From ecbdcf943ceb9b44c526cf9e5d0c4e535c3979e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 22:22:21 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 01/15] feat(jest-config): supports Jest config file with .mts
 extension

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 .../jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap              |  66 +++++++
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts         | 186 ++++++++++++++++++
 packages/jest-config/package.json             |   2 +-
 packages/jest-config/src/constants.ts         |   2 +
 .../src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts        |  25 ++-
 5 files changed, 278 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
 create mode 100644 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3dcaeebf281d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Jest Snapshot v1, https://jestjs.io/docs/snapshot-testing
+
+exports[`on node <20.19.0 does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading .mts Jest config.
+    Please upgrade to the range of ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node >=24 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
+    Errors were:
+    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
+    - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
+jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
+jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
+jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
+"  console.log
+<<REPLACED>>/jest-config-ts/some/nested/directory
+
+      at Object.<anonymous> (__tests__/a-giraffe.js:3:27)
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
+"PASS ../../../__tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe
+  ✓ abc"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       2 passed, 2 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
+"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..19667d772c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ */
+
+import * as path from 'path';
+import {onNodeVersions} from '@jest/test-utils';
+import {cleanup, extractSummary, writeFiles} from '../Utils';
+import runJest from '../runJest';
+
+const DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, '../jest-config-ts');
+
+beforeEach(() => cleanup(DIR));
+afterAll(() => cleanup(DIR));
+
+onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0', () => {
+  test('works with jest.config.mts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts':
+        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{"type": "commonjs"}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+  test('works with tsconfig.json', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts':
+        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+      'tsconfig.json': '{ "compilerOptions": { "module": "esnext" } }',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  test('traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': `
+      const slash = require('slash');
+      test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));
+      test('abc', () => console.log(slash(process.cwd())));
+      `,
+      'jest.config.mts':
+        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+      'some/nested/directory/file.js': '// nothing special',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode, stdout} = runJest(
+      path.join(DIR, 'some', 'nested', 'directory'),
+      ['-w=1', '--ci=false'],
+      {nodeOptions: '--no-warnings', skipPkgJsonCheck: true},
+    );
+
+    // Snapshot the console.logged `process.cwd()` and make sure it stays the same
+    expect(
+      stdout
+        .replaceAll(/^\W+(.*)e2e/gm, '<<REPLACED>>')
+        // slightly different log in node versions >= 23
+        .replace('at Object.log', 'at Object.<anonymous>'),
+    ).toMatchSnapshot();
+
+    const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+})
+
+onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
+  test('does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts':
+        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    expect(
+      stderr
+        // Remove the stack trace from the error message
+        .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
+        .trim()
+        // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
+        .replace(
+          /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
+          '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
+        )
+        // Replace Node version with  
+        .replace(
+          /(Current Node version) (.+?) /m,
+          '$1 <<REPLACED>> '
+        ),
+    ).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+})
+
+
+onNodeVersions('<23.6', () => {
+  test('invalid JS in jest.config.mts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts': "export default i'll break this file yo",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false']);
+    expect(stderr).toMatch('SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token');
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
+
+onNodeVersions('^23.6', () => {
+  test('invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support)', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts': "export default i'll break this file yo",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    expect(
+      stderr
+        // Remove the stack trace from the error message
+        .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
+        .trim()
+        // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
+        .replace(
+          /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
+          '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
+        ),
+    ).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
+
+onNodeVersions('>=24', () => {
+  // todo fixme
+  // eslint-disable-next-line jest/no-identical-title
+  test('invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support)', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts': "export default i'll break this file yo",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    expect(
+      stderr
+        // Remove the stack trace from the error message
+        .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
+        .trim()
+        // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
+        .replace(
+          /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
+          '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
+        ),
+    ).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/package.json b/packages/jest-config/package.json
index c06dce165be5..1f356855e41e 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/package.json
+++ b/packages/jest-config/package.json
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
     "micromatch": "^4.0.8",
     "parse-json": "^5.2.0",
     "pretty-format": "workspace:*",
+    "semver": "^7.7.2",
     "slash": "^3.0.0",
     "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1"
   },
@@ -66,7 +67,6 @@
     "@types/parse-json": "^4.0.2",
     "esbuild": "^0.25.5",
     "esbuild-register": "^3.6.0",
-    "semver": "^7.7.2",
     "ts-node": "^10.5.0",
     "typescript": "^5.0.4"
   },
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/constants.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/constants.ts
index 63172c139250..13ceb1128ae2 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/constants.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ export const PACKAGE_JSON = 'package.json';
 export const JEST_CONFIG_BASE_NAME = 'jest.config';
 export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CJS = '.cjs';
 export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MJS = '.mjs';
+export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MTS = '.mts';
 export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JS = '.js';
 export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS = '.ts';
 export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS = '.cts';
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ export const JEST_CONFIG_EXT_ORDER = Object.freeze([
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MJS,
+  JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MTS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CJS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JSON,
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index f71d1af715ba..094df591fadb 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ import {interopRequireDefault, requireOrImportModule} from 'jest-util';
 import {
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JSON,
+  JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MTS,
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS,
   PACKAGE_JSON,
 } from './constants';
+import {satisfies} from 'semver';
 
 interface TsLoader {
   enabled: (bool: boolean) => void;
@@ -32,9 +34,12 @@ type TsLoaderModule = 'ts-node' | 'esbuild-register';
 export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
   configPath: string,
 ): Promise<Config.InitialOptions> {
+  const isMTS = configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MTS);
   const isTS =
     configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS) ||
-    configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS);
+    configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS) ||
+    configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS) ||
+    isMTS;
   const isJSON = configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JSON);
   let configObject;
 
@@ -68,7 +73,23 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
           }
         }
       } else {
-        configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
+        if (isMTS) {
+          // TODO: remove this once dropping Node 20/22 support.
+          const mtsSupportVersionRange = '^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0';
+          if (!satisfies(process.versions.node, mtsSupportVersionRange)) {
+            // Likely Node version not yet supports require(esm)
+            // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
+            throw (
+              `  Current Node version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading .mts Jest config.\n` +
+              `    Please upgrade to the range of ${mtsSupportVersionRange}`
+            );
+          }
+          // Relies on import(.mts) before falling back to require(.mts)
+          configObject = await requireOrImportModule<any>(configPath);
+        } else {
+          configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
+        }
       }
     } else if (isJSON) {
       const fileContent = fs.readFileSync(configPath, 'utf8');

From 73135e86ac992dce9a268e885581949f0c53f827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 22:22:24 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 02/15] feat(jest-config): supports untyped`.mts` config file

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 .../jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap              |  70 +++++++-
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts         | 164 ++++++++++++------
 .../src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts        |  22 ++-
 3 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index 3dcaeebf281d..a1ba676ee52a 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 exports[`on node <20.19.0 does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
     Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading .mts Jest config.
-    Please upgrade to the range of ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0"
+    Please upgrade to ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0"
 `;
 
 exports[`on node >=24 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
@@ -17,7 +17,48 @@ jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
 jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0 does not work with typed jest.config.ts 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.
+    Please upgrade to ^23.6
+    Error: SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^23.6 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
+    Errors were:
+    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]:   x Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
+   ,----
+ 1 | export default i'll break this file yo
+   :                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   \`----
+  x Unterminated string constant
+   ,----
+ 1 | export default i'll break this file yo
+   :                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   \`----
+
+    - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
+jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
+jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
+jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
 "  console.log
 <<REPLACED>>/jest-config-ts/some/nested/directory
 
@@ -25,13 +66,13 @@ exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it find
 "
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
+exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
 "PASS ../../../__tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe
   ✓ abc"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
+exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       2 passed, 2 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -39,12 +80,25 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+exports[`on node ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -52,12 +106,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
+exports[`on node ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
+exports[`on node ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index 19667d772c21..52e724bc0c48 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -15,12 +15,122 @@ const DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, '../jest-config-ts');
 beforeEach(() => cleanup(DIR));
 afterAll(() => cleanup(DIR));
 
-onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0', () => {
-  test('works with jest.config.mts', () => {
+onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
+  test('does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
       'jest.config.mts':
         "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    expect(
+      stderr
+        // Remove the stack trace from the error message
+        .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
+        .trim()
+        // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
+        .replace(
+          /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
+          '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
+        )
+        // Replace Node version with
+        .replace(/(Current Node version) (.+?) /m, '$1 <<REPLACED>> '),
+    ).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
+
+onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0', () => {
+  test('work with untyped jest.config.mts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts':
+        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  test('does not work with typed jest.config.ts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts': `
+        import {Config} from 'jest';
+        const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
+        export default config;
+      `,
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    expect(
+      stderr
+        // Remove the stack trace from the error message
+        .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
+        .trim()
+        // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
+        .replace(
+          /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
+          '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
+        )
+        // Replace Node version with
+        .replace(/(Current Node version) (.+?) /m, '$1 <<REPLACED>> '),
+    ).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  test('invalid JS in jest.config.mts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts': "export default i'll break this file yo",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false']);
+    expect(stderr).toMatch('SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token');
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
+
+onNodeVersions('^23.6', () => {
+  test('work with untyped jest.config.mts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts':
+        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
+      'package.json': '{}',
+    });
+
+    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+    });
+    const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
+    expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+
+  test('works with typed jest.config.mts', () => {
+    writeFiles(DIR, {
+      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+      'jest.config.mts': `
+        import {Config} from 'jest';
+        const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
+        export default config;
+      `,
       'package.json': '{"type": "commonjs"}',
     });
 
@@ -32,6 +142,7 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0', () => {
     expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
     expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
   });
+
   test('works with tsconfig.json', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
@@ -82,56 +193,7 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0', () => {
     expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
     expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
   });
-})
-
-onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
-  test('does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported', () => {
-    writeFiles(DIR, {
-      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
-      'jest.config.mts':
-        "export default {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js'};",
-      'package.json': '{}',
-    });
 
-    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
-      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
-    });
-    expect(
-      stderr
-        // Remove the stack trace from the error message
-        .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
-        .trim()
-        // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
-        .replace(
-          /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
-          '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
-        )
-        // Replace Node version with  
-        .replace(
-          /(Current Node version) (.+?) /m,
-          '$1 <<REPLACED>> '
-        ),
-    ).toMatchSnapshot();
-    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
-  });
-})
-
-
-onNodeVersions('<23.6', () => {
-  test('invalid JS in jest.config.mts', () => {
-    writeFiles(DIR, {
-      '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
-      'jest.config.mts': "export default i'll break this file yo",
-      'package.json': '{}',
-    });
-
-    const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false']);
-    expect(stderr).toMatch('SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token');
-    expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
-  });
-});
-
-onNodeVersions('^23.6', () => {
   test('invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support)', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index 094df591fadb..8c921b489c0f 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -75,18 +75,32 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
       } else {
         if (isMTS) {
           // TODO: remove this once dropping Node 20/22 support.
-          const mtsSupportVersionRange = '^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0';
-          if (!satisfies(process.versions.node, mtsSupportVersionRange)) {
+          const mtsExtSupportVersionRange = '^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0';
+          if (!satisfies(process.versions.node, mtsExtSupportVersionRange)) {
             // Likely Node version not yet supports require(esm)
             // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.
             // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
             throw (
               `  Current Node version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading .mts Jest config.\n` +
-              `    Please upgrade to the range of ${mtsSupportVersionRange}`
+              `    Please upgrade to ${mtsExtSupportVersionRange}`
             );
           }
           // Relies on import(.mts) before falling back to require(.mts)
-          configObject = await requireOrImportModule<any>(configPath);
+          try {
+            configObject = await requireOrImportModule<any>(configPath);
+          } catch (requireOrImportModuleError) {
+            if (!(requireOrImportModuleError instanceof SyntaxError)) {
+              throw requireOrImportModuleError;
+            }
+            // Likely Node version does not support type stripping when require(esm).
+            // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.
+            // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
+            throw (
+              `  Current Node version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.\n` +
+              '    Please upgrade to ^23.6\n' +
+              `    Error: ${requireOrImportModuleError}\n`
+            );
+          }
         } else {
           configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
         }

From 463729673098bc475a347caaac846ca3a848ae29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 22:26:56 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 03/15] chore: add CHANGELOG entry

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e0179da15bd8..3246a02aad41 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 ## main
 
+### Features
+
+- `[jest-config]` Supports Jest config file with `.mts` extension ([#15796](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15796))  
+
 ## 30.0.5
 
 ### Features

From e789de51cab5261e5774e57f0ad7da3aa7facc9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Nakazawa <xnakazawa@pm.me>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 12:56:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 04/15] Update readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts

---
 packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index 8c921b489c0f..5e5a02670102 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
   const isTS =
     configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS) ||
     configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS) ||
-    configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS) ||
     isMTS;
   const isJSON = configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JSON);
   let configObject;

From dcad33b654e92704b00f39ff289389cdccee6d4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Sep 2025 15:55:43 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 05/15] feat(cfg): enhance error message to inform user of
 default type stripping in Node >=22.18.0

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 .../jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap              | 82 +++++++++----------
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts         |  4 +-
 .../src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts        |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index a1ba676ee52a..9ba2aa96aab7 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -6,38 +6,7 @@ exports[`on node <20.19.0 does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) i
     Please upgrade to ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=24 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
-"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
-    both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
-    Errors were:
-    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
-    - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
-jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
-jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
-jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
-`;
-
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0 does not work with typed jest.config.ts 1`] = `
-"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
-    Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.
-    Please upgrade to ^23.6
-    Error: SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration"
-`;
-
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
-"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
-  ✓ giraffe"
-`;
-
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
-"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
-Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
-Snapshots:   0 total
-Time:        <<REPLACED>>
-Ran all test suites."
-`;
-
-exports[`on node ^23.6 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
     both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
     Errors were:
@@ -58,7 +27,7 @@ jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
 jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
 "  console.log
 <<REPLACED>>/jest-config-ts/some/nested/directory
 
@@ -66,13 +35,13 @@ exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`
 "
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
 "PASS ../../../__tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe
   ✓ abc"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       2 passed, 2 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -80,12 +49,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -93,12 +62,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -106,12 +75,43 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node >=24 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
+    Errors were:
+    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
+    - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
+jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
+jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
+jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 does not work with typed jest.config.ts 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.
+    Please upgrade to >=22.18.0 || ^23.6
+    Error: SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index 52e724bc0c48..d7a02e738c92 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
   });
 });
 
-onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0', () => {
+onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
   test('work with untyped jest.config.mts', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <23.6.0', () => {
   });
 });
 
-onNodeVersions('^23.6', () => {
+onNodeVersions('>=22.18.0 || ^23.6', () => {
   test('work with untyped jest.config.mts', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index 5e5a02670102..466528e02710 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
             // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
             throw (
               `  Current Node version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.\n` +
-              '    Please upgrade to ^23.6\n' +
+              '    Please upgrade to >=22.18.0 || ^23.6\n' +
               `    Error: ${requireOrImportModuleError}\n`
             );
           }

From 0b2429591cfd6c983fdc451fdac6bba2d67f3d22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2025 12:18:16 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 06/15] chore: address failed tests with updated snapshot +
 expand case for jest.config.mts for `create-jest`

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 .../__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap       | 12 +-----------
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts                |  4 ++--
 .../has-jest-config-file-mts/jest.config.mts         |  8 ++++++++
 .../has-jest-config-file-mts/package.json            |  1 +
 .../src/__tests__/__snapshots__/init.test.ts.snap    |  9 +++++++++
 .../jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts   |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/jest.config.mts
 create mode 100644 packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/package.json

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index 9ba2aa96aab7..b68dda560c71 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -10,17 +10,7 @@ exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with nat
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
     both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
     Errors were:
-    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]:   x Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
-   ,----
- 1 | export default i'll break this file yo
-   :                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-   \`----
-  x Unterminated string constant
-   ,----
- 1 | export default i'll break this file yo
-   :                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-   \`----
-
+    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
     - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
 jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
 jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index d7a02e738c92..3dbd57e061b4 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
 });
 
 onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
-  test('work with untyped jest.config.mts', () => {
+  test('work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
       'jest.config.mts':
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
 });
 
 onNodeVersions('>=22.18.0 || ^23.6', () => {
-  test('work with untyped jest.config.mts', () => {
+  test('work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
       'jest.config.mts':
diff --git a/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/jest.config.mts b/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/jest.config.mts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4f69b4e3bda0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/jest.config.mts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+ * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+ */
+
+export default {};
diff --git a/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/package.json b/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0967ef424bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__fixtures__/has-jest-config-file-mts/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{}
diff --git a/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/init.test.ts.snap b/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/init.test.ts.snap
index b81a676fa4a2..63a3c27027ca 100644
--- a/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/init.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/create-jest/src/__tests__/__snapshots__/init.test.ts.snap
@@ -54,6 +54,15 @@ Object {
 }
 `;
 
+exports[`init has-jest-config-file-mts ask the user whether to override config or not user answered with "Yes" 1`] = `
+Object {
+  "initial": true,
+  "message": "It seems that you already have a jest configuration, do you want to override it?",
+  "name": "continue",
+  "type": "confirm",
+}
+`;
+
 exports[`init has-jest-config-file-ts ask the user whether to override config or not user answered with "Yes" 1`] = `
 Object {
   "initial": true,
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index 161fb5fb097d..0c9c374d52ba 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import * as path from 'path';
 import {isNativeError} from 'util/types';
 import * as fs from 'graceful-fs';
 import parseJson from 'parse-json';
+import {satisfies} from 'semver';
 import stripJsonComments from 'strip-json-comments';
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import {type Pragmas, extract, parse} from 'jest-docblock';
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ import {
   JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS,
   PACKAGE_JSON,
 } from './constants';
-import {satisfies} from 'semver';
 
 interface TsLoader {
   enabled: (bool: boolean) => void;

From f13b60b2bc91427f577cb52189227e120c55eee8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2025 12:53:16 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 07/15] chore: address failed test with updated snapshot and
 refactors

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap | 8 ++++----
 packages/jest-cli/src/__tests__/args.test.ts             | 9 ++++++---
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index b68dda560c71..ef6083c4116a 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 does not work wit
     Error: SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
diff --git a/packages/jest-cli/src/__tests__/args.test.ts b/packages/jest-cli/src/__tests__/args.test.ts
index 9cc7994205e1..52302fda8f0a 100644
--- a/packages/jest-cli/src/__tests__/args.test.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-cli/src/__tests__/args.test.ts
@@ -89,13 +89,16 @@ describe('check', () => {
 
   it('raises an exception if config is not a valid JSON string', () => {
     expect(() => check(argv({config: 'x:1'}))).toThrow(
-      'The --config option requires a JSON string literal, or a file path with one of these extensions: .js, .ts, .mjs, .cjs, .cts, .json',
+      `The --config option requires a JSON string literal, or a file path with one of these extensions: ${constants.JEST_CONFIG_EXT_ORDER.join(
+        ', ',
+      )}`,
     );
   });
 
   it('raises an exception if config is not a supported file type', () => {
-    const message =
-      'The --config option requires a JSON string literal, or a file path with one of these extensions: .js, .ts, .mjs, .cjs, .cts, .json';
+    const message = `The --config option requires a JSON string literal, or a file path with one of these extensions: ${constants.JEST_CONFIG_EXT_ORDER.join(
+      ', ',
+    )}`;
 
     expect(() => check(argv({config: 'jest.configjs'}))).toThrow(message);
     expect(() => check(argv({config: 'jest.config.exe'}))).toThrow(message);

From 7517cfb4e3650a94d9d2bd66e77d77a99ef35287 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2025 13:32:31 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 08/15] chore: fix test content for typed jest.config.mts

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index 3dbd57e061b4..91c710d109a9 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
       'jest.config.mts': `
-        import {Config} from 'jest';
+        import type {Config} from 'jest';
         const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
         export default config;
       `,
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ onNodeVersions('>=22.18.0 || ^23.6', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
       'jest.config.mts': `
-        import {Config} from 'jest';
+        import type {Config} from 'jest';
         const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
         export default config;
       `,

From 0da1b275f55369d0e1698e38e810a106ab3bfb98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2025 14:14:35 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 09/15] chore: update snapshot for failed test

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index ef6083c4116a..95c1c27f3647 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 does not work wit
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
     Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.
     Please upgrade to >=22.18.0 || ^23.6
-    Error: SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration"
+    Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected token '{'"
 `;
 
 exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 1`] = `

From ae42957a98fdd736fae9a227139f45f118850b67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 22:44:52 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 10/15] feat(jest-config): revamp config loadout for .mts
 config to be JS runtime agnostic

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 .../jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap              | 71 ++++++++++---------
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts         | 40 ++++++++---
 packages/jest-config/package.json             |  2 +-
 .../src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts        | 58 +++++++--------
 4 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index 95c1c27f3647..c63b4c9a4c6d 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -1,23 +1,11 @@
 // Jest Snapshot v1, https://jestjs.io/docs/snapshot-testing
 
-exports[`on node <20.19.0 does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
-    Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading .mts Jest config.
-    Please upgrade to ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0"
+  SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
-"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
-    both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
-    Errors were:
-    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
-    - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
-jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
-jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
-jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
-`;
-
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 1`] = `
 "  console.log
 <<REPLACED>>/jest-config-ts/some/nested/directory
 
@@ -25,13 +13,13 @@ exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds j
 "
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 2`] = `
 "PASS ../../../__tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe
   ✓ abc"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 traverses directory tree up until it finds jest.config 3`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       2 passed, 2 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -39,12 +27,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -52,12 +40,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 works with tsconfig.json 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 works with tsconfig.json 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -65,12 +53,12 @@ Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 works with typed jest.config.mts 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node >=22.18.0 || ^23.6 works with typed jest.config.mts 2`] = `
+exports[`on node >=22.18.0 works with typed jest.config.mts 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
@@ -80,28 +68,41 @@ Ran all test suites."
 
 exports[`on node >=24 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
-    both with the native node TypeScript support and configured TypeScript loaders.
-    Errors were:
-    - SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'
-    - TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
-jest.config.mts(1,16): error TS2304: Cannot find name 'i'.
-jest.config.mts(1,17): error TS1005: ';' expected.
-jest.config.mts(1,39): error TS1002: Unterminated string literal."
+  SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 does not work with typed jest.config.ts 1`] = `
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
-    Current Node version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.
-    Please upgrade to >=22.18.0 || ^23.6
+    Current JS runtime version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading .mts Jest config.
+    Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.require_module"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 does not work with typed jest.config.ts 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    Current JS runtime version <<REPLACED>> does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.
+    Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.typescript 
     Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected token '{'"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 1`] = `
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 1`] = `
+"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
+  ✓ giraffe"
+`;
+
+exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 2`] = `
+"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
+Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
+Snapshots:   0 total
+Time:        <<REPLACED>>
+Ran all test suites."
+`;
+
+exports[`work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used 1`] = `
 "PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
   ✓ giraffe"
 `;
 
-exports[`on node ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0 work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping 2`] = `
+exports[`work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used 2`] = `
 "Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
 Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
 Snapshots:   0 total
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index 91c710d109a9..ec5066e3cfb3 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,28 @@ const DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, '../jest-config-ts');
 beforeEach(() => cleanup(DIR));
 afterAll(() => cleanup(DIR));
 
-onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
+test('work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used', () => {
+  writeFiles(DIR, {
+    '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
+    'jest.config.mts': `
+        /** @jest-config-loader ts-node */
+        import type {Config} from 'jest';
+        const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
+        export default config;
+      `,
+    'package.json': '{"type": "commonjs"}',
+  });
+
+  const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
+    nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+  });
+  const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
+  expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+  expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
+  expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+});
+
+onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0', () => {
   test('does not work with jest.config.mts when require(esm) is not supported', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
@@ -25,7 +46,7 @@ onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
     });
 
     const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
-      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
+      nodeOptions: '--no-warnings --no-experimental-require-module',
     });
     expect(
       stderr
@@ -37,14 +58,12 @@ onNodeVersions('<20.19.0', () => {
           /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
           '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
         )
-        // Replace Node version with
-        .replace(/(Current Node version) (.+?) /m, '$1 <<REPLACED>> '),
+        // Replace Node version with placeholder
+        .replace(/(Current JS runtime version) (.+?) /m, '$1 <<REPLACED>> '),
     ).toMatchSnapshot();
     expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
   });
-});
 
-onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
   test('work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions without default type stripping', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
@@ -87,7 +106,7 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
           '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
         )
         // Replace Node version with
-        .replace(/(Current Node version) (.+?) /m, '$1 <<REPLACED>> '),
+        .replace(/(Current JS runtime version) (.+?) /m, '$1 <<REPLACED>> '),
     ).toMatchSnapshot();
     expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
   });
@@ -100,12 +119,15 @@ onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0 || 23 - 23.6.0', () => {
     });
 
     const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false']);
-    expect(stderr).toMatch('SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token');
+    expect(stderr).toMatch('does not support loading typed .mts Jest config');
+    expect(stderr).toMatch(
+      'Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.typescript',
+    );
     expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
   });
 });
 
-onNodeVersions('>=22.18.0 || ^23.6', () => {
+onNodeVersions('>=22.18.0', () => {
   test('work with untyped jest.config.mts for Node versions with default type stripping', () => {
     writeFiles(DIR, {
       '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/package.json b/packages/jest-config/package.json
index e5b096d5b0d9..539e7a7675e7 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/package.json
+++ b/packages/jest-config/package.json
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@
     "micromatch": "^4.0.8",
     "parse-json": "^5.2.0",
     "pretty-format": "workspace:*",
-    "semver": "^7.7.2",
     "slash": "^3.0.0",
     "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.1"
   },
@@ -68,6 +67,7 @@
     "@types/parse-json": "^4.0.2",
     "esbuild": "^0.25.5",
     "esbuild-register": "^3.6.0",
+    "semver": "^7.7.2",
     "ts-node": "^10.5.0",
     "typescript": "^5.8.3"
   },
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index 0c9c374d52ba..cb2622e4a23b 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import * as path from 'path';
 import {isNativeError} from 'util/types';
 import * as fs from 'graceful-fs';
 import parseJson from 'parse-json';
-import {satisfies} from 'semver';
 import stripJsonComments from 'strip-json-comments';
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import {type Pragmas, extract, parse} from 'jest-docblock';
@@ -37,8 +36,7 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
   const isMTS = configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_MTS);
   const isTS =
     configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_TS) ||
-    configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS) ||
-    isMTS;
+    configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_CTS);
   const isJSON = configPath.endsWith(JEST_CONFIG_EXT_JSON);
   let configObject;
 
@@ -77,37 +75,41 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
           }
         }
       } else {
-        if (isMTS) {
-          // TODO: remove this once dropping Node 20/22 support.
-          const mtsExtSupportVersionRange = '^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0';
-          if (!satisfies(process.versions.node, mtsExtSupportVersionRange)) {
-            // Likely Node version not yet supports require(esm)
-            // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.
-            // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
-            throw (
-              `  Current Node version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading .mts Jest config.\n` +
-              `    Please upgrade to ${mtsExtSupportVersionRange}`
-            );
-          }
-          // Relies on import(.mts) before falling back to require(.mts)
-          try {
-            configObject = await requireOrImportModule<any>(configPath);
-          } catch (requireOrImportModuleError) {
-            if (!(requireOrImportModuleError instanceof SyntaxError)) {
-              throw requireOrImportModuleError;
-            }
-            // Likely Node version does not support type stripping when require(esm).
+        configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
+      }
+    } else if (isMTS) {
+      if (!hasTsLoaderExplicitlyConfigured(configPath)) {
+        // @ts-expect-error: Type assertion can be removed once @types/node is updated to 23 https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processfeaturestypescript
+        if (!process.features.require_module) {
+          // Likely JS runtime does not yet support require(esm) yet.
+          // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.
+          // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
+          throw (
+            `  Current JS runtime version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading .mts Jest config.\n` +
+            `    Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.require_module`
+          );
+        }
+
+        // Relies on import(.mts) before falling back to require(.mts)
+        try {
+          configObject = await requireOrImportModule<any>(configPath);
+        } catch (requireOrImportModuleError) {
+          // Likely JS runtime does not support type stripping when require(esm).
+          // @ts-expect-error: Type assertion can be removed once @types/node is updated to 23 https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processfeaturestypescript
+          if (!process.features.typescript) {
             // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.
             // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
             throw (
-              `  Current Node version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.\n` +
-              '    Please upgrade to >=22.18.0 || ^23.6\n' +
+              `  Current JS runtime version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading typed .mts Jest config.\n` +
+              '    Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.typescript \n' +
               `    Error: ${requireOrImportModuleError}\n`
             );
           }
-        } else {
-          configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
+          // Encounter unknown errors, thrown to users for further debugging.
+          throw requireOrImportModuleError;
         }
+      } else {
+        configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
       }
     } else if (isJSON) {
       const fileContent = fs.readFileSync(configPath, 'utf8');
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
       configObject = await requireOrImportModule<any>(configPath);
     }
   } catch (error) {
-    if (isTS) {
+    if (isTS || isMTS) {
       throw new Error(
         `Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file ${configPath}\n` +
           `  ${error}`,

From 61f869624eac6b288b2cc9244cbacb0d192ca170 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 22:45:05 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 11/15] chore: reposition CHANGELOG entry

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4f779d362926..38cf5f91a886 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 ### Features
 
 - `[jest-config]` Add `defineConfig` and `mergeConfig` helpers for type-safe Jest config ([#15844](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15844))
+- `[jest-config]` Supports Jest config file with `.mts` extension ([#15796](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15796))
 
 ### Fixes
 
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@
 ## Features
 
 - `[jest-environment-jsdom-abstract]` Add support for JSDOM v27 ([#15834](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15834))
-- `[jest-config]` Supports Jest config file with `.mts` extension ([#15796](https://github.com/jestjs/jest/pull/15796))
 
 ### Fixes
 

From 80043527b4242a1c44d8e617a72daf1a2cbf5d7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 22:47:51 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 12/15] chore: fix lint issues

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index cb2622e4a23b..fc78ccc2c10e 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
         configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
       }
     } else if (isMTS) {
-      if (!hasTsLoaderExplicitlyConfigured(configPath)) {
+      if (hasTsLoaderExplicitlyConfigured(configPath)) {
+        configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
+      } else {
         // @ts-expect-error: Type assertion can be removed once @types/node is updated to 23 https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processfeaturestypescript
         if (!process.features.require_module) {
           // Likely JS runtime does not yet support require(esm) yet.
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
           throw (
             `  Current JS runtime version ${process.versions.node} does not support loading .mts Jest config.\n` +
-            `    Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.require_module`
+            '    Please upgrade your JS runtime to support process.features.require_module'
           );
         }
 
@@ -108,8 +110,6 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
           // Encounter unknown errors, thrown to users for further debugging.
           throw requireOrImportModuleError;
         }
-      } else {
-        configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
       }
     } else if (isJSON) {
       const fileContent = fs.readFileSync(configPath, 'utf8');

From 2183aa363ffee32b6530e44d9b8bd446882e4d08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 23:30:50 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 13/15] chore: refresh yarn cache

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index ec5066e3cfb3..c74a9d6366d7 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ test('work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used', () => {
         const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
         export default config;
       `,
-    'package.json': '{"type": "commonjs"}',
+    'package.json': '{}',
   });
 
   const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {

From e81a7b50f8c111c0a2ab6c618baa2f75457beaaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 23:08:26 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 14/15] feat: guide users to use native runtime to load .mts
 Jest config

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 .../jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap              | 19 ++++++------------
 e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts         | 20 +++++++++++++------
 .../src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts        | 11 ++++++++--
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index c63b4c9a4c6d..acd6aa5a749d 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 // Jest Snapshot v1, https://jestjs.io/docs/snapshot-testing
 
+exports[`do not work with jest.config.mts when TS loader is used 1`] = `
+"Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
+    Loading .mts Jest config with external loaders is discouraged.
+    Please use a JS runtime that supports process.features.require_module and process.features.typescript."
+`;
+
 exports[`on node >=22.18.0 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
   SyntaxError [ERR_INVALID_TYPESCRIPT_SYNTAX]: Expected ';', got 'string literal (ll break this file yo, 'll break this file yo)'"
@@ -96,16 +102,3 @@ Snapshots:   0 total
 Time:        <<REPLACED>>
 Ran all test suites."
 `;
-
-exports[`work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used 1`] = `
-"PASS __tests__/a-giraffe.js
-  ✓ giraffe"
-`;
-
-exports[`work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used 2`] = `
-"Test Suites: 1 passed, 1 total
-Tests:       1 passed, 1 total
-Snapshots:   0 total
-Time:        <<REPLACED>>
-Ran all test suites."
-`;
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
index c74a9d6366d7..379a97bfacf7 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/jest.config.mts.test.ts
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ const DIR = path.resolve(__dirname, '../jest-config-ts');
 beforeEach(() => cleanup(DIR));
 afterAll(() => cleanup(DIR));
 
-test('work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used', () => {
+test('do not work with jest.config.mts when TS loader is used', () => {
   writeFiles(DIR, {
     '__tests__/a-giraffe.js': "test('giraffe', () => expect(1).toBe(1));",
     'jest.config.mts': `
-        /** @jest-config-loader ts-node */
+        /** @jest-config-loader esbuild-register */
         import type {Config} from 'jest';
         const config: Config = {testEnvironment: 'jest-environment-node', testRegex: '.*-giraffe.js' };
         export default config;
@@ -30,10 +30,18 @@ test('work with typed jest.config.mts when TS loader is used', () => {
   const {stderr, exitCode} = runJest(DIR, ['-w=1', '--ci=false'], {
     nodeOptions: '--no-warnings',
   });
-  const {rest, summary} = extractSummary(stderr);
-  expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
-  expect(rest).toMatchSnapshot();
-  expect(summary).toMatchSnapshot();
+  expect(
+    stderr
+      // Remove the stack trace from the error message
+      .slice(0, Math.max(0, stderr.indexOf('at readConfigFileAndSetRootDir')))
+      .trim()
+      // Replace the path to the config file with a placeholder
+      .replace(
+        /(Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file).*$/m,
+        '$1 <<REPLACED>>',
+      ),
+  ).toMatchSnapshot();
+  expect(exitCode).toBe(1);
 });
 
 onNodeVersions('^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0 <22.18.0', () => {
diff --git a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
index fc78ccc2c10e..13b6770d6230 100644
--- a/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-config/src/readConfigFileAndSetRootDir.ts
@@ -78,10 +78,17 @@ export default async function readConfigFileAndSetRootDir(
         configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
       }
     } else if (isMTS) {
+      // JS runtime's support for Typescript is mature enough that we should
+      // guide users towards native usage instead of possibly un-maintained
+      // external loader.
       if (hasTsLoaderExplicitlyConfigured(configPath)) {
-        configObject = await loadTSConfigFile(configPath);
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-throw-literal
+        throw (
+          '  Loading .mts Jest config with external loaders is discouraged.\n' +
+          '    Please use a JS runtime that supports process.features.require_module and process.features.typescript'
+        );
       } else {
-        // @ts-expect-error: Type assertion can be removed once @types/node is updated to 23 https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processfeaturestypescript
+        // @ts-expect-error: Type assertion can be removed once @types/node is updated to 23 https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processfeaturesrequire_module
         if (!process.features.require_module) {
           // Likely JS runtime does not yet support require(esm) yet.
           // This string is caught further down and merged into a new error message.

From 8d4363d0d54eaff6725d2a1d9ab5bfb6b6e815f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 23:12:57 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 15/15] chore: update snapshot

Signed-off-by: hainenber <dotronghai96@gmail.com>
---
 e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
index acd6aa5a749d..f0291e130f68 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/jest.config.mts.test.ts.snap
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 exports[`do not work with jest.config.mts when TS loader is used 1`] = `
 "Error: Jest: Failed to parse the TypeScript config file <<REPLACED>>
     Loading .mts Jest config with external loaders is discouraged.
-    Please use a JS runtime that supports process.features.require_module and process.features.typescript."
+    Please use a JS runtime that supports process.features.require_module and process.features.typescript"
 `;
 
 exports[`on node >=22.18.0 invalid JS in jest.config.mts (node with native TS support) 1`] = `