diff --git a/src/zenflows/vf/economic_event/domain.ex b/src/zenflows/vf/economic_event/domain.ex
index 40e588a..c6badca 100644
--- a/src/zenflows/vf/economic_event/domain.ex
+++ b/src/zenflows/vf/economic_event/domain.ex
@@ -71,6 +71,35 @@ def previous(id) do
 	end
 end
 
+@spec trace_dpp_before(EconomicEvent.t(), non_neg_integer(),
+		MapSet.t(), [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()])
+	:: {MapSet.t(), [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()]}
+def trace_dpp_before(_, 0, visited, children), do: {visited, children}
+def trace_dpp_before(evt, depth, visited, children) do
+	{:ok, result} = Repo.multi(fn ->
+		children = [evt | children]
+		case previous(evt) do
+			nil ->
+				{:ok, {visited, children}}
+			%EconomicEvent{} = evt ->
+				if MapSet.member?(visited, "evt#{evt.id}"),
+					do: {:ok, {visited, children}},
+					else: {:ok, trace_dpp_before(evt, depth - 1, visited, children)}
+			%EconomicResource{} = res ->
+				if MapSet.member?(visited, "res#{res.id}"),
+					do: {:ok, {visited, children}},
+					else: {:ok,
+						EconomicResource.Domain.trace_dpp_before(res, depth - 1, visited, children)}
+			%Process{} = proc ->
+				if MapSet.member?(visited, "prc#{proc.id}"),
+					do: {:ok, {visited, children}},
+					else: {:ok,
+						Process.Domain.trace_dpp_before(proc, depth - 1, visited, children)}
+		end
+	end)
+	result
+end
+
 @spec create(Schema.params(), nil | Schema.params())
 	:: {:ok, EconomicEvent.t()} | {:error, String.t() | Changeset.t()}
 def create(evt_params, res_params \\ nil) do
diff --git a/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/domain.ex b/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/domain.ex
index 8e0fb9d..f0c3a61 100644
--- a/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/domain.ex
+++ b/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/domain.ex
@@ -183,6 +183,42 @@ end
 defp handle_set(_, _, flows, visited, contained, modified, delivered, saved_event),
 	do: {flows, visited, contained, modified, delivered, saved_event}
 
+@spec trace_dpp(EconomicResource.t()) :: [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()]
+def trace_dpp(res) do
+	{:ok, result} = Repo.multi(fn ->
+		# the initial value for `_depth_countdown` was taken from:
+		# https://github.com/interfacerproject/Interfacer-notebook/blob/326750b1cae445ce5faa0fafb057e50538077910/if_consts.py#L25
+		{_visited, children} =
+			trace_dpp_before(res, _depth_countdown = 100_000_000, _visited = MapSet.new(), _children = [])
+		{:ok, children}
+	end)
+	result
+end
+
+@spec trace_dpp_before(EconomicResource.t(), non_neg_integer(),
+		MapSet.t(), [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()])
+	:: {MapSet.t(), [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()]}
+def trace_dpp_before(_, 0, visited, children), do: {visited, children}
+def trace_dpp_before(res, depth, visited, children) do
+	{:ok, result} = Repo.multi(fn ->
+		children = [res | children]
+		{visited, not_visited} =
+			previous(res)
+			|> Enum.reduce({visited, []}, fn evt, {visited, not_visited}  ->
+				if MapSet.member?(visited, "evt#{evt.id}"),
+					do: {visited, not_visited},
+					else: {MapSet.put(visited, "evt#{evt.id}"), [evt | not_visited]}
+			end)
+		{:ok,
+			not_visited
+			|> Enum.reverse()
+			|> Enum.reduce({visited, children}, fn evt, {visited, children} ->
+				EconomicEvent.Domain.trace_dpp_before(evt, depth - 1, visited, children)
+			end)}
+	end)
+	result
+end
+
 @spec classifications(Page.t()) :: {:ok, [String.t()]} | {:error, Changeset.t()}
 def classifications(page \\ Page.new()) do
 	with {:ok, q} <- Query.classifications(page) do
@@ -271,87 +307,4 @@ def multi_delete(m, key \\ multi_key(), id) do
 	|> multi_one("#{key}.one", id)
 	|> Multi.delete(key, &Map.fetch!(&1, "#{key}.one"))
 end
-
-@max_depth 100_000_000
-
-@spec trace_dpp_er_before(EconomicResource.t(), MapSet.t(), integer()) :: {MapSet.t(), map()}
-def trace_dpp_er_before(_item, visited, depth) when depth >= @max_depth do
-	{visited, %{}}
-end
-def trace_dpp_er_before(%EconomicResource{} = item, visited, depth) do
-	a_dpp_item = %{type: "EconomicResource", node: item}
-	{visited2, children} = EconomicResource.Domain.previous(item) |> Enum.reduce({visited, []},
-		fn ee, {visited, children} ->
-			if MapSet.member?(visited, {ee.__struct__, ee.id}) do
-				{visited, children}
-			else
-				{visited2, child} = trace_dpp_ee_before(ee, MapSet.put(visited, {ee.__struct__, ee.id}), depth + 1)
-				{visited2, [child | children]}
-			end
-		end
-	)
-	{visited2, Map.put(a_dpp_item, :children, children)}
-end
-
-@spec trace_dpp_ee_before_recurse(
-	EconomicEvent.t() | EconomicResource.t() | Process.t(),
-	MapSet.t(), pos_integer() ) :: {MapSet.t(), map()}
-def trace_dpp_ee_before_recurse(%EconomicResource{} = item, visited, depth) do
-	trace_dpp_er_before(item, visited, depth)
-end
-def trace_dpp_ee_before_recurse(%EconomicEvent{} = item, visited, depth) do
-	trace_dpp_ee_before(item, MapSet.put(visited, {item.__struct__, item.id}), depth)
-end
-def trace_dpp_ee_before_recurse(%Process{} = item, visited, depth) do
-	trace_dpp_pr_before(item, MapSet.put(visited, {item.__struct__, item.id}), depth)
-end
-
-@spec trace_dpp_ee_before(EconomicEvent.t(), MapSet.t(), pos_integer()) :: {MapSet.t(), map()}
-def trace_dpp_ee_before(_item, visited, depth) when depth >= @max_depth do
-	{visited, %{}}
-end
-def trace_dpp_ee_before(%EconomicEvent{} = item, visited, depth) do
-	a_dpp_item = %{type: "EconomicEvent", node: item}
-	pr_item = EconomicEvent.Domain.previous(item)
-	if pr_item == nil do
-		{visited, Map.put(a_dpp_item, :children, [])}
-	else
-		{visited2, children} = [pr_item] |> Enum.reduce({visited, []},
-			fn pf, {visited, children} ->
-				if MapSet.member?(visited, {pf.__struct__, pf.id}) do
-					{visited, children}
-				else
-					{visited2, child} = trace_dpp_ee_before_recurse(pf, visited, depth + 1)
-					{visited2, [child | children]}
-				end
-			end
-		)
-		{visited2, Map.put(a_dpp_item, :children, children)}
-	end
-end
-
-@spec trace_dpp_pr_before(Process.t(), MapSet.t(), integer()) :: {MapSet.t(), map()}
-def trace_dpp_pr_before(_item, visited, depth) when depth >= @max_depth do
-	{visited, %{}}
-end
-def trace_dpp_pr_before(item, visited, depth) do
-	a_dpp_item = %{type: "Process", node: item}
-	{visited2, children} = Process.Domain.previous(item) |> Enum.reduce({visited, []},
-		fn ee, {visited, children} ->
-			if MapSet.member?(visited, {ee.__struct__, ee.id}) do
-				{visited, children}
-			else
-				{visited2, child} = trace_dpp_ee_before(ee, MapSet.put(visited, {ee.__struct__, ee.id}), depth + 1)
-				{visited2, [child | children]}
-			end
-		end
-	)
-	{visited2, Map.put(a_dpp_item, :children, children)}
-end
-
-@spec trace_dpp(EconomicResource.t(), Page.t()) :: map()
-def trace_dpp(item, _page \\ Page.new()) do
-	{_, dpp} = trace_dpp_er_before(item, MapSet.new(), 0)
-	dpp
-end
 end
diff --git a/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/type.ex b/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/type.ex
index 2872ed1..786d502 100644
--- a/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/type.ex
+++ b/src/zenflows/vf/economic_resource/type.ex
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ object :economic_resource do
 	field :trace, list_of(non_null(:track_trace_item)),
 		resolve: &Resolv.trace/3
 
-	field :trace_dpp, non_null(:json), resolve: &Resolv.trace_dpp/3
+	field :trace_dpp, non_null(:json_array), resolve: &Resolv.trace_dpp/3
 end
 
 input_object :economic_resource_create_params do
diff --git a/src/zenflows/vf/process/domain.ex b/src/zenflows/vf/process/domain.ex
index 0f2fd5d..3fb0006 100644
--- a/src/zenflows/vf/process/domain.ex
+++ b/src/zenflows/vf/process/domain.ex
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ alias Ecto.Changeset
 alias Zenflows.DB.{Page, Repo, Schema}
 alias Zenflows.VF.{
 	EconomicEvent,
+	EconomicResource,
 	Process,
 	Process.Query,
 	ProcessGroup,
@@ -71,6 +72,24 @@ def previous(id, page) do
 	|> Enum.reverse()
 end
 
+@spec trace_dpp_before(Process.t(), non_neg_integer(),
+		MapSet.t(), [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()])
+	:: {MapSet.t(), [EconomicResource.t() | EconomicEvent.t() | Process.t()]}
+def trace_dpp_before(_, 0, visited, children), do: {visited, children}
+def trace_dpp_before(proc, depth, visited, children) do
+	{:ok, result} = Repo.multi(fn ->
+		children = [proc | children]
+		previous(proc)
+		|> Enum.reduce({visited, children}, fn evt, {visited, children} ->
+			if MapSet.member?(visited, "evt#{evt.id}"),
+				do: {visited, children},
+				else: EconomicEvent.Domain.trace_dpp_before(evt, depth - 1,
+					MapSet.put(visited, "evt#{evt.id}"), children)
+		end)
+	end)
+	result
+end
+
 @spec create(Schema.params()) :: {:ok, Process.t()} | {:error, Changeset.t()}
 def create(params) do
 	Repo.multi(fn ->