ls.1

.\" CS631 APUE Midterm Assignment
.\" Based on:
.\"
.\"	$NetBSD: ls.1,v 1.65 2010/05/14 17:11:52 joerg Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)ls.1	8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
.\"
.Dd October 05, 2013
.Dt LS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ls
.Nd list directory contents
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl AacdFfhiklmnqRrSstuw1
.Op Ar
.Sh DESCRIPTION
For each operand that names a
.Ar file
of a type other than
directory,
.Nm
displays its name as well as any requested,
associated information.
For each operand that names a
.Ar file
of type directory,
.Nm
displays the names of files contained
within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
information.
.Pp
If no operands are given, the contents of the current
directory are displayed.
If more than one operand is given,
non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
lexicographical order.
.Pp
The following options are available:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl A
List all entries except for
.Ql \&.
and
.Ql \&.. .
Always set for the super-user.
.It Fl a
Include directory entries whose names begin with a
dot
.Pq Sq \&. .
.It Fl C
Force multi-column output; if implemented, this is the default when output
is to a terminal.
.It Fl c
Use time when file status was last changed,
instead of time of last modification of the file for sorting
.Pq Fl t
or printing
.Pq Fl l .
.It Fl d
Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively) and
symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected through.
.It Fl F
Display a slash
.Pq Sq \&/
immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
an asterisk
.Pq Sq \&*
after each that is executable,
an at sign
.Pq Sq \&@
after each symbolic link,
a percent sign
.Pq Sq \&%
after each whiteout,
an equal sign
.Pq Sq \&=
after each socket,
and a vertical bar
.Pq Sq \&|
after each that is a
.Tn FIFO .
.It Fl f
Output is not sorted.
.It Fl h
Modifies the
.Fl s
and
.Fl l
options, causing the sizes to be reported in bytes displayed in a human
readable format.
Overrides
.Fl k .
.It Fl i
For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
.It Fl k
Modifies the
.Fl s
option, causing the sizes to be reported in kilobytes.
The rightmost of the
.Fl k
and
.Fl h
flags overrides the previous flag.
See also
.Fl h .
.It Fl l
(The lowercase letter
.Dq ell ) .
List in long format.
(See below.)
A total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the long
listing.
.It Fl m
Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
.It Fl n
The same as
.Fl l ,
except that
the owner and group IDs are displayed numerically rather than converting
to a owner or group name.
.It Fl q
Force printing of non-printable characters in file names as
the character
.Sq \&? ;
this is the default when output is to a terminal.
.It Fl R
Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
.It Fl r
Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse
lexicographical order or the smallest or oldest entries first.
.It Fl S
Sort by size, largest file first.
.It Fl s
Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units
of 512 bytes or
.Ev BLOCKSIZE
(see
.Sx ENVIRONMENT )
where partial units are rounded up to the
next integer value.
If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
sizes is output on a line before the listing.
.It Fl t
Sort by time modified (most recently modified
first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical
order.
.It Fl u
Use time of last access,
instead of last modification
of the file for sorting
.Pq Fl t
or printing
.Pq Fl l .
.It Fl w
Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
.It Fl \&1
(The numeric digit
.Dq one ) .
Force output to be one entry per line.
This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fl w ,
and
.Fl q
options override each other; the last one specified determines
the format used for non-printable characters.
.Pp
The
.Fl 1 ,
.Fl l ,
.Fl m ,
and
.Fl n
options all override each other; the last one specified determines
the format used with the exception that if both
.Fl l
and
.Fl g
are specified,
.Fl l
will always override
.Fl g ,
even if
.Fl g
was specified last.
.Pp
The
.Fl c
and
.Fl u
options override each other; the last one specified determines
the file time used.
.Pp
By default,
.Nm
lists one entry per line to standard
output.
.Pp
File information is displayed with one or more
.Aq blank
separating the information associated with the
.Fl i ,
.Fl s ,
and
.Fl l
options.
.Ss The Long Format
If the
.Fl l
option is given, the following information
is displayed for each file:
.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
.It
file mode
.It
number of links
.It
owner name
.It
group name
.It
number of bytes in the file
.It
abbreviated month file was last modified
.It
day-of-month file was last modified
.It
hour and minute file was last modified
.It
pathname
.El
.Pp
In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total
number of blocks in units of 512 bytes or BLOCKSIZE (see
.Sx ENVIRONMENT )
used by the files in the directory is displayed
on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the
directory.
.Pp
If the owner or group names are not a known owner or group name,
or the
.Fl n
option is given,
the numeric ID's are displayed.
.Pp
If the file is a character special or block special file,
the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed
in the size field.
If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
linked-to file is preceded by
.Dq \-\*[Gt] .
.Pp
The file mode printed under the
.Fl l
option consists of the entry type, owner permissions, group
permissions, and other permissions.
The entry type character describes the type of file, as
follows:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
.It Sy a
Archive state 1.
.It Sy A
Archive state 2.
.It Sy b
Block special file.
.It Sy c
Character special file.
.It Sy d
Directory.
.It Sy l
Symbolic link.
.It Sy s
Socket link.
.It Sy p
FIFO.
.It Sy w
Whiteout.
.It Sy \-
Regular file.
.El
.Pp
The next three fields
are three characters each:
owner permissions,
group permissions, and
other permissions.
Each field has three character positions:
.Bl -enum -offset indent
.It
If
.Sy r ,
the file is readable; if
.Sy \- ,
it is not readable.
.It
If
.Sy w ,
the file is writable; if
.Sy \- ,
it is not writable.
.It
The first of the following that applies:
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
.It Sy S
If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
set-user-ID mode is set.
If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
and set-group-ID mode is set.
.It Sy s
If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
and set-user-ID mode is set.
If in the group permissions, the file is executable
and setgroup-ID mode is set.
.It Sy x
The file is executable or the directory is
searchable.
.It Sy \-
The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
(See below.)
.El
.Pp
These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
(other permissions).
.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
.It Sy T
The sticky bit is set
(mode
.Li 1000 ) ,
but not execute or search permission.
(See
.Xr chmod 1
or
.Xr sticky 7 . )
.It Sy t
The sticky bit is set (mode
.Li 1000 ) ,
and is searchable or executable.
(See
.Xr chmod 1
or
.Xr sticky 7 . )
.El
.El
.Pp
The number of bytes displayed for a directory is a function of the
number of
.Xr dirent 5
structures in the directory, not all of which may be allocated to
any existing file.
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of
.Nm :
.Bl -tag -width BLOCKSIZE
.It Ev BLOCKSIZE
If the environment variable
.Ev BLOCKSIZE
is set, and the
.Fl h
and
.Fl k
options are not specified, the block counts
(see
.Fl s )
will be displayed in units of that size block.
.It Ev TZ
The timezone to use when displaying dates.
See
.Xr environ 7
for more information.
.El
.Sh EXIT STATUS
.Ex -std
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
files in order to be compatible with the
.St -p1003.2
specification.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr chmod 1 ,
.Xr stat 2 ,
.Xr strmode 3 ,
.Xr getbsize 3 ,
.Xr dir 5 ,
.Xr sticky 7 ,
.Xr symlink 7
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Nm
utility is expected to be a superset of the
.St -p1003.2
specification.
.Sh HISTORY
An
.Nm
utility appeared in
.At v5 .