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Dockerfile reference

Docker can build images automatically by reading the instructions from a Dockerfile. A Dockerfile is a text document that contains all the commands a user could call on the command line to assemble an image. This page describes the commands you can use in a Dockerfile.

Format

Here is the format of the Dockerfile:

# Comment
INSTRUCTION arguments

The instruction is not case-sensitive. However, convention is for them to be UPPERCASE to distinguish them from arguments more easily.

Docker runs instructions in a Dockerfile in order. A Dockerfile must begin with a FROM instruction. This may be after parser directives, comments, and globally scoped ARGs. The FROM instruction specifies the Parent Image from which you are building. FROM may only be preceded by one or more ARG instructions, which declare arguments that are used in FROM lines in the Dockerfile.

Docker treats lines that begin with # as a comment, unless the line is a valid parser directive. A # marker anywhere else in a line is treated as an argument. This allows statements like:

# Comment
RUN echo 'we are running some # of cool things'

Comment lines are removed before the Dockerfile instructions are executed, which means that the comment in the following example is not handled by the shell executing the echo command, and both examples below are equivalent:

RUN echo hello \
# comment
world
RUN echo hello \
world

Line continuation characters are not supported in comments.

Note on whitespace

For backward compatibility, leading whitespace before comments (#) and instructions (such as RUN) are ignored, but discouraged. Leading whitespace is not preserved in these cases, and the following examples are therefore equivalent:

        # this is a comment-line
    RUN echo hello
RUN echo world
# this is a comment-line
RUN echo hello
RUN echo world

Note however, that whitespace in instruction arguments, such as the commands following RUN, are preserved, so the following example prints hello world with leading whitespace as specified:

RUN echo "\
     hello\
     world"

Parser directives

Parser directives are optional, and affect the way in which subsequent lines in a Dockerfile are handled. Parser directives do not add layers to the build, and will not be shown as a build step. Parser directives are written as a special type of comment in the form # directive=value. A single directive may only be used once.

Once a comment, empty line or builder instruction has been processed, Docker no longer looks for parser directives. Instead it treats anything formatted as a parser directive as a comment and does not attempt to validate if it might be a parser directive. Therefore, all parser directives must be at the very top of a Dockerfile.

Parser directives are not case-sensitive. However, convention is for them to be lowercase. Convention is also to include a blank line following any parser directives. Line continuation characters are not supported in parser directives.

Due to these rules, the following examples are all invalid:

Invalid due to line continuation:

# direc \
tive=value

Invalid due to appearing twice:

# directive=value1
# directive=value2

FROM ImageName

Treated as a comment due to appearing after a builder instruction:

FROM ImageName
# directive=value

Treated as a comment due to appearing after a comment which is not a parser directive:

# About my dockerfile
# directive=value
FROM ImageName

The unknown directive is treated as a comment due to not being recognized. In addition, the known directive is treated as a comment due to appearing after a comment which is not a parser directive.

# unknowndirective=value
# knowndirective=value

Non line-breaking whitespace is permitted in a parser directive. Hence, the following lines are all treated identically:

#directive=value
# directive =value
#	directive= value
# directive = value
#	  dIrEcTiVe=value

The following parser directives are supported:

  • syntax
  • escape

syntax

This feature is only available when using the BuildKit backend, and is ignored when using the classic builder backend.

See Custom Dockerfile syntax page for more information.

escape

# escape=\ (backslash)

Or

# escape=` (backtick)

The escape directive sets the character used to escape characters in a Dockerfile. If not specified, the default escape character is \.

The escape character is used both to escape characters in a line, and to escape a newline. This allows a Dockerfile instruction to span multiple lines. Note that regardless of whether the escape parser directive is included in a Dockerfile, escaping is not performed in a RUN command, except at the end of a line.

Setting the escape character to ` is especially useful on Windows, where \ is the directory path separator. ` is consistent with Windows PowerShell.

Consider the following example which would fail in a non-obvious way on Windows. The second \ at the end of the second line would be interpreted as an escape for the newline, instead of a target of the escape from the first \. Similarly, the \ at the end of the third line would, assuming it was actually handled as an instruction, cause it be treated as a line continuation. The result of this dockerfile is that second and third lines are considered a single instruction:

FROM microsoft/nanoserver
COPY testfile.txt c:\\
RUN dir c:\

Results in:

PS E:\myproject> docker build -t cmd .

Sending build context to Docker daemon 3.072 kB
Step 1/2 : FROM microsoft/nanoserver
 ---> 22738ff49c6d
Step 2/2 : COPY testfile.txt c:\RUN dir c:
GetFileAttributesEx c:RUN: The system cannot find the file specified.
PS E:\myproject>

One solution to the above would be to use / as the target of both the COPY instruction, and dir. However, this syntax is, at best, confusing as it is not natural for paths on Windows, and at worst, error prone as not all commands on Windows support / as the path separator.

By adding the escape parser directive, the following Dockerfile succeeds as expected with the use of natural platform semantics for file paths on Windows:

# escape=`

FROM microsoft/nanoserver
COPY testfile.txt c:\
RUN dir c:\

Results in:

PS E:\myproject> docker build -t succeeds --no-cache=true .

Sending build context to Docker daemon 3.072 kB
Step 1/3 : FROM microsoft/nanoserver
 ---> 22738ff49c6d
Step 2/3 : COPY testfile.txt c:\
 ---> 96655de338de
Removing intermediate container 4db9acbb1682
Step 3/3 : RUN dir c:\
 ---> Running in a2c157f842f5
 Volume in drive C has no label.
 Volume Serial Number is 7E6D-E0F7

 Directory of c:\

10/05/2016  05:04 PM             1,894 License.txt
10/05/2016  02:22 PM    <DIR>          Program Files
10/05/2016  02:14 PM    <DIR>          Program Files (x86)
10/28/2016  11:18 AM                62 testfile.txt
10/28/2016  11:20 AM    <DIR>          Users
10/28/2016  11:20 AM    <DIR>          Windows
           2 File(s)          1,956 bytes
           4 Dir(s)  21,259,096,064 bytes free
 ---> 01c7f3bef04f
Removing intermediate container a2c157f842f5
Successfully built 01c7f3bef04f
PS E:\myproject>

Environment replacement

Environment variables (declared with the ENV statement) can also be used in certain instructions as variables to be interpreted by the Dockerfile. Escapes are also handled for including variable-like syntax into a statement literally.

Environment variables are notated in the Dockerfile either with $variable_name or ${variable_name}. They are treated equivalently and the brace syntax is typically used to address issues with variable names with no whitespace, like ${foo}_bar.

The ${variable_name} syntax also supports a few of the standard bash modifiers as specified below:

  • ${variable:-word} indicates that if variable is set then the result will be that value. If variable is not set then word will be the result.
  • ${variable:+word} indicates that if variable is set then word will be the result, otherwise the result is the empty string.

In all cases, word can be any string, including additional environment variables.

Escaping is possible by adding a \ before the variable: \$foo or \${foo}, for example, will translate to $foo and ${foo} literals respectively.

Example (parsed representation is displayed after the #):

FROM busybox
ENV FOO=/bar
WORKDIR ${FOO}   # WORKDIR /bar
ADD . $FOO       # ADD . /bar
COPY \$FOO /quux # COPY $FOO /quux

Environment variables are supported by the following list of instructions in the Dockerfile:

  • ADD
  • COPY
  • ENV
  • EXPOSE
  • FROM
  • LABEL
  • STOPSIGNAL
  • USER
  • VOLUME
  • WORKDIR
  • ONBUILD (when combined with one of the supported instructions above)

Environment variable substitution will use the same value for each variable throughout the entire instruction. In other words, in this example:

ENV abc=hello
ENV abc=bye def=$abc
ENV ghi=$abc

will result in def having a value of hello, not bye. However, ghi will have a value of bye because it is not part of the same instruction that set abc to bye.

.dockerignore file

You can use .dockerignore file to exclude files and directories from the build context. For more information, see .dockerignore file.

FROM

FROM [--platform=<platform>] <image> [AS <name>]

Or

FROM [--platform=<platform>] <image>[:<tag>] [AS <name>]

Or

FROM [--platform=<platform>] <image>[@<digest>] [AS <name>]

The FROM instruction initializes a new build stage and sets the Base Image for subsequent instructions. As such, a valid Dockerfile must start with a FROM instruction. The image can be any valid image – it is especially easy to start by pulling an image from the Public Repositories.

  • ARG is the only instruction that may precede FROM in the Dockerfile. See Understand how ARG and FROM interact.
  • FROM can appear multiple times within a single Dockerfile to create multiple images or use one build stage as a dependency for another. Simply make a note of the last image ID output by the commit before each new FROM instruction. Each FROM instruction clears any state created by previous instructions.
  • Optionally a name can be given to a new build stage by adding AS name to the FROM instruction. The name can be used in subsequent FROM and COPY --from=<name> instructions to refer to the image built in this stage.
  • The tag or digest values are optional. If you omit either of them, the builder assumes a latest tag by default. The builder returns an error if it cannot find the tag value.

The optional --platform flag can be used to specify the platform of the image in case FROM references a multi-platform image. For example, linux/amd64, linux/arm64, or windows/amd64. By default, the target platform of the build request is used. Global build arguments can be used in the value of this flag, for example automatic platform ARGs allow you to force a stage to native build platform (--platform=$BUILDPLATFORM), and use it to cross-compile to the target platform inside the stage.

Understand how ARG and FROM interact

FROM instructions support variables that are declared by any ARG instructions that occur before the first FROM.

ARG  CODE_VERSION=latest
FROM base:${CODE_VERSION}
CMD  /code/run-app

FROM extras:${CODE_VERSION}
CMD  /code/run-extras

An ARG declared before a FROM is outside of a build stage, so it can't be used in any instruction after a FROM. To use the default value of an ARG declared before the first FROM use an ARG instruction without a value inside of a build stage:

ARG VERSION=latest
FROM busybox:$VERSION
ARG VERSION
RUN echo $VERSION > image_version

RUN

RUN has 2 forms:

  • RUN <command> (shell form, the command is run in a shell, which by default is /bin/sh -c on Linux or cmd /S /C on Windows)
  • RUN ["executable", "param1", "param2"] (exec form)

The RUN instruction will execute any commands in a new layer on top of the current image and commit the results. The resulting committed image will be used for the next step in the Dockerfile.

Layering RUN instructions and generating commits conforms to the core concepts of Docker where commits are cheap and containers can be created from any point in an image's history, much like source control.

The exec form makes it possible to avoid shell string munging, and to RUN commands using a base image that does not contain the specified shell executable.

The default shell for the shell form can be changed using the SHELL command.

In the shell form you can use a \ (backslash) to continue a single RUN instruction onto the next line. For example, consider these two lines:

RUN /bin/bash -c 'source $HOME/.bashrc && \
echo $HOME'

Together they are equivalent to this single line:

RUN /bin/bash -c 'source $HOME/.bashrc && echo $HOME'

To use a different shell, other than '/bin/sh', use the exec form passing in the desired shell. For example:

RUN ["/bin/bash", "-c", "echo hello"]

Note

The exec form is parsed as a JSON array, which means that you must use double-quotes (") around words not single-quotes (').

Unlike the shell form, the exec form does not invoke a command shell. This means that normal shell processing does not happen. For example, RUN [ "echo", "$HOME" ] will not do variable substitution on $HOME. If you want shell processing then either use the shell form or execute a shell directly, for example: RUN [ "sh", "-c", "echo $HOME" ]. When using the exec form and executing a shell directly, as in the case for the shell form, it is the shell that is doing the environment variable expansion, not docker.

Note

In the JSON form, it is necessary to escape backslashes. This is particularly relevant on Windows where the backslash is the path separator. The following line would otherwise be treated as shell form due to not being valid JSON, and fail in an unexpected way:

RUN ["c:\windows\system32\tasklist.exe"]

The correct syntax for this example is:

RUN ["c:\\windows\\system32\\tasklist.exe"]

The cache for RUN instructions isn't invalidated automatically during the next build. The cache for an instruction like RUN apt-get dist-upgrade -y will be reused during the next build. The cache for RUN instructions can be invalidated by using the --no-cache flag, for example docker build --no-cache.

See the Dockerfile Best Practices guide for more information.

The cache for RUN instructions can be invalidated by ADD and COPY instructions.

RUN --mount

Note

Added in docker/dockerfile:1.2

RUN --mount allows you to create filesystem mounts that the build can access. This can be used to:

  • Create bind mount to the host filesystem or other build stages
  • Access build secrets or ssh-agent sockets
  • Use a persistent package management cache to speed up your build

Syntax: --mount=[type=<TYPE>][,option=<value>[,option=<value>]...]

Mount types

Type Description
bind (default) Bind-mount context directories (read-only).
cache Mount a temporary directory to cache directories for compilers and package managers.
secret Allow the build container to access secure files such as private keys without baking them into the image.
ssh Allow the build container to access SSH keys via SSH agents, with support for passphrases.

RUN --mount=type=bind

This mount type allows binding files or directories to the build container. A bind mount is read-only by default.

Option Description
target1 Mount path.
source Source path in the from. Defaults to the root of the from.
from Build stage or image name for the root of the source. Defaults to the build context.
rw,readwrite Allow writes on the mount. Written data will be discarded.

RUN --mount=type=cache

This mount type allows the build container to cache directories for compilers and package managers.

Option Description
id Optional ID to identify separate/different caches. Defaults to value of target.
target1 Mount path.
ro,readonly Read-only if set.
sharing One of shared, private, or locked. Defaults to shared. A shared cache mount can be used concurrently by multiple writers. private creates a new mount if there are multiple writers. locked pauses the second writer until the first one releases the mount.
from Build stage to use as a base of the cache mount. Defaults to empty directory.
source Subpath in the from to mount. Defaults to the root of the from.
mode File mode for new cache directory in octal. Default 0755.
uid User ID for new cache directory. Default 0.
gid Group ID for new cache directory. Default 0.

Contents of the cache directories persists between builder invocations without invalidating the instruction cache. Cache mounts should only be used for better performance. Your build should work with any contents of the cache directory as another build may overwrite the files or GC may clean it if more storage space is needed.

Example: cache Go packages

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM golang
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/go-build \
  go build ...

Example: cache apt packages

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM ubuntu
RUN rm -f /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/docker-clean; echo 'Binary::apt::APT::Keep-Downloaded-Packages "true";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/keep-cache
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked \
  --mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt,sharing=locked \
  apt update && apt-get --no-install-recommends install -y gcc

Apt needs exclusive access to its data, so the caches use the option sharing=locked, which will make sure multiple parallel builds using the same cache mount will wait for each other and not access the same cache files at the same time. You could also use sharing=private if you prefer to have each build create another cache directory in this case.

RUN --mount=type=tmpfs

This mount type allows mounting tmpfs in the build container.

Option Description
target1 Mount path.
size Specify an upper limit on the size of the filesystem.

RUN --mount=type=secret

This mount type allows the build container to access secure files such as private keys without baking them into the image.

Option Description
id ID of the secret. Defaults to basename of the target path.
target Mount path. Defaults to /run/secrets/ + id.
required If set to true, the instruction errors out when the secret is unavailable. Defaults to false.
mode File mode for secret file in octal. Default 0400.
uid User ID for secret file. Default 0.
gid Group ID for secret file. Default 0.

Example: access to S3

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM python:3
RUN pip install awscli
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=aws,target=/root/.aws/credentials \
  aws s3 cp s3://... ...
$ docker buildx build --secret id=aws,src=$HOME/.aws/credentials .

RUN --mount=type=ssh

This mount type allows the build container to access SSH keys via SSH agents, with support for passphrases.

Option Description
id ID of SSH agent socket or key. Defaults to "default".
target SSH agent socket path. Defaults to /run/buildkit/ssh_agent.${N}.
required If set to true, the instruction errors out when the key is unavailable. Defaults to false.
mode File mode for socket in octal. Default 0600.
uid User ID for socket. Default 0.
gid Group ID for socket. Default 0.

Example: access to Gitlab

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
RUN apk add --no-cache openssh-client
RUN mkdir -p -m 0700 ~/.ssh && ssh-keyscan gitlab.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
RUN --mount=type=ssh \
  ssh -q -T [email protected] 2>&1 | tee /hello
# "Welcome to GitLab, @GITLAB_USERNAME_ASSOCIATED_WITH_SSHKEY" should be printed here
# with the type of build progress is defined as `plain`.
$ eval $(ssh-agent)
$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
(Input your passphrase here)
$ docker buildx build --ssh default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK .

You can also specify a path to *.pem file on the host directly instead of $SSH_AUTH_SOCK. However, pem files with passphrases are not supported.

RUN --network

Note

Added in docker/dockerfile:1.1

RUN --network allows control over which networking environment the command is run in.

Syntax: --network=<TYPE>

Network types

Type Description
default (default) Run in the default network.
none Run with no network access.
host Run in the host's network environment.

RUN --network=default

Equivalent to not supplying a flag at all, the command is run in the default network for the build.

RUN --network=none

The command is run with no network access (lo is still available, but is isolated to this process)

Example: isolating external effects

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM python:3.6
ADD mypackage.tgz wheels/
RUN --network=none pip install --find-links wheels mypackage

pip will only be able to install the packages provided in the tarfile, which can be controlled by an earlier build stage.

RUN --network=host

The command is run in the host's network environment (similar to docker build --network=host, but on a per-instruction basis)

Warning

The use of --network=host is protected by the network.host entitlement, which needs to be enabled when starting the buildkitd daemon with --allow-insecure-entitlement network.host flag or in buildkitd config, and for a build request with --allow network.host flag. {:.warning}

RUN --security

Note

Not yet available in stable syntax, use docker/dockerfile:1-labs version.

RUN --security=insecure

With --security=insecure, builder runs the command without sandbox in insecure mode, which allows to run flows requiring elevated privileges (e.g. containerd). This is equivalent to running docker run --privileged.

Warning

In order to access this feature, entitlement security.insecure should be enabled when starting the buildkitd daemon with --allow-insecure-entitlement security.insecure flag or in buildkitd config, and for a build request with --allow security.insecure flag. {:.warning}

Example: check entitlements

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1-labs
FROM ubuntu
RUN --security=insecure cat /proc/self/status | grep CapEff
#84 0.093 CapEff:	0000003fffffffff

RUN --security=sandbox

Default sandbox mode can be activated via --security=sandbox, but that is no-op.

CMD

The CMD instruction has three forms:

  • CMD ["executable","param1","param2"] (exec form, this is the preferred form)
  • CMD ["param1","param2"] (as default parameters to ENTRYPOINT)
  • CMD command param1 param2 (shell form)

There can only be one CMD instruction in a Dockerfile. If you list more than one CMD then only the last CMD will take effect.

The main purpose of a CMD is to provide defaults for an executing container. These defaults can include an executable, or they can omit the executable, in which case you must specify an ENTRYPOINT instruction as well.

If CMD is used to provide default arguments for the ENTRYPOINT instruction, both the CMD and ENTRYPOINT instructions should be specified with the JSON array format.

Note

The exec form is parsed as a JSON array, which means that you must use double-quotes (") around words not single-quotes (').

Unlike the shell form, the exec form does not invoke a command shell. This means that normal shell processing does not happen. For example, CMD [ "echo", "$HOME" ] will not do variable substitution on $HOME. If you want shell processing then either use the shell form or execute a shell directly, for example: CMD [ "sh", "-c", "echo $HOME" ]. When using the exec form and executing a shell directly, as in the case for the shell form, it is the shell that is doing the environment variable expansion, not docker.

When used in the shell or exec formats, the CMD instruction sets the command to be executed when running the image.

If you use the shell form of the CMD, then the <command> will execute in /bin/sh -c:

FROM ubuntu
CMD echo "This is a test." | wc -

If you want to run your <command> without a shell then you must express the command as a JSON array and give the full path to the executable. This array form is the preferred format of CMD. Any additional parameters must be individually expressed as strings in the array:

FROM ubuntu
CMD ["/usr/bin/wc","--help"]

If you would like your container to run the same executable every time, then you should consider using ENTRYPOINT in combination with CMD. See ENTRYPOINT.

If the user specifies arguments to docker run then they will override the default specified in CMD.

Note

Do not confuse RUN with CMD. RUN actually runs a command and commits the result; CMD does not execute anything at build time, but specifies the intended command for the image.

LABEL

LABEL <key>=<value> <key>=<value> <key>=<value> ...

The LABEL instruction adds metadata to an image. A LABEL is a key-value pair. To include spaces within a LABEL value, use quotes and backslashes as you would in command-line parsing. A few usage examples:

LABEL "com.example.vendor"="ACME Incorporated"
LABEL com.example.label-with-value="foo"
LABEL version="1.0"
LABEL description="This text illustrates \
that label-values can span multiple lines."

An image can have more than one label. You can specify multiple labels on a single line. Prior to Docker 1.10, this decreased the size of the final image, but this is no longer the case. You may still choose to specify multiple labels in a single instruction, in one of the following two ways:

LABEL multi.label1="value1" multi.label2="value2" other="value3"
LABEL multi.label1="value1" \
      multi.label2="value2" \
      other="value3"

Note

Be sure to use double quotes and not single quotes. Particularly when you are using string interpolation (e.g. LABEL example="foo-$ENV_VAR"), single quotes will take the string as is without unpacking the variable's value.

Labels included in base or parent images (images in the FROM line) are inherited by your image. If a label already exists but with a different value, the most-recently-applied value overrides any previously-set value.

To view an image's labels, use the docker image inspect command. You can use the --format option to show just the labels;

{% raw %}

$ docker image inspect --format='{{json .Config.Labels}}' myimage

{% endraw %}

{
  "com.example.vendor": "ACME Incorporated",
  "com.example.label-with-value": "foo",
  "version": "1.0",
  "description": "This text illustrates that label-values can span multiple lines.",
  "multi.label1": "value1",
  "multi.label2": "value2",
  "other": "value3"
}

MAINTAINER (deprecated)

MAINTAINER <name>

The MAINTAINER instruction sets the Author field of the generated images. The LABEL instruction is a much more flexible version of this and you should use it instead, as it enables setting any metadata you require, and can be viewed easily, for example with docker inspect. To set a label corresponding to the MAINTAINER field you could use:

LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="[email protected]"

This will then be visible from docker inspect with the other labels.

EXPOSE

EXPOSE <port> [<port>/<protocol>...]

The EXPOSE instruction informs Docker that the container listens on the specified network ports at runtime. You can specify whether the port listens on TCP or UDP, and the default is TCP if the protocol is not specified.

The EXPOSE instruction does not actually publish the port. It functions as a type of documentation between the person who builds the image and the person who runs the container, about which ports are intended to be published. To actually publish the port when running the container, use the -p flag on docker run to publish and map one or more ports, or the -P flag to publish all exposed ports and map them to high-order ports.

By default, EXPOSE assumes TCP. You can also specify UDP:

EXPOSE 80/udp

To expose on both TCP and UDP, include two lines:

EXPOSE 80/tcp
EXPOSE 80/udp

In this case, if you use -P with docker run, the port will be exposed once for TCP and once for UDP. Remember that -P uses an ephemeral high-ordered host port on the host, so the port will not be the same for TCP and UDP.

Regardless of the EXPOSE settings, you can override them at runtime by using the -p flag. For example

$ docker run -p 80:80/tcp -p 80:80/udp ...

To set up port redirection on the host system, see using the -P flag. The docker network command supports creating networks for communication among containers without the need to expose or publish specific ports, because the containers connected to the network can communicate with each other over any port. For detailed information, see the overview of this feature.

ENV

ENV <key>=<value> ...

The ENV instruction sets the environment variable <key> to the value <value>. This value will be in the environment for all subsequent instructions in the build stage and can be replaced inline in many as well. The value will be interpreted for other environment variables, so quote characters will be removed if they are not escaped. Like command line parsing, quotes and backslashes can be used to include spaces within values.

Example:

ENV MY_NAME="John Doe"
ENV MY_DOG=Rex\ The\ Dog
ENV MY_CAT=fluffy

The ENV instruction allows for multiple <key>=<value> ... variables to be set at one time, and the example below will yield the same net results in the final image:

ENV MY_NAME="John Doe" MY_DOG=Rex\ The\ Dog \
    MY_CAT=fluffy

The environment variables set using ENV will persist when a container is run from the resulting image. You can view the values using docker inspect, and change them using docker run --env <key>=<value>.

A stage inherits any environment variables that were set using ENV by its parent stage or any ancestor. Refer here for more on multi-staged builds.

Environment variable persistence can cause unexpected side effects. For example, setting ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive changes the behavior of apt-get, and may confuse users of your image.

If an environment variable is only needed during build, and not in the final image, consider setting a value for a single command instead:

RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get update && apt-get install -y ...

Or using ARG, which is not persisted in the final image:

ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ...

Alternative syntax

The ENV instruction also allows an alternative syntax ENV <key> <value>, omitting the =. For example:

ENV MY_VAR my-value

This syntax does not allow for multiple environment-variables to be set in a single ENV instruction, and can be confusing. For example, the following sets a single environment variable (ONE) with value "TWO= THREE=world":

ENV ONE TWO= THREE=world

The alternative syntax is supported for backward compatibility, but discouraged for the reasons outlined above, and may be removed in a future release.

ADD

ADD has two forms:

ADD [--chown=<user>:<group>] [--chmod=<perms>] [--checksum=<checksum>] <src>... <dest>
ADD [--chown=<user>:<group>] [--chmod=<perms>] ["<src>",... "<dest>"]

The latter form is required for paths containing whitespace.

Note

The --chown and --chmod features are only supported on Dockerfiles used to build Linux containers, and will not work on Windows containers. Since user and group ownership concepts do not translate between Linux and Windows, the use of /etc/passwd and /etc/group for translating user and group names to IDs restricts this feature to only be viable for Linux OS-based containers.

Note

--chmod is supported since Dockerfile 1.3. Only octal notation is currently supported. Non-octal support is tracked in moby/buildkit#1951.

The ADD instruction copies new files, directories or remote file URLs from <src> and adds them to the filesystem of the image at the path <dest>.

Multiple <src> resources may be specified but if they are files or directories, their paths are interpreted as relative to the source of the context of the build.

Each <src> may contain wildcards and matching will be done using Go's filepath.Match rules. For example:

To add all files starting with "hom":

ADD hom* /mydir/

In the example below, ? is replaced with any single character, e.g., "home.txt".

ADD hom?.txt /mydir/

The <dest> is an absolute path, or a path relative to WORKDIR, into which the source will be copied inside the destination container.

The example below uses a relative path, and adds "test.txt" to <WORKDIR>/relativeDir/:

ADD test.txt relativeDir/

Whereas this example uses an absolute path, and adds "test.txt" to /absoluteDir/

ADD test.txt /absoluteDir/

When adding files or directories that contain special characters (such as [ and ]), you need to escape those paths following the Golang rules to prevent them from being treated as a matching pattern. For example, to add a file named arr[0].txt, use the following;

ADD arr[[]0].txt /mydir/

All new files and directories are created with a UID and GID of 0, unless the optional --chown flag specifies a given username, groupname, or UID/GID combination to request specific ownership of the content added. The format of the --chown flag allows for either username and groupname strings or direct integer UID and GID in any combination. Providing a username without groupname or a UID without GID will use the same numeric UID as the GID. If a username or groupname is provided, the container's root filesystem /etc/passwd and /etc/group files will be used to perform the translation from name to integer UID or GID respectively. The following examples show valid definitions for the --chown flag:

ADD --chown=55:mygroup files* /somedir/
ADD --chown=bin files* /somedir/
ADD --chown=1 files* /somedir/
ADD --chown=10:11 files* /somedir/
ADD --chown=myuser:mygroup --chmod=655 files* /somedir/

If the container root filesystem does not contain either /etc/passwd or /etc/group files and either user or group names are used in the --chown flag, the build will fail on the ADD operation. Using numeric IDs requires no lookup and will not depend on container root filesystem content.

In the case where <src> is a remote file URL, the destination will have permissions of 600. If the remote file being retrieved has an HTTP Last-Modified header, the timestamp from that header will be used to set the mtime on the destination file. However, like any other file processed during an ADD, mtime will not be included in the determination of whether or not the file has changed and the cache should be updated.

Note

If you build by passing a Dockerfile through STDIN (docker build - < somefile), there is no build context, so the Dockerfile can only contain a URL based ADD instruction. You can also pass a compressed archive through STDIN: (docker build - < archive.tar.gz), the Dockerfile at the root of the archive and the rest of the archive will be used as the context of the build.

If your URL files are protected using authentication, you need to use RUN wget, RUN curl or use another tool from within the container as the ADD instruction does not support authentication.

Note

The first encountered ADD instruction will invalidate the cache for all following instructions from the Dockerfile if the contents of <src> have changed. This includes invalidating the cache for RUN instructions. See the Dockerfile Best Practices guide – Leverage build cache for more information.

ADD obeys the following rules:

  • The <src> path must be inside the context of the build; you cannot ADD ../something /something, because the first step of a docker build is to send the context directory (and subdirectories) to the docker daemon.

  • If <src> is a URL and <dest> does not end with a trailing slash, then a file is downloaded from the URL and copied to <dest>.

  • If <src> is a URL and <dest> does end with a trailing slash, then the filename is inferred from the URL and the file is downloaded to <dest>/<filename>. For instance, ADD http://example.com/foobar / would create the file /foobar. The URL must have a nontrivial path so that an appropriate filename can be discovered in this case (http://example.com will not work).

  • If <src> is a directory, the entire contents of the directory are copied, including filesystem metadata.

Note

The directory itself is not copied, just its contents.

  • If <src> is a local tar archive in a recognized compression format (identity, gzip, bzip2 or xz) then it is unpacked as a directory. Resources from remote URLs are not decompressed. When a directory is copied or unpacked, it has the same behavior as tar -x, the result is the union of:

    1. Whatever existed at the destination path and
    2. The contents of the source tree, with conflicts resolved in favor of "2." on a file-by-file basis.

    Note

    Whether a file is identified as a recognized compression format or not is done solely based on the contents of the file, not the name of the file. For example, if an empty file happens to end with .tar.gz this will not be recognized as a compressed file and will not generate any kind of decompression error message, rather the file will simply be copied to the destination.

  • If <src> is any other kind of file, it is copied individually along with its metadata. In this case, if <dest> ends with a trailing slash /, it will be considered a directory and the contents of <src> will be written at <dest>/base(<src>).

  • If multiple <src> resources are specified, either directly or due to the use of a wildcard, then <dest> must be a directory, and it must end with a slash /.

  • If <dest> does not end with a trailing slash, it will be considered a regular file and the contents of <src> will be written at <dest>.

  • If <dest> doesn't exist, it is created along with all missing directories in its path.

Verifying a remote file checksum ADD --checksum=<checksum> <http src> <dest>

The checksum of a remote file can be verified with the --checksum flag:

ADD --checksum=sha256:24454f830cdb571e2c4ad15481119c43b3cafd48dd869a9b2945d1036d1dc68d https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/linux-0.01.tar.gz /

The --checksum flag only supports HTTP sources currently.

Adding a git repository ADD <git ref> <dir>

This form allows adding a git repository to an image directly, without using the git command inside the image:

ADD [--keep-git-dir=<boolean>] <git ref> <dir>

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
ADD --keep-git-dir=true https://github.com/moby/buildkit.git#v0.10.1 /buildkit

The --keep-git-dir=true flag adds the .git directory. This flag defaults to false.

Adding a private git repository

To add a private repo via SSH, create a Dockerfile with the following form:

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
ADD [email protected]:foo/bar.git /bar

This Dockerfile can be built with docker build --ssh or buildctl build --ssh, e.g.,

$ docker build --ssh default
$ buildctl build --frontend=dockerfile.v0 --local context=. --local dockerfile=. --ssh default

ADD --link

See COPY --link.

COPY

COPY has two forms:

COPY [--chown=<user>:<group>] [--chmod=<perms>] <src>... <dest>
COPY [--chown=<user>:<group>] [--chmod=<perms>] ["<src>",... "<dest>"]

This latter form is required for paths containing whitespace

Note

The --chown and --chmod features are only supported on Dockerfiles used to build Linux containers, and will not work on Windows containers. Since user and group ownership concepts do not translate between Linux and Windows, the use of /etc/passwd and /etc/group for translating user and group names to IDs restricts this feature to only be viable for Linux OS-based containers.

The COPY instruction copies new files or directories from <src> and adds them to the filesystem of the container at the path <dest>.

Multiple <src> resources may be specified but the paths of files and directories will be interpreted as relative to the source of the context of the build.

Each <src> may contain wildcards and matching will be done using Go's filepath.Match rules. For example:

To add all files starting with "hom":

COPY hom* /mydir/

In the example below, ? is replaced with any single character, e.g., "home.txt".

COPY hom?.txt /mydir/

The <dest> is an absolute path, or a path relative to WORKDIR, into which the source will be copied inside the destination container.

The example below uses a relative path, and adds "test.txt" to <WORKDIR>/relativeDir/:

COPY test.txt relativeDir/

Whereas this example uses an absolute path, and adds "test.txt" to /absoluteDir/

COPY test.txt /absoluteDir/

When copying files or directories that contain special characters (such as [ and ]), you need to escape those paths following the Golang rules to prevent them from being treated as a matching pattern. For example, to copy a file named arr[0].txt, use the following;

COPY arr[[]0].txt /mydir/

All new files and directories are created with a UID and GID of 0, unless the optional --chown flag specifies a given username, groupname, or UID/GID combination to request specific ownership of the copied content. The format of the --chown flag allows for either username and groupname strings or direct integer UID and GID in any combination. Providing a username without groupname or a UID without GID will use the same numeric UID as the GID. If a username or groupname is provided, the container's root filesystem /etc/passwd and /etc/group files will be used to perform the translation from name to integer UID or GID respectively. The following examples show valid definitions for the --chown flag:

COPY --chown=55:mygroup files* /somedir/
COPY --chown=bin files* /somedir/
COPY --chown=1 files* /somedir/
COPY --chown=10:11 files* /somedir/
COPY --chown=myuser:mygroup --chmod=644 files* /somedir/

If the container root filesystem does not contain either /etc/passwd or /etc/group files and either user or group names are used in the --chown flag, the build will fail on the COPY operation. Using numeric IDs requires no lookup and does not depend on container root filesystem content.

Note

If you build using STDIN (docker build - < somefile), there is no build context, so COPY can't be used.

Optionally COPY accepts a flag --from=<name> that can be used to set the source location to a previous build stage (created with FROM .. AS <name>) that will be used instead of a build context sent by the user. In case a build stage with a specified name can't be found an image with the same name is attempted to be used instead.

COPY obeys the following rules:

  • The <src> path must be inside the context of the build; you cannot COPY ../something /something, because the first step of a docker build is to send the context directory (and subdirectories) to the docker daemon.

  • If <src> is a directory, the entire contents of the directory are copied, including filesystem metadata.

Note

The directory itself is not copied, just its contents.

  • If <src> is any other kind of file, it is copied individually along with its metadata. In this case, if <dest> ends with a trailing slash /, it will be considered a directory and the contents of <src> will be written at <dest>/base(<src>).

  • If multiple <src> resources are specified, either directly or due to the use of a wildcard, then <dest> must be a directory, and it must end with a slash /.

  • If <dest> does not end with a trailing slash, it will be considered a regular file and the contents of <src> will be written at <dest>.

  • If <dest> doesn't exist, it is created along with all missing directories in its path.

Note

The first encountered COPY instruction will invalidate the cache for all following instructions from the Dockerfile if the contents of <src> have changed. This includes invalidating the cache for RUN instructions. See the Dockerfile Best Practices guide – Leverage build cache for more information.

COPY --link

Note

Added in docker/dockerfile:1.4

Enabling this flag in COPY or ADD commands allows you to copy files with enhanced semantics where your files remain independent on their own layer and don't get invalidated when commands on previous layers are changed.

When --link is used your source files are copied into an empty destination directory. That directory is turned into a layer that is linked on top of your previous state.

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
COPY --link /foo /bar

Is equivalent of doing two builds:

FROM alpine

and

FROM scratch
COPY /foo /bar

and merging all the layers of both images together.

Benefits of using --link

Use --link to reuse already built layers in subsequent builds with --cache-from even if the previous layers have changed. This is especially important for multi-stage builds where a COPY --from statement would previously get invalidated if any previous commands in the same stage changed, causing the need to rebuild the intermediate stages again. With --link the layer the previous build generated is reused and merged on top of the new layers. This also means you can easily rebase your images when the base images receive updates, without having to execute the whole build again. In backends that support it, BuildKit can do this rebase action without the need to push or pull any layers between the client and the registry. BuildKit will detect this case and only create new image manifest that contains the new layers and old layers in correct order.

The same behavior where BuildKit can avoid pulling down the base image can also happen when using --link and no other commands that would require access to the files in the base image. In that case BuildKit will only build the layers for the COPY commands and push them to the registry directly on top of the layers of the base image.

Incompatibilities with --link=false

When using --link the COPY/ADD commands are not allowed to read any files from the previous state. This means that if in previous state the destination directory was a path that contained a symlink, COPY/ADD can not follow it. In the final image the destination path created with --link will always be a path containing only directories.

If you don't rely on the behavior of following symlinks in the destination path, using --link is always recommended. The performance of --link is equivalent or better than the default behavior and, it creates much better conditions for cache reuse.

ENTRYPOINT

ENTRYPOINT has two forms:

The exec form, which is the preferred form:

ENTRYPOINT ["executable", "param1", "param2"]

The shell form:

ENTRYPOINT command param1 param2

An ENTRYPOINT allows you to configure a container that will run as an executable.

For example, the following starts nginx with its default content, listening on port 80:

$ docker run -i -t --rm -p 80:80 nginx

Command line arguments to docker run <image> will be appended after all elements in an exec form ENTRYPOINT, and will override all elements specified using CMD. This allows arguments to be passed to the entry point, i.e., docker run <image> -d will pass the -d argument to the entry point. You can override the ENTRYPOINT instruction using the docker run --entrypoint flag.

The shell form prevents any CMD or run command line arguments from being used, but has the disadvantage that your ENTRYPOINT will be started as a subcommand of /bin/sh -c, which does not pass signals. This means that the executable will not be the container's PID 1 - and will not receive Unix signals - so your executable will not receive a SIGTERM from docker stop <container>.

Only the last ENTRYPOINT instruction in the Dockerfile will have an effect.

Exec form ENTRYPOINT example

You can use the exec form of ENTRYPOINT to set fairly stable default commands and arguments and then use either form of CMD to set additional defaults that are more likely to be changed.

FROM ubuntu
ENTRYPOINT ["top", "-b"]
CMD ["-c"]

When you run the container, you can see that top is the only process:

$ docker run -it --rm --name test  top -H

top - 08:25:00 up  7:27,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
Threads:   1 total,   1 running,   0 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.1 us,  0.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.7 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem:   2056668 total,  1616832 used,   439836 free,    99352 buffers
KiB Swap:  1441840 total,        0 used,  1441840 free.  1324440 cached Mem

  PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
    1 root      20   0   19744   2336   2080 R  0.0  0.1   0:00.04 top

To examine the result further, you can use docker exec:

$ docker exec -it test ps aux

USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  2.6  0.1  19752  2352 ?        Ss+  08:24   0:00 top -b -H
root         7  0.0  0.1  15572  2164 ?        R+   08:25   0:00 ps aux

And you can gracefully request top to shut down using docker stop test.

The following Dockerfile shows using the ENTRYPOINT to run Apache in the foreground (i.e., as PID 1):

FROM debian:stable
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --force-yes apache2
EXPOSE 80 443
VOLUME ["/var/www", "/var/log/apache2", "/etc/apache2"]
ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/sbin/apache2ctl", "-D", "FOREGROUND"]

If you need to write a starter script for a single executable, you can ensure that the final executable receives the Unix signals by using exec and gosu commands:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -e

if [ "$1" = 'postgres' ]; then
    chown -R postgres "$PGDATA"

    if [ -z "$(ls -A "$PGDATA")" ]; then
        gosu postgres initdb
    fi

    exec gosu postgres "$@"
fi

exec "$@"

Lastly, if you need to do some extra cleanup (or communicate with other containers) on shutdown, or are co-ordinating more than one executable, you may need to ensure that the ENTRYPOINT script receives the Unix signals, passes them on, and then does some more work:

#!/bin/sh
# Note: I've written this using sh so it works in the busybox container too

# USE the trap if you need to also do manual cleanup after the service is stopped,
#     or need to start multiple services in the one container
trap "echo TRAPed signal" HUP INT QUIT TERM

# start service in background here
/usr/sbin/apachectl start

echo "[hit enter key to exit] or run 'docker stop <container>'"
read

# stop service and clean up here
echo "stopping apache"
/usr/sbin/apachectl stop

echo "exited $0"

If you run this image with docker run -it --rm -p 80:80 --name test apache, you can then examine the container's processes with docker exec, or docker top, and then ask the script to stop Apache:

$ docker exec -it test ps aux

USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.1  0.0   4448   692 ?        Ss+  00:42   0:00 /bin/sh /run.sh 123 cmd cmd2
root        19  0.0  0.2  71304  4440 ?        Ss   00:42   0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
www-data    20  0.2  0.2 360468  6004 ?        Sl   00:42   0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
www-data    21  0.2  0.2 360468  6000 ?        Sl   00:42   0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
root        81  0.0  0.1  15572  2140 ?        R+   00:44   0:00 ps aux

$ docker top test

PID                 USER                COMMAND
10035               root                {run.sh} /bin/sh /run.sh 123 cmd cmd2
10054               root                /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
10055               33                  /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
10056               33                  /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start

$ /usr/bin/time docker stop test

test
real	0m 0.27s
user	0m 0.03s
sys	0m 0.03s

Note

You can override the ENTRYPOINT setting using --entrypoint, but this can only set the binary to exec (no sh -c will be used).

Note

The exec form is parsed as a JSON array, which means that you must use double-quotes (") around words not single-quotes (').

Unlike the shell form, the exec form does not invoke a command shell. This means that normal shell processing does not happen. For example, ENTRYPOINT [ "echo", "$HOME" ] will not do variable substitution on $HOME. If you want shell processing then either use the shell form or execute a shell directly, for example: ENTRYPOINT [ "sh", "-c", "echo $HOME" ]. When using the exec form and executing a shell directly, as in the case for the shell form, it is the shell that is doing the environment variable expansion, not docker.

Shell form ENTRYPOINT example

You can specify a plain string for the ENTRYPOINT and it will execute in /bin/sh -c. This form will use shell processing to substitute shell environment variables, and will ignore any CMD or docker run command line arguments. To ensure that docker stop will signal any long running ENTRYPOINT executable correctly, you need to remember to start it with exec:

FROM ubuntu
ENTRYPOINT exec top -b

When you run this image, you'll see the single PID 1 process:

$ docker run -it --rm --name test top

Mem: 1704520K used, 352148K free, 0K shrd, 0K buff, 140368121167873K cached
CPU:   5% usr   0% sys   0% nic  94% idle   0% io   0% irq   0% sirq
Load average: 0.08 0.03 0.05 2/98 6
  PID  PPID USER     STAT   VSZ %VSZ %CPU COMMAND
    1     0 root     R     3164   0%   0% top -b

Which exits cleanly on docker stop:

$ /usr/bin/time docker stop test

test
real	0m 0.20s
user	0m 0.02s
sys	0m 0.04s

If you forget to add exec to the beginning of your ENTRYPOINT:

FROM ubuntu
ENTRYPOINT top -b
CMD -- --ignored-param1

You can then run it (giving it a name for the next step):

$ docker run -it --name test top --ignored-param2

top - 13:58:24 up 17 min,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tasks:   2 total,   1 running,   1 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 16.7 us, 33.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 50.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   1990.8 total,   1354.6 free,    231.4 used,    404.7 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   1024.0 total,   1024.0 free,      0.0 used.   1639.8 avail Mem

  PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
    1 root      20   0    2612    604    536 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.02 sh
    6 root      20   0    5956   3188   2768 R   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 top

You can see from the output of top that the specified ENTRYPOINT is not PID 1.

If you then run docker stop test, the container will not exit cleanly - the stop command will be forced to send a SIGKILL after the timeout:

$ docker exec -it test ps waux

USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.4  0.0   2612   604 pts/0    Ss+  13:58   0:00 /bin/sh -c top -b --ignored-param2
root         6  0.0  0.1   5956  3188 pts/0    S+   13:58   0:00 top -b
root         7  0.0  0.1   5884  2816 pts/1    Rs+  13:58   0:00 ps waux

$ /usr/bin/time docker stop test

test
real	0m 10.19s
user	0m 0.04s
sys	0m 0.03s

Understand how CMD and ENTRYPOINT interact

Both CMD and ENTRYPOINT instructions define what command gets executed when running a container. There are few rules that describe their co-operation.

  1. Dockerfile should specify at least one of CMD or ENTRYPOINT commands.

  2. ENTRYPOINT should be defined when using the container as an executable.

  3. CMD should be used as a way of defining default arguments for an ENTRYPOINT command or for executing an ad-hoc command in a container.

  4. CMD will be overridden when running the container with alternative arguments.

The table below shows what command is executed for different ENTRYPOINT / CMD combinations:

No ENTRYPOINT ENTRYPOINT exec_entry p1_entry ENTRYPOINT ["exec_entry", "p1_entry"]
No CMD error, not allowed /bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry exec_entry p1_entry
CMD ["exec_cmd", "p1_cmd"] exec_cmd p1_cmd /bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry exec_entry p1_entry exec_cmd p1_cmd
CMD exec_cmd p1_cmd /bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd /bin/sh -c exec_entry p1_entry exec_entry p1_entry /bin/sh -c exec_cmd p1_cmd

Note

If CMD is defined from the base image, setting ENTRYPOINT will reset CMD to an empty value. In this scenario, CMD must be defined in the current image to have a value.

VOLUME

VOLUME ["/data"]

The VOLUME instruction creates a mount point with the specified name and marks it as holding externally mounted volumes from native host or other containers. The value can be a JSON array, VOLUME ["/var/log/"], or a plain string with multiple arguments, such as VOLUME /var/log or VOLUME /var/log /var/db. For more information/examples and mounting instructions via the Docker client, refer to Share Directories via Volumes documentation.

The docker run command initializes the newly created volume with any data that exists at the specified location within the base image. For example, consider the following Dockerfile snippet:

FROM ubuntu
RUN mkdir /myvol
RUN echo "hello world" > /myvol/greeting
VOLUME /myvol

This Dockerfile results in an image that causes docker run to create a new mount point at /myvol and copy the greeting file into the newly created volume.

Notes about specifying volumes

Keep the following things in mind about volumes in the Dockerfile.

  • Volumes on Windows-based containers: When using Windows-based containers, the destination of a volume inside the container must be one of:

    • a non-existing or empty directory
    • a drive other than C:

  • Changing the volume from within the Dockerfile: If any build steps change the data within the volume after it has been declared, those changes will be discarded.

  • JSON formatting: The list is parsed as a JSON array. You must enclose words with double quotes (") rather than single quotes (').

  • The host directory is declared at container run-time: The host directory (the mountpoint) is, by its nature, host-dependent. This is to preserve image portability, since a given host directory can't be guaranteed to be available on all hosts. For this reason, you can't mount a host directory from within the Dockerfile. The VOLUME instruction does not support specifying a host-dir parameter. You must specify the mountpoint when you create or run the container.

USER

USER <user>[:<group>]

or

USER <UID>[:<GID>]

The USER instruction sets the user name (or UID) and optionally the user group (or GID) to use as the default user and group for the remainder of the current stage. The specified user is used for RUN instructions and at runtime, runs the relevant ENTRYPOINT and CMD commands.

Note that when specifying a group for the user, the user will have only the specified group membership. Any other configured group memberships will be ignored.

Warning

When the user doesn't have a primary group then the image (or the next instructions) will be run with the root group.

On Windows, the user must be created first if it's not a built-in account. This can be done with the net user command called as part of a Dockerfile.

FROM microsoft/windowsservercore
# Create Windows user in the container
RUN net user /add patrick
# Set it for subsequent commands
USER patrick

WORKDIR

WORKDIR /path/to/workdir

The WORKDIR instruction sets the working directory for any RUN, CMD, ENTRYPOINT, COPY and ADD instructions that follow it in the Dockerfile. If the WORKDIR doesn't exist, it will be created even if it's not used in any subsequent Dockerfile instruction.

The WORKDIR instruction can be used multiple times in a Dockerfile. If a relative path is provided, it will be relative to the path of the previous WORKDIR instruction. For example:

WORKDIR /a
WORKDIR b
WORKDIR c
RUN pwd

The output of the final pwd command in this Dockerfile would be /a/b/c.

The WORKDIR instruction can resolve environment variables previously set using ENV. You can only use environment variables explicitly set in the Dockerfile. For example:

ENV DIRPATH=/path
WORKDIR $DIRPATH/$DIRNAME
RUN pwd

The output of the final pwd command in this Dockerfile would be /path/$DIRNAME

If not specified, the default working directory is /. In practice, if you aren't building a Dockerfile from scratch (FROM scratch), the WORKDIR may likely be set by the base image you're using.

Therefore, to avoid unintended operations in unknown directories, it is best practice to set your WORKDIR explicitly.

ARG

ARG <name>[=<default value>]

The ARG instruction defines a variable that users can pass at build-time to the builder with the docker build command using the --build-arg <varname>=<value> flag. If a user specifies a build argument that was not defined in the Dockerfile, the build outputs a warning.

[Warning] One or more build-args [foo] were not consumed.

A Dockerfile may include one or more ARG instructions. For example, the following is a valid Dockerfile:

FROM busybox
ARG user1
ARG buildno
# ...

Warning:

It is not recommended to use build-time variables for passing secrets like GitHub keys, user credentials etc. Build-time variable values are visible to any user of the image with the docker history command.

Refer to the RUN --mount=type=secret section to learn about secure ways to use secrets when building images. {:.warning}

Default values

An ARG instruction can optionally include a default value:

FROM busybox
ARG user1=someuser
ARG buildno=1
# ...

If an ARG instruction has a default value and if there is no value passed at build-time, the builder uses the default.

Scope

An ARG variable definition comes into effect from the line on which it is defined in the Dockerfile not from the argument's use on the command-line or elsewhere. For example, consider this Dockerfile:

FROM busybox
USER ${username:-some_user}
ARG username
USER $username
# ...

A user builds this file by calling:

$ docker build --build-arg username=what_user .

The USER at line 2 evaluates to some_user as the username variable is defined on the subsequent line 3. The USER at line 4 evaluates to what_user, as the username argument is defined and the what_user value was passed on the command line. Prior to its definition by an ARG instruction, any use of a variable results in an empty string.

An ARG instruction goes out of scope at the end of the build stage where it was defined. To use an argument in multiple stages, each stage must include the ARG instruction.

FROM busybox
ARG SETTINGS
RUN ./run/setup $SETTINGS

FROM busybox
ARG SETTINGS
RUN ./run/other $SETTINGS

Using ARG variables

You can use an ARG or an ENV instruction to specify variables that are available to the RUN instruction. Environment variables defined using the ENV instruction always override an ARG instruction of the same name. Consider this Dockerfile with an ENV and ARG instruction.

FROM ubuntu
ARG CONT_IMG_VER
ENV CONT_IMG_VER=v1.0.0
RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER

Then, assume this image is built with this command:

$ docker build --build-arg CONT_IMG_VER=v2.0.1 .

In this case, the RUN instruction uses v1.0.0 instead of the ARG setting passed by the user:v2.0.1 This behavior is similar to a shell script where a locally scoped variable overrides the variables passed as arguments or inherited from environment, from its point of definition.

Using the example above but a different ENV specification you can create more useful interactions between ARG and ENV instructions:

FROM ubuntu
ARG CONT_IMG_VER
ENV CONT_IMG_VER=${CONT_IMG_VER:-v1.0.0}
RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER

Unlike an ARG instruction, ENV values are always persisted in the built image. Consider a docker build without the --build-arg flag:

$ docker build .

Using this Dockerfile example, CONT_IMG_VER is still persisted in the image but its value would be v1.0.0 as it is the default set in line 3 by the ENV instruction.

The variable expansion technique in this example allows you to pass arguments from the command line and persist them in the final image by leveraging the ENV instruction. Variable expansion is only supported for a limited set of Dockerfile instructions.

Predefined ARGs

Docker has a set of predefined ARG variables that you can use without a corresponding ARG instruction in the Dockerfile.

  • HTTP_PROXY
  • http_proxy
  • HTTPS_PROXY
  • https_proxy
  • FTP_PROXY
  • ftp_proxy
  • NO_PROXY
  • no_proxy
  • ALL_PROXY
  • all_proxy

To use these, pass them on the command line using the --build-arg flag, for example:

$ docker build --build-arg HTTPS_PROXY=https://my-proxy.example.com .

By default, these pre-defined variables are excluded from the output of docker history. Excluding them reduces the risk of accidentally leaking sensitive authentication information in an HTTP_PROXY variable.

For example, consider building the following Dockerfile using --build-arg HTTP_PROXY=http://user:[email protected]

FROM ubuntu
RUN echo "Hello World"

In this case, the value of the HTTP_PROXY variable is not available in the docker history and is not cached. If you were to change location, and your proxy server changed to http://user:[email protected], a subsequent build does not result in a cache miss.

If you need to override this behaviour then you may do so by adding an ARG statement in the Dockerfile as follows:

FROM ubuntu
ARG HTTP_PROXY
RUN echo "Hello World"

When building this Dockerfile, the HTTP_PROXY is preserved in the docker history, and changing its value invalidates the build cache.

Automatic platform ARGs in the global scope

This feature is only available when using the BuildKit backend.

Docker predefines a set of ARG variables with information on the platform of the node performing the build (build platform) and on the platform of the resulting image (target platform). The target platform can be specified with the --platform flag on docker build.

The following ARG variables are set automatically:

  • TARGETPLATFORM - platform of the build result. Eg linux/amd64, linux/arm/v7, windows/amd64.
  • TARGETOS - OS component of TARGETPLATFORM
  • TARGETARCH - architecture component of TARGETPLATFORM
  • TARGETVARIANT - variant component of TARGETPLATFORM
  • BUILDPLATFORM - platform of the node performing the build.
  • BUILDOS - OS component of BUILDPLATFORM
  • BUILDARCH - architecture component of BUILDPLATFORM
  • BUILDVARIANT - variant component of BUILDPLATFORM

These arguments are defined in the global scope so are not automatically available inside build stages or for your RUN commands. To expose one of these arguments inside the build stage redefine it without value.

For example:

FROM alpine
ARG TARGETPLATFORM
RUN echo "I'm building for $TARGETPLATFORM"

BuildKit built-in build args

Arg Type Description
BUILDKIT_CACHE_MOUNT_NS String Set optional cache ID namespace.
BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR Bool Trigger git context to keep the .git directory.
BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE2 Bool Inline cache metadata to image config or not.
BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM Bool Opt into determnistic output regardless of multi-platform output or not.
BUILDKIT_SANDBOX_HOSTNAME String Set the hostname (default buildkitsandbox)
BUILDKIT_SYNTAX String Set frontend image
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH Int Set the UNIX timestamp for created image and layers. More info from reproducible builds. Supported since Dockerfile 1.5, BuildKit 0.11

Example: keep .git dir

When using a Git context, .git dir is not kept on git checkouts. It can be useful to keep it around if you want to retrieve git information during your build:

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
WORKDIR /src
RUN --mount=target=. \
  make REVISION=$(git rev-parse HEAD) build
$ docker build --build-arg BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=1 https://github.com/user/repo.git#main

Impact on build caching

ARG variables are not persisted into the built image as ENV variables are. However, ARG variables do impact the build cache in similar ways. If a Dockerfile defines an ARG variable whose value is different from a previous build, then a "cache miss" occurs upon its first usage, not its definition. In particular, all RUN instructions following an ARG instruction use the ARG variable implicitly (as an environment variable), thus can cause a cache miss. All predefined ARG variables are exempt from caching unless there is a matching ARG statement in the Dockerfile.

For example, consider these two Dockerfile:

FROM ubuntu
ARG CONT_IMG_VER
RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER
FROM ubuntu
ARG CONT_IMG_VER
RUN echo hello

If you specify --build-arg CONT_IMG_VER=<value> on the command line, in both cases, the specification on line 2 does not cause a cache miss; line 3 does cause a cache miss.ARG CONT_IMG_VER causes the RUN line to be identified as the same as running CONT_IMG_VER=<value> echo hello, so if the <value> changes, we get a cache miss.

Consider another example under the same command line:

FROM ubuntu
ARG CONT_IMG_VER
ENV CONT_IMG_VER=$CONT_IMG_VER
RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER

In this example, the cache miss occurs on line 3. The miss happens because the variable's value in the ENV references the ARG variable and that variable is changed through the command line. In this example, the ENV command causes the image to include the value.

If an ENV instruction overrides an ARG instruction of the same name, like this Dockerfile:

FROM ubuntu
ARG CONT_IMG_VER
ENV CONT_IMG_VER=hello
RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER

Line 3 does not cause a cache miss because the value of CONT_IMG_VER is a constant (hello). As a result, the environment variables and values used on the RUN (line 4) doesn't change between builds.

ONBUILD

ONBUILD <INSTRUCTION>

The ONBUILD instruction adds to the image a trigger instruction to be executed at a later time, when the image is used as the base for another build. The trigger will be executed in the context of the downstream build, as if it had been inserted immediately after the FROM instruction in the downstream Dockerfile.

Any build instruction can be registered as a trigger.

This is useful if you are building an image which will be used as a base to build other images, for example an application build environment or a daemon which may be customized with user-specific configuration.

For example, if your image is a reusable Python application builder, it will require application source code to be added in a particular directory, and it might require a build script to be called after that. You can't just call ADD and RUN now, because you don't yet have access to the application source code, and it will be different for each application build. You could simply provide application developers with a boilerplate Dockerfile to copy-paste into their application, but that is inefficient, error-prone and difficult to update because it mixes with application-specific code.

The solution is to use ONBUILD to register advance instructions to run later, during the next build stage.

Here's how it works:

  1. When it encounters an ONBUILD instruction, the builder adds a trigger to the metadata of the image being built. The instruction does not otherwise affect the current build.
  2. At the end of the build, a list of all triggers is stored in the image manifest, under the key OnBuild. They can be inspected with the docker inspect command.
  3. Later the image may be used as a base for a new build, using the FROM instruction. As part of processing the FROM instruction, the downstream builder looks for ONBUILD triggers, and executes them in the same order they were registered. If any of the triggers fail, the FROM instruction is aborted which in turn causes the build to fail. If all triggers succeed, the FROM instruction completes and the build continues as usual.
  4. Triggers are cleared from the final image after being executed. In other words they are not inherited by "grand-children" builds.

For example you might add something like this:

ONBUILD ADD . /app/src
ONBUILD RUN /usr/local/bin/python-build --dir /app/src

Warning

Chaining ONBUILD instructions using ONBUILD ONBUILD isn't allowed.

Warning

The ONBUILD instruction may not trigger FROM or MAINTAINER instructions.

STOPSIGNAL

STOPSIGNAL signal

The STOPSIGNAL instruction sets the system call signal that will be sent to the container to exit. This signal can be a signal name in the format SIG<NAME>, for instance SIGKILL, or an unsigned number that matches a position in the kernel's syscall table, for instance 9. The default is SIGTERM if not defined.

The image's default stopsignal can be overridden per container, using the --stop-signal flag on docker run and docker create.

HEALTHCHECK

The HEALTHCHECK instruction has two forms:

  • HEALTHCHECK [OPTIONS] CMD command (check container health by running a command inside the container)
  • HEALTHCHECK NONE (disable any healthcheck inherited from the base image)

The HEALTHCHECK instruction tells Docker how to test a container to check that it is still working. This can detect cases such as a web server that is stuck in an infinite loop and unable to handle new connections, even though the server process is still running.

When a container has a healthcheck specified, it has a health status in addition to its normal status. This status is initially starting. Whenever a health check passes, it becomes healthy (whatever state it was previously in). After a certain number of consecutive failures, it becomes unhealthy.

The options that can appear before CMD are:

  • --interval=DURATION (default: 30s)
  • --timeout=DURATION (default: 30s)
  • --start-period=DURATION (default: 0s)
  • --start-interval=DURATION (default: 5s)
  • --retries=N (default: 3)

The health check will first run interval seconds after the container is started, and then again interval seconds after each previous check completes.

If a single run of the check takes longer than timeout seconds then the check is considered to have failed.

It takes retries consecutive failures of the health check for the container to be considered unhealthy.

start period provides initialization time for containers that need time to bootstrap. Probe failure during that period will not be counted towards the maximum number of retries. However, if a health check succeeds during the start period, the container is considered started and all consecutive failures will be counted towards the maximum number of retries.

start interval is the time between health checks during the start period.

There can only be one HEALTHCHECK instruction in a Dockerfile. If you list more than one then only the last HEALTHCHECK will take effect.

The command after the CMD keyword can be either a shell command (e.g. HEALTHCHECK CMD /bin/check-running) or an exec array (as with other Dockerfile commands; see e.g. ENTRYPOINT for details).

The command's exit status indicates the health status of the container. The possible values are:

  • 0: success - the container is healthy and ready for use
  • 1: unhealthy - the container is not working correctly
  • 2: reserved - do not use this exit code

For example, to check every five minutes or so that a web-server is able to serve the site's main page within three seconds:

HEALTHCHECK --interval=5m --timeout=3s \
  CMD curl -f http://localhost/ || exit 1

To help debug failing probes, any output text (UTF-8 encoded) that the command writes on stdout or stderr will be stored in the health status and can be queried with docker inspect. Such output should be kept short (only the first 4096 bytes are stored currently).

When the health status of a container changes, a health_status event is generated with the new status.

SHELL

SHELL ["executable", "parameters"]

The SHELL instruction allows the default shell used for the shell form of commands to be overridden. The default shell on Linux is ["/bin/sh", "-c"], and on Windows is ["cmd", "/S", "/C"]. The SHELL instruction must be written in JSON form in a Dockerfile.

The SHELL instruction is particularly useful on Windows where there are two commonly used and quite different native shells: cmd and powershell, as well as alternate shells available including sh.

The SHELL instruction can appear multiple times. Each SHELL instruction overrides all previous SHELL instructions, and affects all subsequent instructions. For example:

FROM microsoft/windowsservercore

# Executed as cmd /S /C echo default
RUN echo default

# Executed as cmd /S /C powershell -command Write-Host default
RUN powershell -command Write-Host default

# Executed as powershell -command Write-Host hello
SHELL ["powershell", "-command"]
RUN Write-Host hello

# Executed as cmd /S /C echo hello
SHELL ["cmd", "/S", "/C"]
RUN echo hello

The following instructions can be affected by the SHELL instruction when the shell form of them is used in a Dockerfile: RUN, CMD and ENTRYPOINT.

The following example is a common pattern found on Windows which can be streamlined by using the SHELL instruction:

RUN powershell -command Execute-MyCmdlet -param1 "c:\foo.txt"

The command invoked by docker will be:

cmd /S /C powershell -command Execute-MyCmdlet -param1 "c:\foo.txt"

This is inefficient for two reasons. First, there is an un-necessary cmd.exe command processor (aka shell) being invoked. Second, each RUN instruction in the shell form requires an extra powershell -command prefixing the command.

To make this more efficient, one of two mechanisms can be employed. One is to use the JSON form of the RUN command such as:

RUN ["powershell", "-command", "Execute-MyCmdlet", "-param1 \"c:\\foo.txt\""]

While the JSON form is unambiguous and does not use the un-necessary cmd.exe, it does require more verbosity through double-quoting and escaping. The alternate mechanism is to use the SHELL instruction and the shell form, making a more natural syntax for Windows users, especially when combined with the escape parser directive:

# escape=`

FROM microsoft/nanoserver
SHELL ["powershell","-command"]
RUN New-Item -ItemType Directory C:\Example
ADD Execute-MyCmdlet.ps1 c:\example\
RUN c:\example\Execute-MyCmdlet -sample 'hello world'

Resulting in:

PS E:\myproject> docker build -t shell .

Sending build context to Docker daemon 4.096 kB
Step 1/5 : FROM microsoft/nanoserver
 ---> 22738ff49c6d
Step 2/5 : SHELL powershell -command
 ---> Running in 6fcdb6855ae2
 ---> 6331462d4300
Removing intermediate container 6fcdb6855ae2
Step 3/5 : RUN New-Item -ItemType Directory C:\Example
 ---> Running in d0eef8386e97


    Directory: C:\


Mode         LastWriteTime              Length Name
----         -------------              ------ ----
d-----       10/28/2016  11:26 AM              Example


 ---> 3f2fbf1395d9
Removing intermediate container d0eef8386e97
Step 4/5 : ADD Execute-MyCmdlet.ps1 c:\example\
 ---> a955b2621c31
Removing intermediate container b825593d39fc
Step 5/5 : RUN c:\example\Execute-MyCmdlet 'hello world'
 ---> Running in be6d8e63fe75
hello world
 ---> 8e559e9bf424
Removing intermediate container be6d8e63fe75
Successfully built 8e559e9bf424
PS E:\myproject>

The SHELL instruction could also be used to modify the way in which a shell operates. For example, using SHELL cmd /S /C /V:ON|OFF on Windows, delayed environment variable expansion semantics could be modified.

The SHELL instruction can also be used on Linux should an alternate shell be required such as zsh, csh, tcsh and others.

Here-Documents

Note

Added in docker/dockerfile:1.4

Here-documents allow redirection of subsequent Dockerfile lines to the input of RUN or COPY commands. If such command contains a here-document the Dockerfile considers the next lines until the line only containing a here-doc delimiter as part of the same command.

Example: Running a multi-line script

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM debian
RUN <<EOT bash
  set -ex
  apt-get update
  apt-get install -y vim
EOT

If the command only contains a here-document, its contents is evaluated with the default shell.

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM debian
RUN <<EOT
  mkdir -p foo/bar
EOT

Alternatively, shebang header can be used to define an interpreter.

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM python:3.6
RUN <<EOT
#!/usr/bin/env python
print("hello world")
EOT

More complex examples may use multiple here-documents.

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
RUN <<FILE1 cat > file1 && <<FILE2 cat > file2
I am
first
FILE1
I am
second
FILE2

Example: Creating inline files

In COPY commands source parameters can be replaced with here-doc indicators. Regular here-doc variable expansion and tab stripping rules apply.

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
ARG FOO=bar
COPY <<-EOT /app/foo
	hello ${FOO}
EOT
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM alpine
COPY <<-"EOT" /app/script.sh
	echo hello ${FOO}
EOT
RUN FOO=abc ash /app/script.sh

Dockerfile examples

For examples of Dockerfiles, refer to:

Footnotes

  1. Value required ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  2. For Docker-integrated BuildKit and docker buildx build ↩