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T1547.006 - Kernel Modules and Extensions

Description from ATT&CK

Adversaries may modify the kernel to automatically execute programs on system boot. Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. (Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) 

When used maliciously, LKMs can be a type of kernel-mode Rootkit that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0). (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide) Common features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors and enabling root access to non-privileged users. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)

Kernel extensions, also called kext, are used for macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. They are loaded and unloaded through kextload and kextunload commands. Since macOS Catalina 10.15, kernel extensions have been deprecated on macOS systems.(Citation: Apple Kernel Extension Deprecation)

Adversaries can use LKMs and kexts to covertly persist on a system and elevate privileges. Examples have been found in the wild and there are some open source projects. (Citation: Volatility Phalanx2) (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: GitHub Reptile) (Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)(Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle) (Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken)(Citation: Securelist Ventir) (Citation: Trend Micro Skidmap)

Atomic Tests


Atomic Test #1 - Linux - Load Kernel Module via insmod

This test uses the insmod command to load a kernel module for Linux.

Supported Platforms: Linux

Inputs:

Name Description Type Default Value
module_name Name of the kernel module name. string T1547006
module_path Folder used to store the module. path /tmp/T1547.006/T1547006.ko
temp_folder Temp folder used to compile the code. path /tmp/T1547.006
module_source_path Path to download Gsecdump binary file url PathToAtomicsFolder/T1547.006/src

Attack Commands: Run with bash! Elevation Required (e.g. root or admin)

sudo insmod #{module_path}

Cleanup Commands:

sudo rmmod #{module_name}
[ -f #{temp_folder}/safe_to_delete ] && rm -rf #{temp_folder}

Dependencies: Run with bash!

Description: The kernel module must exist on disk at specified location
Check Prereq Commands:
if [ -f #{module_path} ]; then exit 0; else exit 1; fi;
Get Prereq Commands:
if [ ! -d #{temp_folder} ]; then mkdir #{temp_folder}; touch #{temp_folder}/safe_to_delete; fi;
cp #{module_source_path}/* #{temp_folder}/
cd #{temp_folder}; make
if [ ! -f #{module_path} ]; then mv #{temp_folder}/#{module_name}.ko #{module_path}; fi;