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slides-msr.tex
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% main.tex
% Fichero principal de transparencias (incluye a todos los demás).
% Compilar a .pdf con LaTeX (pdflatex)
% Es necesario instalar Beamer (paquete latex-beamer en Debian)
%
% Gráficos:
% Los gráficos pueden suministrarse en PNG, JPG, TIF, PDF, MPS
% Los EPS deben convertirse a PDF (usar epstopdf)
%
%\documentclass[17pt,aspectratio=169,hyperref={pdfusetitle,colorlinks,citecolor=blue,linkcolor=blue,urlcolor=blue}]{beamer}
\documentclass[17pt,aspectratio=169,hyperref={pdfusetitle,colorlinks,allcolors=olive}]{beamer}
\usetheme[orchid]{Hannover}
\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{}
\useoutertheme{infolines}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage[spanish]{babel}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage{multicol}
%\usepackage{amssymb} % Simbolos matematicos
%\usepackage[pdfusetitle]{hyperref}
%\usepackage{chronosys}
%% two slides per page
%\usepackage{pgfpages}
%\pgfpagesuselayout{2 on 1}[a4paper,border shrink=5mm]
%\usepackage{tikz}
\newcommand\YUGE{\fontsize{48}{60}\selectfont}
\newcommand{\secimage}{figs/bookpages}
\AtBeginSection[]
{
{
\usebackgroundtemplate{\includegraphics[width=\paperwidth,height=\paperheight]{\secimage}}
\begin{frame}<beamer>
\begin{center}
{\YUGE\bf\insertsection}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
}
\renewcommand{\secimage}{figs/bookpages}
}
\title[MSR \& Privacy]{Mining Software Repositories While Respecting Privacy}
%\subtitle{}
\author[Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona]{Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona}
\institute[URJC]{Universidad Rey Juan Carlos \\
@jgbarah ~~~~~ \url{https://jgbarah.github.io/presentations}}
\date{Mining Software Repositories Conference \\ Educational Track, June 29th 2020}
\begin{document}
%\begin{frame}[label=firstframe]
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{The plan}
\begin{multicols}{2}
\tableofcontents
\end{multicols}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Disclamer}
\begin{columns}[T]
\begin{column}{.78\textwidth}
{\Large
I'm not a lawyer.\\
\vspace{.8cm}
I don't have any \\
formal training in law.\\
\vspace{.8cm}
This is not legal advice.\\
}
\end{column}%
\hfill%
\begin{column}{.20\textwidth}
\includegraphics[height=\textwidth]{figs/signal-caution}
\end{column}%
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
%%-----------------------------------------
\section{Should we worry?}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Mining software repositories}
\begin{quote}
Should we worry \\
(about data privacy) \\
when we research \\
based on data \\
extracted from \\
software development repositories?
\end{quote}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
Let's analyze from two (interrelated) \\ points of view: \\
\vspace{1cm}
{\large
\begin{itemize}
\item legal requirements
\item ethical requirements
\end{itemize}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Ethics}
\begin{itemize}
\item Ethics recommendations in our field \\
\item Ethics rules by our funders
\item Ethics committees in our institutions
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Ethics: ICT research principles}
\begin{itemize}
\item stakeholders perspectives
\item respect for persons
\item beneficience
\item justice: fairness and equity
\item respect for law and public interest
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
{\footnotesize
\href{https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CSD-MenloPrinciplesCORE-20120803_1.pdf}{``The Menlo Report: Ethical Principles Guiding Information and Communication Technology Research''}, \\ Dittrich \& Kenneally (2012) \\
}
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Ethics: SE research core concepts}
\begin{itemize}
\item informed consent
\item scientific value
\item beneficence
\item confidentiality
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
{\footnotesize
\href{http://cogprints.org/3299/1/NRC-44912.pdf}{``Ethical Issues in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering''} \\
Singer \& Vinson (2002) \\
}
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Ethics: MSR}
\includegraphics[height=4.8cm]{figs/paper-gold-krinke-conclusions}
\begin{flushright}
{\footnotesize
``Ethical Mining: A Case Study on MSR Mining Challenges'', \\
Gold \& Krinke, MSR (2020) \\
}
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\begin{columns}[T]
\begin{column}{.78\textwidth}
{\huge Reminder: \\
This presentation \\ will focus on \\
privacy \& \\ data protection \\}
\end{column}%
\hfill%
\begin{column}{.20\textwidth}
\includegraphics[height=\textwidth]{figs/signal-caution}
\end{column}%
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Applicable law}
In the European Union (and elsewhere):
\begin{itemize}
\item \href{https://gdpr.eu/}{General Data Protection Regulation} (GDPR) \\
Affects all of EU, and rights of EU citizens
\item Specific law in member states
\item Recommendations by national data protection agencies
\end{itemize}
Becoming influential in other countries
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Applicable law}
Similar law in other jurisdictions:
{\small
\begin{itemize}
\item \href{https://www.oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa}{California Consumer Privacy Act}
\item Lei Geral de Proteçao de Dados (LGPD) (Brazil)
\item Act on Protection of Personal Information (Japan)
\item Personal Information Protection Act (South Korea)
\end{itemize}
}
(Plus international agreements, eg EU-Japan)
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
%%-----------------------------------------
\section{Analysis: EU-funded research}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
{\large What should we have into account, \\
if we get funded \\
by the European Commission? \\
}
\begin{flushright}
In the process, we'll review one \\
of the more complete set of requirements \\
on data privacy \\
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12.5cm]{figs/legal-ethical}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, by EC
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Research aspects}
{\Large
Processing \\
\vspace{1cm}
Publication \\
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Processing}
Processing of personal data should be:
\begin{itemize}
\item lawful,
\item fair,
\item and transparent.
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Preface (39)
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Lawful?}
\begin{itemize}
\item explicit consent: difficult when mining repositories
\item task in the public interest (public institutions)
\item legitimate interest (non-public institutions)
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://www.ukri.org/files/about/policy/ukri-gdpr-faqs-pdf}{GDPR and Research: An Overview for Researchers}, UK Research and Innovation
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Fair, transparent?}
Fair, transparent:
\begin{quote}
Processing for [...] research purposes, shall be subject to appropriate safeguards, in accordance with this Regulation, for the rights and freedoms of
the data subject.
\end{quote}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Article 89
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\vspace{-.3cm}
{\small \em
Those safeguards shall ensure that technical and organisational measures are in place in particular in order to ensure respect for the principle of data minimisation. Those measures may include pseudonymisation [...]. Where those purposes can be fulfilled by further processing which
does not permit [...] the identification of data subjects, those purposes shall be fulfilled in that manner.
}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Article 89
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Publication}
Publication of personal data: \\
\vspace{.2cm}
{\em
Sharing personal data should be \\
through managed processes, \\
with access and usage controls \\
to protect from re-identification
}
\vspace{.2cm}
\begin{flushright}
Potential problem for publication of results, \\
when they involve personal data (eg: datasets) \\
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12.5cm]{figs/gdpr-anon-pseudoanon}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, by EC
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
``Higher risks'' related to GDPR in research
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=6cm]{figs/gdpr-higher-risks}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, by EC
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\vspace{-1.6cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=11cm]{figs/gdpr-higher-risks-annotated}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\vspace{-1.6cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=13cm]{figs/gdpr-higher-risks-annotated-subjects}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Children \& vulnerable people}
Maybe we don't know...\\
...but they may be in our dataset\\
\begin{itemize}
\item they are subject to special protection
\item even when we usually cannot tell who they are...
\item ...others could
\end{itemize}
This situation is very difficult to deal with
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{No explicit consent}
\begin{itemize}
\item We collect data from services...
\item ...which didn't get explicit consent for our cases
\item Even if they got, they don't guarantee that for us
\item In summary: usually, no explicit consent
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
Can we avoid this case?
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\vspace{-1.6cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=13cm]{figs/gdpr-higher-risks-annotated-scale}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Large-scale}
\begin{itemize}
\item Usually, several data sources
\item The more data, the better
\item If we can combine datasets, we do
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
The better the research, the riskier
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\vspace{-1.6cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=13cm]{figs/gdpr-higher-risks-annotated-techniques}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Privacy invasive methods}
\begin{itemize}
\item Example study: who is working off-hours
\item Methodology: tracking individual activity in all available data sources
\item Risk: tagging specific people
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
You can learn working hours, days off, vacation...
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Data mining from social media}
\begin{itemize}
\item Our data source are social media
\item Of course we mine data from them
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
Data mining is the core of our business
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Profiling individuals or groups}
\begin{itemize}
\item Example: activities by newcomers
\item Methodology: tracking individual activity in all available data sources
\item Risk: tagging specific people
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
You can show specific activity of persons
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Using AI to analyze personal data}
\begin{itemize}
\item Example: find out experts
\item Methodology: analyze activity to find out experts in some languages, using AI
\item Risk: singling out specific persons
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\vspace{-1.6cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=13cm]{figs/gdpr-higher-risks-annotated-intl}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Transfer of data across EU border}
\begin{itemize}
\item Collecting data from non EU data sources
\item Sharing data with non-EU researchers
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
Can we avoid these scenarios?
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
%%-----------------------------------------
\section{Definitions (GDPR)}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Data processing}
{\small
{\em
(2) Data processing [includes] any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction.
}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Article 4.
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Actors subject to GDPR}
\begin{itemize}
\item Data controller: determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data
\item Data processor: processes personal data on behalf of the controller
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Data protection office (DPO)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Appointed by controllers and processors \\
(eg: usually one in each University)
\item Involved in all issues related to protection of personal data
\item Data subjects may contact DPO directly
\item Good, local point to seek advice for a researcher
\end{itemize}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Articles 37,38,39.
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{DPIA}
Data Protection Impact Assessment:
\vspace{.3cm}
{\em
Process designed to assess the data-protection impacts [...] and, [...] to ensure that remedial actions are taken as necessary to correct, avoid or minimise the potential negative impacts on the data subjects.
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{DPIA likely required}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=3.9cm]{figs/gdpr-dpia-examples}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, \\ by European Commission
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
%%-----------------------------------------
\section{Some guidelines}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
{\Large Guidelines based on the \\
European Commission case, \\
but useful even when they \\
are not mandatory \\
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Detailed analysis}
Ethics issues raised by our methodology:
\begin{itemize}
\item data collection and processing operations
\item ethics issues that these raise
\item mitigation of these issues in practice.
\end{itemize}
Submission to the Research Ethics Committee.
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Detailed analysis}
\begin{itemize}
\item Mandatory for EC-funded research proposals
\item Important: involve the DPO \\
(Data Protection Officer)
\item Maybe: requirement to conduct a DPIA \\
(Data Protection Impact Assessment)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{GDPR approach}
Data protection by design (DPbD):\\
\vspace{.5cm}
\begin{quote}
Data controllers are required to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to give effect to the core data-protection principles of GDPR.
\end{quote}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Articles 5 and 25
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{DPbD in research}
Data protection by design:\\
\begin{itemize}
\item Anonymization / pseudonymization
\item data minimization
\item cryptography (hashing, encrypting)
\item data protection focused service providers \& storage
\item procedures for exercising fundamental rights (access, consent)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Data minimization}
\begin{quote}
(1) Data processing must be lawful, fair and transparent.It should involve only data that are necessary and proportionate to achieve the specific task or purpose for which they were collected
\end{quote}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Article 5
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Data minimization}
\begin{itemize}
\item Collect minimal personal data
\item Anonymize and pseudonymize
\item Store data securely
\item Dispose data when no longer needed
\item Limit access to data
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Mitigation}
Anonymization, pseudonymization \\
\vspace{.5cm}
...but even in this case, ethics issues: \\
\begin{itemize}
\item origin of the data
\item potential misuse of methodology or findings
\item potential for deanonymization
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
%%-----------------------------------------
\section{Case: git data}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{The problem}
You have a collection of \\
all commits fulfilling some properties \\
from a large set of public repositories. \\
\vspace{.3cm}
You analyze number of committers per time period.
\vspace{.3cm}
How can you publish the dataset \\
in a reproduction package? \\
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{The problem}
\begin{center}
{\Large
Let's assume we have \\
a lawful basis \\
for the data processing \\
}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
commit 491f9205c36fdf54b4bbb7f25ba83b6cb99874b9
Author: Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona <[email protected]>
Date: Mon May 13 13:33:04 2019 +0200
Add notice about GNOME Extension needed
for indications.
\end{verbatim}
}
\pause
\begin{center}
{\Large
Personal data?
}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Personal data}
{\footnotesize
\begin{quotation}
(1) ‘personal data’ means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person;
\end{quotation}
}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Art. 4
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Personal data}
{\footnotesize
\begin{quotation}
Personal data include data such as internet protocol (IP) addresses (unique identifiers that can be used to identify the owner of devices connected to the internet) and data from ‘smart meters’ monitoring energy usage by addresses linked to identifiable persons.
\end{quotation}
}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, \\ by European Commission
\end{flushright}
}
Certainly, it includes names \& email identifiers.
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Personal data}
\begin{verbatim}
Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona <[email protected]>
\end{verbatim}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Personal data}
{\Large
But... wait!!!! \\
\vspace{1cm}
Our data is public data!! \\
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Open source data}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figs/gdpr-open-source-data}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, \\ by European Commission
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Open source data}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figs/gdpr-open-source-data-b}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, \\ by European Commission
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{How to fix the problem}
\begin{itemize}
\item Anonymize: Strip all personal data \\
(but still... more on this later)
\item Pseudonymize personal data \\
(the dataset will be much richer, but still...)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Pseudonymizing}
{\footnotesize
\begin{quotation}
(5) ‘pseudonymisation’ means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person;
\end{quotation}
}
\begin{flushright}
GDPR, Art. 4
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Pseudonymization}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=11cm]{figs/gdpr-pseudonymization}
\end{center}
{\footnotesize
\begin{flushright}
\href{https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/ethics/h2020_hi_ethics-data-protection_en.pdf}{H2020 document on Ethics and Data Protection}, \\ by EC
\end{flushright}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Pseudonymizing 1}
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
echo -n "<[email protected]>" | sha256sum
3fdffb4a435cc3a5bab7d96b3cc2cefea90ca879f7fba034716c42d374f0cb81 -
\end{verbatim}
}
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
commit 491f9205c36fdf54b4bbb7f25ba83b6cb99874b9
Author: 3fdffb4a435cc3a5bab7d96b3cc2cefea90ca879f7fba034716c42d374f0cb81
Date: Mon May 13 13:33:04 2019 +0200
Add notice about GNOME Extension needed...
\end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}
%%-----------------------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Pseudonymizing 1}
Not good enough:
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figs/email-hash}
\end{center}
\begin{flushright}
{\small
\href{https://freedom-to-tinker.com/2018/04/09/four-cents-to-deanonymize-companies-reverse-hashed-email-addresses/}{Four cents to deanonymize: Companies reverse hashed email addresses}, by Gunes Acar
}
\end{flushright}
\end{frame}