diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index c86e5cf4..70b3bf40 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.12"]
+        python-version: ["3.9", "3.13"]
         include:
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             python-version: "pypy-3.9"
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ jobs:
             python-version: "3.10"
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             python-version: "3.11"
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            python-version: "3.12"
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -148,6 +150,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: jupyterlab/maintainer-tools/.github/actions/base-setup@v1
         with:
           dependency_type: minimum
+          python_version: "3.9"
 
       - name: List installed packages
         run: |
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 4bb59932..38a724b5 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 import os
 import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, List
+from typing import Any
 
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 # built documents.
 #
 
-version_ns: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+version_ns: dict[str, Any] = {}
 here = Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
 version_py = Path(here) / os.pardir / "ipykernel" / "_version.py"
 with open(version_py) as f:
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path: List[str] = []
+html_static_path: list[str] = []
 
 # Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
 # .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
 
-latex_elements: Dict[str, object] = {}
+latex_elements: dict[str, object] = {}
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
diff --git a/ipykernel/_version.py b/ipykernel/_version.py
index d9a9f534..5907d150 100644
--- a/ipykernel/_version.py
+++ b/ipykernel/_version.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 store the current version info of the server.
 """
 import re
-from typing import List
 
 # Version string must appear intact for hatch versioning
 __version__ = "7.0.0a0"
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@
 pattern = r"(?P<major>\d+).(?P<minor>\d+).(?P<patch>\d+)(?P<rest>.*)"
 match = re.match(pattern, __version__)
 assert match is not None
-parts: List[object] = [int(match[part]) for part in ["major", "minor", "patch"]]
+parts: list[object] = [int(match[part]) for part in ["major", "minor", "patch"]]
 if match["rest"]:
     parts.append(match["rest"])
 version_info = tuple(parts)
diff --git a/ipykernel/debugger.py b/ipykernel/debugger.py
index 8680793f..780d1801 100644
--- a/ipykernel/debugger.py
+++ b/ipykernel/debugger.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def _reset_tcp_pos(self):
 
     def _put_message(self, raw_msg):
         self.log.debug("QUEUE - _put_message:")
-        msg = t.cast(t.Dict[str, t.Any], jsonapi.loads(raw_msg))
+        msg = t.cast(dict[str, t.Any], jsonapi.loads(raw_msg))
         if msg["type"] == "event":
             self.log.debug("QUEUE - received event:")
             self.log.debug(msg)
diff --git a/ipykernel/inprocess/channels.py b/ipykernel/inprocess/channels.py
index 378416dc..4c01c5bc 100644
--- a/ipykernel/inprocess/channels.py
+++ b/ipykernel/inprocess/channels.py
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
-from typing import List
-
 from jupyter_client.channelsabc import HBChannelABC
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -15,7 +13,7 @@
 class InProcessChannel:
     """Base class for in-process channels."""
 
-    proxy_methods: List[object] = []
+    proxy_methods: list[object] = []
 
     def __init__(self, client=None):
         """Initialize the channel."""
diff --git a/ipykernel/iostream.py b/ipykernel/iostream.py
index beca44b1..81170b97 100644
--- a/ipykernel/iostream.py
+++ b/ipykernel/iostream.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 from collections import defaultdict, deque
 from io import StringIO, TextIOBase
 from threading import Event, Thread, local
-from typing import Any, Callable, Deque, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
 
 import zmq
 from anyio import create_task_group, run, sleep, to_thread
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ def __init__(self, socket, pipe=False):
         if pipe:
             self._setup_pipe_in()
         self._local = threading.local()
-        self._events: Deque[Callable[..., Any]] = deque()
-        self._event_pipes: Dict[threading.Thread, Any] = {}
+        self._events: deque[Callable[..., Any]] = deque()
+        self._event_pipes: dict[threading.Thread, Any] = {}
         self._event_pipe_gc_lock: threading.Lock = threading.Lock()
         self._event_pipe_gc_seconds: float = 10
         self._setup_event_pipe()
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.pub_thread = pub_thread
         self.name = name
         self.topic = b"stream." + name.encode()
-        self._parent_header: contextvars.ContextVar[Dict[str, Any]] = contextvars.ContextVar(
+        self._parent_header: contextvars.ContextVar[dict[str, Any]] = contextvars.ContextVar(
             "parent_header"
         )
         self._parent_header.set({})
diff --git a/ipykernel/ipkernel.py b/ipykernel/ipkernel.py
index db83d986..48efa6cd 100644
--- a/ipykernel/ipkernel.py
+++ b/ipykernel/ipkernel.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """The IPython kernel implementation"""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import builtins
 import gc
 import getpass
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@
 from IPython.core import release
 from IPython.utils.tokenutil import line_at_cursor, token_at_cursor
 from jupyter_client.session import extract_header
-from traitlets import Any, Bool, HasTraits, Instance, List, Type, observe, observe_compat
+from traitlets import Any, Bool, HasTraits, Instance, List, Type, default, observe, observe_compat
 
 from .comm.comm import BaseComm
 from .comm.manager import CommManager
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def _create_comm(*args, **kwargs):
 
 # there can only be one comm manager in a ipykernel process
 _comm_lock = threading.Lock()
-_comm_manager: t.Optional[CommManager] = None
+_comm_manager: CommManager | None = None
 
 
 def _get_comm_manager(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -84,7 +86,11 @@ def _user_module_changed(self, change):
         if self.shell is not None:
             self.shell.user_module = change["new"]
 
-    user_ns = Instance(dict, args=None, allow_none=True)
+    user_ns = Instance("collections.abc.Mapping", allow_none=True)
+
+    @default("user_ns")
+    def _default_user_ns(self):
+        return dict()
 
     @observe("user_ns")
     @observe_compat
@@ -353,7 +359,7 @@ async def do_execute(
 
         self._forward_input(allow_stdin)
 
-        reply_content: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+        reply_content: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
         if hasattr(shell, "run_cell_async") and hasattr(shell, "should_run_async"):
             run_cell = shell.run_cell_async
             should_run_async = shell.should_run_async
@@ -559,7 +565,7 @@ def do_inspect(self, code, cursor_pos, detail_level=0, omit_sections=()):
         """Handle code inspection."""
         name = token_at_cursor(code, cursor_pos)
 
-        reply_content: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"status": "ok"}
+        reply_content: dict[str, t.Any] = {"status": "ok"}
         reply_content["data"] = {}
         reply_content["metadata"] = {}
         assert self.shell is not None
@@ -755,7 +761,7 @@ def init_closure(self: threading.Thread, *args, **kwargs):
         threading.Thread.run = run_closure  # type:ignore[method-assign]
 
     def _clean_thread_parent_frames(
-        self, phase: t.Literal["start", "stop"], info: t.Dict[str, t.Any]
+        self, phase: t.Literal["start", "stop"], info: dict[str, t.Any]
     ):
         """Clean parent frames of threads which are no longer running.
         This is meant to be invoked by garbage collector callback hook.
diff --git a/ipykernel/pickleutil.py b/ipykernel/pickleutil.py
index 6f156594..4ffa5262 100644
--- a/ipykernel/pickleutil.py
+++ b/ipykernel/pickleutil.py
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ def __init__(self, f):
         """Initialize the can"""
         self._check_type(f)
         self.code = f.__code__
-        self.defaults: typing.Optional[typing.List[typing.Any]]
+        self.defaults: typing.Optional[list[typing.Any]]
         if f.__defaults__:
             self.defaults = [can(fd) for fd in f.__defaults__]
         else:
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ def uncan_sequence(obj, g=None):
 if buffer is not memoryview:
     can_map[buffer] = CannedBuffer
 
-uncan_map: typing.Dict[type, typing.Any] = {
+uncan_map: dict[type, typing.Any] = {
     CannedObject: lambda obj, g: obj.get_object(g),
     dict: uncan_dict,
 }
diff --git a/ipykernel/thread.py b/ipykernel/thread.py
index a63011de..40509ece 100644
--- a/ipykernel/thread.py
+++ b/ipykernel/thread.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         self.pydev_do_not_trace = True
         self.is_pydev_daemon_thread = True
         self.__stop = Event()
-        self._tasks_and_args: t.List[t.Tuple[t.Any, t.Any]] = []
+        self._tasks_and_args: list[tuple[t.Any, t.Any]] = []
 
     def add_task(self, task: t.Any, *args: t.Any) -> None:
         # May only add tasks before the thread is started.
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 1e9e543c..e1d7b1d5 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -187,6 +187,9 @@ filterwarnings= [
 
   # https://github.com/python-trio/trio/issues/3053
   "ignore:The `hash` argument is deprecated in favor of `unsafe_hash` and will be removed in or after August 2025.",
+
+  # ignore unclosed sqlite in traits
+  "ignore:unclosed database in <sqlite3.Connection:ResourceWarning",
 ]
 
 [tool.coverage.report]