minion-4.c.saad-dev-vms.internal Minion starting {kubelet kubernetes-minion-4.c.saad-dev-vms.internal} Starting kubelet.
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:09 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:09 +0000 1 kubernetes-minion-1.c.saad-dev-vms.internal Minion starting {kubelet kubernetes-minion-1.c.saad-dev-vms.internal} Starting kubelet.
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:09 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:09 +0000 1 kubernetes-minion-3.c.saad-dev-vms.internal Minion starting {kubelet kubernetes-minion-3.c.saad-dev-vms.internal} Starting kubelet.
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:09 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:09 +0000 1 kubernetes-minion-2.c.saad-dev-vms.internal Minion starting {kubelet kubernetes-minion-2.c.saad-dev-vms.internal} Starting kubelet.
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:05 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:12 +0000 4 monitoring-influx-grafana-controller-0133o Pod failedScheduling {scheduler } Error scheduling: no minions available to schedule pods
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:05 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:12 +0000 4 elasticsearch-logging-controller-fplln Pod failedScheduling {scheduler } Error scheduling: no minions available to schedule pods
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:05 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:12 +0000 4 kibana-logging-controller-gziey Pod failedScheduling {scheduler } Error scheduling: no minions available to schedule pods
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:05 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:12 +0000 4 skydns-ls6k1 Pod failedScheduling {scheduler } Error scheduling: no minions available to schedule pods
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:05 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:12 +0000 4 monitoring-heapster-controller-oh43e Pod failedScheduling {scheduler } Error scheduling: no minions available to schedule pods
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:20 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:20 +0000 1 kibana-logging-controller-gziey BoundPod implicitly required container POD pulled {kubelet kubernetes-minion-4.c.saad-dev-vms.internal} Successfully pulled image "kubernetes/pause:latest"
Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:20 +0000 Thu, 12 Feb 2015 01:13:20 +0000 1 kibana-logging-controller-gziey Pod scheduled {scheduler } Successfully assigned kibana-logging-controller-gziey to kubernetes-minion-4.c.saad-dev-vms.internal
This demonstrates what would have been 20 separate entries (indicating scheduling failure) collapsed/compressed down to 5 entries.
- Issue #4073: Compress duplicate events
- PR #4157: Add "Update Event" to Kubernetes API
- PR #4206: Modify Event struct to allow compressing multiple recurring events in to a single event
- PR #4306: Compress recurring events in to a single event to optimize etcd storage
- PR #4444: Switch events history to use LRU cache instead of map