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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html >
<head>
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<title>R User Notebook</title>
<meta name="description" content="A notebook of useful R code and concepts">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="A notebook of useful R code and concepts" />
<meta name="author" content="Kieran Driscoll">
<meta name="date" content="2019-02-11">
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<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> R User Notebook</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Basic Concepts</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#matrices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Matrices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#dataframes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Dataframes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#tibbles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Tibbles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#extracting-data-from-dataframestibbles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Extracting data from Dataframes/Tibbles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#dates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8</b> Dates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9" data-path="basic-concepts.html"><a href="basic-concepts.html#style-guide"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9</b> Style Guide</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Importing & Exporting</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-with-base-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Importing with Base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-with-other-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Importing with other packages</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-a-csv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Importing a CSV</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-a-tsv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> Importing a TSV</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-a-r-data-file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> Importing a R data file</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.4" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-a-excel-file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.4</b> Importing a Excel file</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.5" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-a-sas-file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.5</b> Importing a SAS file</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.6" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#importing-json-newline-delimited-json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.6</b> Importing JSON (Newline Delimited JSON)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#exporting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Exporting</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#write-to-an-r-dataset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> Write to an R dataset</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="importing-exporting.html"><a href="importing-exporting.html#write-to-an-csv-file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> Write to an CSV file</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Manipulating data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#basic-data-wrangling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Basic data wrangling</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#summary-statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Summary statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#conditional-statements"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Conditional statements</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#recode"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Recode</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#appending-columns-and-rows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Appending columns and rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#joins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Joins</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#tidy-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> Tidy Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8" data-path="manipulating-data.html"><a href="manipulating-data.html#tibbles-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8</b> tibbles</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Functions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#function-basics---an-example-using-str"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Function Basics - an example using str()</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#common-base-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Common (base) functions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#strings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Strings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#mathematical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Mathematical</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#properties-lookups"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Properties & Lookups</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.4" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#transformation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.4</b> Transformation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.5" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#other-useful-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.5</b> Other useful functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#stringr---more-string-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Stringr - more string functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#lubridate---more-date-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Lubridate - more date functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#converting-data-to-other-formats"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> Converting data to other formats</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5.1" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5.1</b> JSON</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#user-defined-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> User Defined Functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#chainingpiping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7</b> Chaining/Piping</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Loops</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#basic-for-loop-structure"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Basic for Loop structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#looping-through-a-vector"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Looping through a vector</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#creating-a-list-in-a-loop"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Creating a List in a Loop</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#looping-with-apply-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Looping with apply functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="tables.html"><a href="tables.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Tables</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="tables.html"><a href="tables.html#displaying-tables---htmltable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Displaying tables - htmlTable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="tables.html"><a href="tables.html#displaying-interactive-tables---dt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Displaying Interactive tables - DT</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="tables.html"><a href="tables.html#creating-tabulations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Creating Tabulations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Charts</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.1" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#static-charts-with-ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.1</b> Static charts with ggplot2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.2" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#changing-axes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.2</b> Changing Axes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.3" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#chart-themes-styles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.3</b> Chart Themes & Styles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.4" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#line-charts-geom_line"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.4</b> Line Charts (geom_line)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.5" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#bar-charts-geom_bar-geom_histogram"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.5</b> Bar Charts (geom_bar & geom_histogram)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.6" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#adding-features"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.6</b> Adding features</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.7" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#heatmaps"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.7</b> Heatmaps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.8" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#boxplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.8</b> Boxplots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.9" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#combination-charts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.9</b> Combination Charts</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.10" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#scales"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.10</b> Scales</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.11" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#ggplot-wizard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.11</b> ggplot wizard</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.12" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#interactive-charts-with-ggiraph"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.12</b> Interactive charts with ggiraph</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.0.13" data-path="charts.html"><a href="charts.html#interactive-charts-with-dygraph"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.0.13</b> Interactive charts with dygraph</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Maps</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#leaflet"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Leaflet</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#display-a-basic-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> Display a basic map</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#add-markers-shapes-and-popups-to-a-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> Add markers, shapes and popups to a map</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#add-boundaries"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> Add Boundaries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.4" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#add-interactivity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.4</b> Add Interactivity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.5" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#attach-extra-information-to-your-boundary-dataset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.5</b> Attach extra information to your boundary dataset</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.6" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#add-colour-based-on-area-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.6</b> Add colour based on area data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="maps.html"><a href="maps.html#inserting-html-javascript-directly-into-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Inserting HTML & Javascript directly into R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="rmarkdown-knitr.html"><a href="rmarkdown-knitr.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> RMarkdown & Knitr</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="rmarkdown-knitr.html"><a href="rmarkdown-knitr.html#knitr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Knitr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="rmarkdown-knitr.html"><a href="rmarkdown-knitr.html#yaml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> YAML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="rmarkdown-knitr.html"><a href="rmarkdown-knitr.html#modular-coding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Modular coding</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="machine-learning-predictive-analytics.html"><a href="machine-learning-predictive-analytics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Machine Learning & Predictive Analytics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.0.1" data-path="machine-learning-predictive-analytics.html"><a href="machine-learning-predictive-analytics.html#decision-trees"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.0.1</b> Decision Trees</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Text Mining & NLP</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.0.1" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#text-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.0.1</b> Text data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.0.2" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#tidy-text"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.0.2</b> Tidy text</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.0.3" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#stemming"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.0.3</b> Stemming</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.0.4" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#basic-text-stats"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.0.4</b> Basic text stats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.0.5" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#n-grams-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.0.5</b> N-Grams analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.0.6" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#text-preparation-with-tm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.0.6</b> Text Preparation with <strong>tm</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#create-a-term-document-matrix"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Create a Term Document Matrix</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1.1" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#from-a-corpus-by-default-words-are-converted-to-lowercase-less-than-3-characters-are-excluded"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1.1</b> From a Corpus (by default words are converted to lowercase less than 3 characters are excluded)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1.2" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#matrix-managment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1.2</b> Matrix Managment</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#topic-modelling-latent-dirichlet-allocation-lda"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Topic Modelling & Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#clustering---similarity-between-topics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Clustering - Similarity between topics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#calculating-distance-between-objects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Calculating distance between objects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#non-euclidian-distances---jensen-shannon"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> Non-Euclidian Distances - Jensen Shannon</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#scaling---principal-components"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.6</b> Scaling - Principal Components</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.7" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#eigen-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.7</b> Eigen vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.8" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#k-means"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.8</b> K-Means</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.9" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#naive-bayes-classifiers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.9</b> Naive Bayes Classifiers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.10" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#tf-idf-classifiers-supervised"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.10</b> TF-IDF Classifiers (Supervised)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.11" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#sentiment-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.11</b> Sentiment Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.12" data-path="text-mining-nlp.html"><a href="text-mining-nlp.html#word-bubble"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.12</b> Word Bubble</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Shiny</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#basic-shiny-structure"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Basic Shiny Structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#user-interface"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> User Interface</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.1" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#layout"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.1</b> Layout</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.2" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#inputs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.2</b> Inputs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.3" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#outputs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.3</b> Outputs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#server"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Server</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.1" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#linking-to-ui-outputs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.1</b> Linking to UI outputs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.2" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#linking-to-ui-inputs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.2</b> Linking to UI inputs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="shiny.html"><a href="shiny.html#shiny-dashboard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> Shiny Dashboard</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="bookdown.html"><a href="bookdown.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Bookdown</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="bookdown.html"><a href="bookdown.html#set-up"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Set-up</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="bookdown.html"><a href="bookdown.html#create-the-book"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Create the book</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Creating Packages</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#setup-folders"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Setup Folders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#r-folder"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> R folder</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#man-folder"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> man folder</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#package-details"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Package details</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#package-dependencies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.5</b> Package Dependencies</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.6" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#build-the-package"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.6</b> Build the package</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.7" data-path="creating-packages.html"><a href="creating-packages.html#making-changes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.7</b> Making changes</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="git-version-control.html"><a href="git-version-control.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Git - Version Control</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="git-version-control.html"><a href="git-version-control.html#set-up-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Set-up</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="git-version-control.html"><a href="git-version-control.html#link-git-to-a-github-account"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> Link Git to a GitHub account</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3" data-path="git-version-control.html"><a href="git-version-control.html#starting-a-project-with-github"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3</b> Starting a project with Github</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.4" data-path="git-version-control.html"><a href="git-version-control.html#hosting-a-site-on-github"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.4</b> Hosting a site on Github</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="other-languages.html"><a href="other-languages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Other Languages</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1" data-path="other-languages.html"><a href="other-languages.html#sql"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1</b> SQL</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2" data-path="other-languages.html"><a href="other-languages.html#python"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2</b> Python</a></li>
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<div id="rmarkdown-knitr" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">10</span> RMarkdown & Knitr</h1>
<div id="knitr" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">10.1</span> Knitr</h2>
<p>Knitr is a feature in RStudio that will turn your R programme into a HTML (or PDF/Word) document.</p>
<p>You need to use <strong>RMarkdown</strong>, and write your R code in ‘chunks’. You can include regular markdown text, and also html, javascript or python.</p>
<p>Knitr will evaulate all the code and embed any tables/charts/maps into the output.</p>
</div>
<div id="yaml" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">10.2</span> YAML</h2>
<p>At the top of all RMarkdown documents there is some YAML code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb162"><pre class="sourceCode yaml"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb162-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="ot">---</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb162-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="fu">title:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Untitled"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb162-3" data-line-number="3"><span class="fu">output:</span><span class="at"> html_document</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb162-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="ot">---</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>YAML includes information that tells Knitr what type of document to create. In the example above it wil be a HTML document.</p>
<p>However it cann also be used to add a table of contents, or to allow users to input cutom paraemters.</p>
<p><strong>Adding a table of contents</strong></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb163"><pre class="sourceCode yaml"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb163-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="ot">---</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb163-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="fu">title:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Untitled"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb163-3" data-line-number="3"><span class="fu">output:</span><span class="at"> html_document</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb163-4" data-line-number="4"> <span class="fu">toc:</span><span class="at"> TRUE</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb163-5" data-line-number="5"><span class="ot">---</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>Nb. That the contents is automatically generated based on any RMarkdown header tags ‘#’ that you have used.</p>
<p><strong>Adding parameters</strong>
Parameters can be added after the <strong>params:</strong> option. They must have a label and a value. By defaut the parameter will be a textbox.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb164"><pre class="sourceCode yaml"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="ot">---</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="fu">title:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Untitled"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-3" data-line-number="3"><span class="fu">output:</span><span class="at"> html_document</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="fu">params:</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-5" data-line-number="5"> <span class="fu">parametername1:</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-6" data-line-number="6"> <span class="fu">label:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Display label"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-7" data-line-number="7"> <span class="fu">value:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Default value"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb164-8" data-line-number="8"><span class="ot">---</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>Different types of parameter input are allowed, such as check boxes and dropdown lists.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb165"><pre class="sourceCode yaml"><code class="sourceCode yaml"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="ot">---</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="fu">title:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Untitled"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-3" data-line-number="3"><span class="fu">output:</span><span class="at"> html_document</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="fu">params:</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-5" data-line-number="5"> <span class="fu">mycheckboxparam:</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-6" data-line-number="6"> <span class="fu">label:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Display label"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-7" data-line-number="7"> <span class="fu">value:</span><span class="at"> TRUE</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-8" data-line-number="8"> <span class="fu">mydropdownparam:</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-9" data-line-number="9"> <span class="fu">label:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="st">"Display label"</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-10" data-line-number="10"> <span class="fu">value:</span><span class="at"> apples</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-11" data-line-number="11"> <span class="fu">input:</span><span class="at"> select</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-12" data-line-number="12"> <span class="fu">choices:</span><span class="at"> </span><span class="kw">[</span>apples<span class="kw">,</span>oranges<span class="kw">,</span>bananas<span class="kw">]</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb165-13" data-line-number="13"><span class="ot">---</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>You can refer to the parameter values in the rest of the your code using the form <strong>params%parametername1</strong></p>
<p>To use these parameters the Rmarkdown document must be Knitted using ‘Knit with parameters…’</p>
</div>
<div id="modular-coding" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">10.3</span> Modular coding</h2>
<p>If your R code is written in modules, then you can call them using the <strong>source()</strong> function, eg:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb166"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb166-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw">source</span>(<span class="st">'module1.r'</span>)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb166-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="kw">source</span>(<span class="st">'module2.r'</span>)</a></code></pre></div>
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