From ffff6a11e1d5be7c16a26e064a24f30fee3b5dc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wai-Shing Luk <luk036@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 14:23:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] apply black

---
 docs/conf.py                             |    4 +-
 experiments/corr_fn.py                   |   23 +-
 experiments/corr_fn_cvx.py               |   21 +-
 experiments/exp2d.py                     |   21 +-
 src/ellpy/cutting_plane.py               |   15 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/chol_ext.py            |   23 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/corr_bspline_oracle.py |    7 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/corr_oracle.py         |    4 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/csdlowpass_oracle.py   |    1 +
 src/ellpy/oracles/cycle_ratio_oracle.py  |   21 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/gmi_oracle.py          |    2 +
 src/ellpy/oracles/lmi0_oracle.py         |    6 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_old_oracle.py      |    7 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_oracle.py          |   10 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/lowpass_oracle.py      |    5 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/lsq_corr_oracle.py     |    5 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/mle_corr_oracle.py     |    4 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/network_oracle.py      |    8 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/optscaling_oracle.py   |   19 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/profit_oracle.py       |   22 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/qmi_oracle.py          |    9 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/setup.py               |    6 +-
 src/ellpy/oracles/spectral_fact.py       |   22 +-
 src/ellpy/problem.py                     |   24 +-
 src/pycsd/__init__.py                    |    1 +
 src/pycsd/csd/csd.py                     |    4 +-
 src/pycsd/dev/csd_numbers.py             |   25 +-
 src/pycsd/run_tests.py                   |    2 +-
 src/pycsd/test/test_csd_decimals.py      |   42 +-
 src/pycsd/test/test_csd_integers.py      |   14 +-
 src/pycsd/test/test_to_and_fro_10bits.py | 2738 +++++++++++-----------
 tests/test_chol.py                       |   59 +-
 tests/test_corr_fn.py                    |   23 +-
 tests/test_csd.py                        |   12 +-
 tests/test_cycle_ratio.py                |   48 +-
 tests/test_example1.py                   |   33 +-
 tests/test_example2.py                   |   18 +-
 tests/test_firfilter.py                  |   18 +-
 tests/test_lmi.py                        |   33 +-
 tests/test_lowpass.py                    |   16 +-
 tests/test_optscaling.py                 |   14 +-
 tests/test_profit.py                     |   20 +-
 tests/test_quasicvx.py                   |   35 +-
 tests/test_quasicvx2.py                  |   41 +-
 44 files changed, 1752 insertions(+), 1733 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index dabfe16..099de32 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def setup(app):
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
 # html_theme = 'alabaster'
-html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
@@ -301,4 +301,4 @@ def setup(app):
     "pandas": ("https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable", None),
     "scipy": ("https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference", None),
     "pyscaffold": ("https://pyscaffold.org/en/stable", None),
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/experiments/corr_fn.py b/experiments/corr_fn.py
index 9baa7f5..ffc3e8d 100755
--- a/experiments/corr_fn.py
+++ b/experiments/corr_fn.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     corr_bspline,
     corr_poly,
     create_2d_isotropic,
-    create_2d_sites
+    create_2d_sites,
 )
 from ellpy.oracles.lsq_corr_oracle import lsq_oracle
 from ellpy.oracles.mle_corr_oracle import mle_oracle
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ def lsq_corr_core2(Y: Arr, n: int, P: Callable):
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
-    normY = np.linalg.norm(Y, 'fro')
+    normY = np.linalg.norm(Y, "fro")
     normY2 = 32 * normY * normY
     val = 256 * np.ones(n + 1)
     val[-1] = normY2 * normY2
     x = np.zeros(n + 1)  # cannot all zeros
-    x[0] = 1.
+    x[0] = 1.0
     x[-1] = normY2 / 2
     E = ell(val, x)
-    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('inf'))
+    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("inf"))
     return xb[:-1], ell_info.num_iters, ell_info.feasible
 
 
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ def mle_corr_core(Y: Arr, n: int, P: Callable):
         [type]: [description]
     """
     x = np.zeros(n)
-    x[0] = 1.
-    E = ell(50., x)
+    x[0] = 1.0
+    E = ell(50.0, x)
     # E.use_parallel_cut = False
     # options = Options()
     # options.max_it = 2000
     # options.tol = 1e-8
-    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('inf'))
+    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("inf"))
     # print(num_iters, feasible, status)
     return xb, ell_info.num_iters, ell_info.feasible
 
@@ -124,10 +124,11 @@ def lsq_corr_bspline2(Y, s, m):
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     # import matplotlib.pylab as lab
     s = create_2d_sites(10, 8)
     Y = create_2d_isotropic(s, 1000)
-    print('start ell...')
+    print("start ell...")
     spl, num_iters, _ = lsq_corr_bspline2(Y, s, 5)
     pol, num_iters, _ = lsq_corr_poly2(Y, s, 5)
     # pol, num_iters, _ = mle_corr_poly(Y, s, 4)
@@ -141,9 +142,9 @@ def lsq_corr_bspline2(Y, s, m):
     # h = s[-1] - s[0]
     d = np.sqrt(10**2 + 8**2)
     xs = np.linspace(0, d, 100)
-    plt.plot(xs, spl(xs), 'g', label='BSpline')
+    plt.plot(xs, spl(xs), "g", label="BSpline")
     # plt.plot(xs, splcvx(xs), 'b', label='BSpline CVX')
-    plt.plot(xs, np.polyval(pol, xs), 'r', label='Polynomial')
+    plt.plot(xs, np.polyval(pol, xs), "r", label="Polynomial")
     # plt.plot(xs, np.polyval(polcvx, xs), 'r', label='Polynomial CVX')
-    plt.legend(loc='best')
+    plt.legend(loc="best")
     plt.show()
diff --git a/experiments/corr_fn_cvx.py b/experiments/corr_fn_cvx.py
index b5bccd9..48be356 100644
--- a/experiments/corr_fn_cvx.py
+++ b/experiments/corr_fn_cvx.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 from ellpy.oracles.corr_oracle import (
     construct_distance_matrix,
     create_2d_isotropic,
-    create_2d_sites
+    create_2d_sites,
 )
 
 Arr = Union[np.ndarray]
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ def lsq_corr_poly(Y: Arr, s: Arr, n: int):
         D = np.multiply(D, D1)
         Sig += D * a[n - 2 - i]
     constraints = [Sig >> 0]
-    prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.norm(Sig - Y, 'fro')), constraints)
+    prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.norm(Sig - Y, "fro")), constraints)
     prob.solve(solver=cvx.CVXOPT)
     # prob.solve()
     if prob.status != cvx.OPTIMAL:
-        raise Exception('CVXPY Error')
+        raise Exception("CVXPY Error")
     return np.poly1d(np.array(a.value).flatten())
 
 
@@ -90,18 +90,19 @@ def lsq_corr_bspline(Y: Arr, s: Arr, n: int):
     constraints = [Sig >> 0]
     for i in range(n - 1):
         constraints += [c[i] >= c[i + 1]]
-    constraints += [c[-1] >= 0.]
+    constraints += [c[-1] >= 0.0]
 
-    prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.norm(Sig - Y, 'fro')), constraints)
+    prob = cvx.Problem(cvx.Minimize(cvx.norm(Sig - Y, "fro")), constraints)
     prob.solve(solver=cvx.CVXOPT)
     # prob.solve()
     if prob.status != cvx.OPTIMAL:
-        raise Exception('CVXPY Error')
+        raise Exception("CVXPY Error")
     return BSpline(t, np.array(c.value).flatten(), k)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
     # import matplotlib.pylab as lab
     s = create_2d_sites(10, 8)
     Y = create_2d_isotropic(s, 1000)
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ def lsq_corr_bspline(Y: Arr, s: Arr, n: int):
     # # pol, num_iters, _ = mle_corr_poly(Y, s, 4)
     # print(pol)
     # print(num_iters)
-    print('start cvx...')
+    print("start cvx...")
     splcvx = lsq_corr_bspline(Y, s, 5)
     polcvx = lsq_corr_poly(Y, s, 5)
 
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ def lsq_corr_bspline(Y: Arr, s: Arr, n: int):
     d = np.sqrt(10**2 + 8**2)
     xs = np.linspace(0, d, 100)
     # plt.plot(xs, spl(xs), 'g', label='BSpline')
-    plt.plot(xs, splcvx(xs), 'b', label='BSpline CVX')
+    plt.plot(xs, splcvx(xs), "b", label="BSpline CVX")
     # plt.plot(xs, np.polyval(pol, xs), 'r', label='Polynomial')
-    plt.plot(xs, np.polyval(polcvx, xs), 'r', label='Polynomial CVX')
-    plt.legend(loc='best')
+    plt.plot(xs, np.polyval(polcvx, xs), "r", label="Polynomial CVX")
+    plt.legend(loc="best")
     plt.show()
diff --git a/experiments/exp2d.py b/experiments/exp2d.py
index ece3d53..e1422ab 100644
--- a/experiments/exp2d.py
+++ b/experiments/exp2d.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 import matplotlib.pylab as lab
+
 # from pprint import pprint
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
@@ -11,13 +12,13 @@
 # from corr_fn import lsq_corr_poly, lsq_corr_bspline
 
 # a fake dataset to make the bumps with
-nx = 80   # number of points
+nx = 80  # number of points
 ny = 64
-n = nx*ny
-s_end = [10., 8.]
+n = nx * ny
+s_end = [10.0, 8.0]
 sdkern = 0.25  # width of kernel
-var = 2.     # standard derivation
-tau = 0.00001    # standard derivation of white noise
+var = 2.0  # standard derivation
+tau = 0.00001  # standard derivation of white noise
 N = 4  # number of samples
 
 # create sites s
@@ -39,19 +40,19 @@
 # ym = np.random.randn(n)
 for k in range(N):
     x = var * np.random.randn(n)
-    y = A @ x + tau*np.random.randn(n)
+    y = A @ x + tau * np.random.randn(n)
     Ys[:, k] = y
 
 Y = np.cov(Ys, bias=True)
 
 plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
-lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 0], (ny, nx)), cmap='Greens')
+lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 0], (ny, nx)), cmap="Greens")
 plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
-lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 1], (ny, nx)), cmap='Greens')
+lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 1], (ny, nx)), cmap="Greens")
 plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
-lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 2], (ny, nx)), cmap='Greens')
+lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 2], (ny, nx)), cmap="Greens")
 plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
-lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 3], (ny, nx)), cmap='Greens')
+lab.contourf(xx, yy, np.reshape(Ys[:, 3], (ny, nx)), cmap="Greens")
 plt.show()
 
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/cutting_plane.py b/src/ellpy/cutting_plane.py
index 442c5cc..4661ba4 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/cutting_plane.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/cutting_plane.py
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ def __init__(self, feasible: bool, num_iters: int, status: CUTStatus):
         self.status: CUTStatus = status
 
 
-def cutting_plane_feas(Omega: Callable[[Any], Any], S,
-                       options=Options()) -> CInfo:
+def cutting_plane_feas(Omega: Callable[[Any], Any], S, options=Options()) -> CInfo:
     """Find a point in a convex set (defined through a cutting-plane oracle).
 
     Description:
@@ -75,8 +74,9 @@ def cutting_plane_feas(Omega: Callable[[Any], Any], S,
     return CInfo(feasible, niter + 1, status)
 
 
-def cutting_plane_dc(Omega: Callable[[Any, Any], Any], S, t,
-                     options=Options()) -> Tuple[Any, Any, CInfo]:
+def cutting_plane_dc(
+    Omega: Callable[[Any, Any], Any], S, t, options=Options()
+) -> Tuple[Any, Any, CInfo]:
     """Cutting-plane method for solving convex optimization problem
 
     Arguments:
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def cutting_plane_q(Omega, S, t, options=Options()):
     status = CUTStatus.nosoln
 
     for niter in range(options.max_it):
-        retry = (status == CUTStatus.noeffect)
+        retry = status == CUTStatus.noeffect
         cut, x0, t1, more_alt = Omega(S.xc, t, retry)
         if t1 is not None:  # better t obtained
             t = t1
@@ -153,8 +153,9 @@ def cutting_plane_q(Omega, S, t, options=Options()):
     return x_best, t, ret
 
 
-def bsearch(Omega: Callable[[Any], bool], Interval: Tuple,
-            options=Options()) -> Tuple[Any, CInfo]:
+def bsearch(
+    Omega: Callable[[Any], bool], Interval: Tuple, options=Options()
+) -> Tuple[Any, CInfo]:
     """[summary]
 
     Arguments:
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/chol_ext.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/chol_ext.py
index 30f4002..476b112 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/chol_ext.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/chol_ext.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@
 class chol_ext:
     """LDLT factorization (mainly for LMI oracles)
 
-       - LDL^T square-root-free version
-       - Option allow semidefinite
-       - Cholesky–Banachiewicz style, row-based
-       - Lazy evaluation
-       - A matrix A in R^{m x m} is positive definite
-                            iff v' A v > 0 for all v in R^n.
-       - O(p^3) per iteration, independent of N
+    - LDL^T square-root-free version
+    - Option allow semidefinite
+    - Cholesky–Banachiewicz style, row-based
+    - Lazy evaluation
+    - A matrix A in R^{m x m} is positive definite
+                         iff v' A v > 0 for all v in R^n.
+    - O(p^3) per iteration, independent of N
     """
-    __slots__ = ('p', 'v', '_n', '_T', 'allow_semidefinite')
+
+    __slots__ = ("p", "v", "_n", "_T", "allow_semidefinite")
 
     def __init__(self, N: int):
         """Construct a new chol ext object
@@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ def factor(self, getA: Callable[[int, int], float]) -> bool:
                 s = j + 1
                 d = getA(i, s) - (self._T[i, start:s] @ self._T[start:s, s])
             self._T[i, i] = d
-            if d > 0.:
+            if d > 0.0:
                 continue
-            if d < 0. or not self.allow_semidefinite:
+            if d < 0.0 or not self.allow_semidefinite:
                 self.p = start, i + 1
                 break
             start = i + 1  # T[i, i] == 0 (very unlikely), restart at i+1
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ def witness(self):
             raise AssertionError()
         start, n = self.p
         m = n - 1
-        self.v[m] = 1.
+        self.v[m] = 1.0
         for i in range(m, start, -1):
             self.v[i - 1] = -(self._T[i:n, i - 1] @ self.v[i:n])
         return -self._T[m, m]
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_bspline_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_bspline_oracle.py
index b1f6688..7572c6e 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_bspline_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_bspline_oracle.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ def mono_oracle(x):
     for i in range(n - 1):
         fj = x[i + 1] - x[i]
         if fj > 0:
-            g[i] = -1.
-            g[i + 1] = 1.
+            g[i] = -1.0
+            g[i + 1] = 1.0
             return g, fj
 
 
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class mono_decreasing_oracle2:
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
+
     def __init__(self, basis):
         """[summary]
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         if cut:
             g1, fj = cut
             g[:-1] = g1
-            g[-1] = 0.
+            g[-1] = 0.0
             return (g, fj), None
         return self.basis(x, t)
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_oracle.py
index 1a7e04b..d257240 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/corr_oracle.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def create_2d_sites(nx=10, ny=8) -> Arr:
         Arr: location of sites
     """
     n = nx * ny
-    s_end = np.array([10., 8.])
+    s_end = np.array([10.0, 8.0])
     hgen = halton([2, 3])
     s = s_end * np.array([hgen() for _ in range(n)])
     return s
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def create_2d_isotropic(s: Arr, N=3000) -> Arr:
     """
     n = s.shape[0]
     sdkern = 0.12  # width of kernel
-    var = 2.  # standard derivation
+    var = 2.0  # standard derivation
     tau = 0.00001  # standard derivation of white noise
     np.random.seed(5)
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/csdlowpass_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/csdlowpass_oracle.py
index d5fa9aa..a8e3b23 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/csdlowpass_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/csdlowpass_oracle.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class csdlowpass_oracle:
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
+
     rcsd = None
 
     def __init__(self, nnz, lowpass):
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/cycle_ratio_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/cycle_ratio_oracle.py
index 4c0dea3..7f89fac 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/cycle_ratio_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/cycle_ratio_oracle.py
@@ -12,16 +12,17 @@
 class cycle_ratio_oracle:
     """Oracle for minimum ratio cycle problem.
 
-        This example solves the following convex problem:
+    This example solves the following convex problem:
 
-            max     t
-            s.t.    u[j] - u[i] ≤ mij - sij * x,
-                    t ≤ x
+        max     t
+        s.t.    u[j] - u[i] ≤ mij - sij * x,
+                t ≤ x
 
-        where sij is not necessarily positive.
-        The problem could be unbounded???
+    where sij is not necessarily positive.
+    The problem could be unbounded???
 
     """
+
     class ratio:
         def __init__(self, G):
             """[summary]
@@ -42,8 +43,8 @@ def eval(self, e, x):
                 Any: function evaluation
             """
             u, v = e
-            cost = self.G[u][v]['cost']
-            time = self.G[u][v]['time']
+            cost = self.G[u][v]["cost"]
+            time = self.G[u][v]["time"]
             return cost - time * x
 
         def grad(self, e, x):
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def grad(self, e, x):
                 [type]: [description]
             """
             u, v = e
-            time = self.G[u][v]['time']
+            time = self.G[u][v]["time"]
             return -time
 
     def __init__(self, G, u):
@@ -89,4 +90,4 @@ def __call__(self, x, t) -> Tuple[Cut, Any]:
         if cut:
             return cut, None
 
-        return (-1, 0.), x
+        return (-1, 0.0), x
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/gmi_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/gmi_oracle.py
index d11bac2..267b92f 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/gmi_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/gmi_oracle.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ class gmi_oracle:
     H.neggrad[k](p, x): negative gradient in range p, the k-term
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, H, m):
         """[summary]
 
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ def __call__(self, x: np.ndarray) -> Optional[Cut]:
         Returns:
             Optional[Cut]: [description]
         """
+
         def getA(i, j):
             return self.H.eval(i, j, x)
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi0_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi0_oracle.py
index 979a7f4..f281ddf 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi0_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi0_oracle.py
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@
 class lmi0_oracle:
     """Oracle for Linear Matrix Inequality constraint
 
-        find  x
-        s.t.​  F * x ⪰ 0
+    find  x
+    s.t.​  F * x ⪰ 0
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, F):
         """[summary]
 
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr) -> Optional[Cut]:
         Returns:
             Optional[Cut]: [description]
         """
+
         def getA(i, j):
             n = len(x)
             return sum(self.F[k][i, j] * x[k] for k in range(n))
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_old_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_old_oracle.py
index fcb6d58..4ab2da1 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_old_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_old_oracle.py
@@ -12,12 +12,13 @@
 class lmi_old_oracle:
     """Oracle for Linear Matrix Inequality constraint.
 
-        This oracle solves the following feasibility problem:
+    This oracle solves the following feasibility problem:
 
-            find  x
-            s.t.  (B − F * x) ⪰ 0
+        find  x
+        s.t.  (B − F * x) ⪰ 0
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, F, B):
         """[summary]
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_oracle.py
index d1342af..ffe04c8 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/lmi_oracle.py
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 class lmi_oracle:
     """Oracle for Linear Matrix Inequality constraint.
 
-        This oracle solves the following feasibility problem:
+    This oracle solves the following feasibility problem:
 
-            find  x
-            s.t.  (B − F * x) ⪰ 0
+        find  x
+        s.t.  (B − F * x) ⪰ 0
 
     """
 
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr) -> Optional[Cut]:
         Returns:
             Optional[Cut]: [description]
         """
+
         def getA(i, j):
             n = len(x)
-            return self.F0[i, j] - sum(self.F[k][i, j] * x[k]
-                                       for k in range(n))
+            return self.F0[i, j] - sum(self.F[k][i, j] * x[k] for k in range(n))
 
         if self.Q.factor(getA):
             return None
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/lowpass_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/lowpass_oracle.py
index 46d8bd4..3f54605 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/lowpass_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/lowpass_oracle.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ class lowpass_oracle:
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
+
     more_alt = True
 
     # for round robin counters
@@ -113,13 +114,13 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, Spsq: float):
         # case 1 (unlikely)
         if x[0] < 0:
             g = np.zeros(n)
-            g[0] = -1.
+            g[0] = -1.0
             f = -x[0]
             return (g, f), None
 
         # Begin objective function
         Spsq = fmax
-        f = (0., fmax)
+        f = (0.0, fmax)
         # f = 0.
         g = self.As[imax, :]
         return (g, f), Spsq
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/lsq_corr_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/lsq_corr_oracle.py
index d69561f..c98edde 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/lsq_corr_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/lsq_corr_oracle.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ class lsq_oracle:
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
+
     def __init__(self, F: List[Arr], F0: Arr):
         """[summary]
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         if cut:
             g1, fj = cut
             g[:-1] = g1
-            g[-1] = 0.
+            g[-1] = 0.0
             return (g, fj), None
 
         self.qmi.update(x[-1])
@@ -77,4 +78,4 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         fj = tc - t
         if fj > 0:
             return (g, fj), None
-        return (g, 0.), tc
+        return (g, 0.0), tc
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/mle_corr_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/mle_corr_oracle.py
index 6f024dd..9b9d569 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/mle_corr_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/mle_corr_oracle.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
             g[i] -= sum(SFsi[k, :] @ SY[:, k] for k in range(m))
 
         f = f1 - t
-        if f < 0.:
-            return (g, 0.), f1
+        if f < 0.0:
+            return (g, 0.0), f1
 
         return (g, f), None
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/network_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/network_oracle.py
index a55217e..642bb28 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/network_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/network_oracle.py
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@
 class network_oracle:
     """Oracle for Parametric Network Problem:
 
-        find    x, u
-        s.t.    u[j] − u[i] ≤ h(e, x)
-                ∀ e(i, j) ∈ E
+    find    x, u
+    s.t.    u[j] − u[i] ≤ h(e, x)
+            ∀ e(i, j) ∈ E
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, G, u, h):
         """[summary]
 
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ def __call__(self, x) -> Optional[Cut]:
         Returns:
             Optional[Cut]: [description]
         """
+
         def get_weight(e):
             """[summary]
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/optscaling_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/optscaling_oracle.py
index 3e9f0d0..555f1a9 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/optscaling_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/optscaling_oracle.py
@@ -13,13 +13,14 @@
 class optscaling_oracle:
     """Oracle for Optimal Matrix Scaling
 
-        This example is taken from[Orlin and Rothblum, 1985]
+    This example is taken from[Orlin and Rothblum, 1985]
 
-            min     π/ψ
-            s.t.    ψ ≤ u[i] * |aij| * u[j]^{−1} ≤ π,
-                    ∀ aij != 0,
-                    π, ψ, u, positive
+        min     π/ψ
+        s.t.    ψ ≤ u[i] * |aij| * u[j]^{−1} ≤ π,
+                ∀ aij != 0,
+                π, ψ, u, positive
     """
+
     class Ratio:
         def __init__(self, G, get_cost):
             """[summary]
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ def grad(self, e, x: Arr) -> Arr:
             """
             u, v = e
             assert u != v
-            return np.array([1., 0.] if u < v else [0., -1.])
+            return np.array([1.0, 0.0] if u < v else [0.0, -1.0])
 
     def __init__(self, G, u, get_cost):
         """Construct a new optscaling oracle object
@@ -82,12 +83,12 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         """
         s = x[0] - x[1]
         fj = s - t
-        g = np.array([1., -1.])
-        if fj >= 0.:
+        g = np.array([1.0, -1.0])
+        if fj >= 0.0:
             return (g, fj), None
 
         cut = self._network(x)
         if cut:
             return cut, None
 
-        return (g, 0.), s
+        return (g, 0.0), s
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/profit_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/profit_oracle.py
index ee72d3d..053f036 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/profit_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/profit_oracle.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ class profit_oracle:
         v: output price
         k: a given constant that restricts the quantity of x1
     """
+
     def __init__(self, params: Tuple[float, float, float], a: Arr, v: Arr):
         """[summary]
 
@@ -53,8 +54,8 @@ def __call__(self, y: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
             cutting_plane_dc
         """
         fj = y[0] - self.log_k  # constraint
-        if fj > 0.:
-            g = np.array([1., 0.])
+        if fj > 0.0:
+            g = np.array([1.0, 0.0])
             return (g, fj), None
 
         log_Cobb = self.log_pA + self.a @ y
@@ -63,10 +64,10 @@ def __call__(self, y: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         te = t + vx
         fj = np.log(te) - log_Cobb
 
-        if fj < 0.:  # feasible
+        if fj < 0.0:  # feasible
             te = np.exp(log_Cobb)
             g = q / te - self.a
-            return (g, 0.), te - vx
+            return (g, 0.0), te - vx
 
         g = q / te - self.a
         return (g, fj), None
@@ -91,8 +92,14 @@ class profit_rb_oracle:
     See also:
         profit_oracle
     """
-    def __init__(self, params: Tuple[float, float, float], a: Arr,
-                 v: Arr, vparams: Tuple[float, float, float, float, float]):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params: Tuple[float, float, float],
+        a: Arr,
+        v: Arr,
+        vparams: Tuple[float, float, float, float, float],
+    ):
         """[summary]
 
         Arguments:
@@ -123,7 +130,7 @@ def __call__(self, y: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         """
         a_rb = self.a.copy()
         for i in [0, 1]:
-            a_rb[i] += -self.e[i] if y[i] > 0. else self.e[i]
+            a_rb[i] += -self.e[i] if y[i] > 0.0 else self.e[i]
         self.P.a = a_rb
         return self.P(y, t)
 
@@ -150,6 +157,7 @@ class profit_q_oracle:
     See also:
         profit_oracle
     """
+
     yd = None
 
     def __init__(self, params, a, v):
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/qmi_oracle.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/qmi_oracle.py
index 2a1d7a7..d1ee539 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/qmi_oracle.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/qmi_oracle.py
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@ class qmi_oracle:
     class QMI:
         """Oracle for Quadratic Matrix Inequality
 
-              find  x
-              s.t.​  t*I − F(x)' F(x) ⪰ 0
+          find  x
+          s.t.​  t*I − F(x)' F(x) ⪰ 0
 
-            where
+        where
 
-              F(x) = F0 − (F1 * x1 + F2 * x2 + ...)
+          F(x) = F0 − (F1 * x1 + F2 * x2 + ...)
         """
+
         t = None
         count = 0
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/setup.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/setup.py
index 92fa2ef..936bfd7 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/setup.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/setup.py
@@ -3,5 +3,7 @@
 import numpy
 from Cython.Build import cythonize
 
-setup(ext_modules=cythonize("cholutil.pyx", annotate=True),
-      include_dirs=[numpy.get_include()])
+setup(
+    ext_modules=cythonize("cholutil.pyx", annotate=True),
+    include_dirs=[numpy.get_include()],
+)
diff --git a/src/ellpy/oracles/spectral_fact.py b/src/ellpy/oracles/spectral_fact.py
index 5e97683..ade3d23 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/oracles/spectral_fact.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/oracles/spectral_fact.py
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
 
 def spectral_fact(r):
     """Spectral factorization using Kolmogorov 1939 approach.
-      (code follows pp. 232-233, Signal Analysis, by A. Papoulis)
+    (code follows pp. 232-233, Signal Analysis, by A. Papoulis)
 
-      Computes the minimum-phase impulse response which satisfies
-      given auto-correlation.
+    Computes the minimum-phase impulse response which satisfies
+    given auto-correlation.
 
-      Input:
-        r: top-half of the auto-correlation coefficients
-           starts from 0th element to end of the auto-corelation
-           should be passed in as a column vector
-      Output
-        h: impulse response that gives the desired auto-correlation
+    Input:
+      r: top-half of the auto-correlation coefficients
+         starts from 0th element to end of the auto-corelation
+         should be passed in as a column vector
+    Output
+      h: impulse response that gives the desired auto-correlation
     """
 
     # length of the impulse response sequence
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def spectral_fact(r):
     An = 2 * np.cos(Bn)
     R = np.hstack((np.ones((m, 1)), An)) @ r  # NOQA
 
-    alpha = ne.evaluate('0.5 * log(abs(R))')
+    alpha = ne.evaluate("0.5 * log(abs(R))")
 
     # find the Hilbert transform
     alphatmp = np.fft.fft(alpha)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def inverse_spectral_fact(h):
     n = len(h)
     r = np.zeros(n)
     for t in range(n):
-        r[t] = h[t:] @ h[:n - t]
+        r[t] = h[t:] @ h[: n - t]
     return r
 
 
diff --git a/src/ellpy/problem.py b/src/ellpy/problem.py
index 37b4d50..a390eeb 100644
--- a/src/ellpy/problem.py
+++ b/src/ellpy/problem.py
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ def status(self):
 
     @property
     def solver_stats(self):
-        """Returns an object containing additional information returned by the solver.
-        """
+        """Returns an object containing additional information returned by the solver."""
         return self._solver_stats
 
     def solve(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -99,11 +98,13 @@ def solve(self, *args, **kwargs):
     #     """
     #     cls.REGISTERED_SOLVE_METHODS[name] = func
 
-    def _solve(self, t
-               # solver=None,
-               # warm_start=False,
-               # verbose=False, **kwargs
-               ):
+    def _solve(
+        self,
+        t
+        # solver=None,
+        # warm_start=False,
+        # verbose=False, **kwargs
+    ):
         """Solves a DCP compliant optimization problem.
 
         Saves the values of primal and dual variables in the variable
@@ -135,15 +136,15 @@ def _solve(self, t
 
         if ell_info.feasible:
             if status == CUTStatus.smallenough:
-                self._status = 'optimal'
+                self._status = "optimal"
             else:
-                self._status = 'feasible'
+                self._status = "feasible"
             self._optim_value = fb
             self._optim_var = xb
         else:
-            self._status = 'infeasible'
+            self._status = "infeasible"
 
-        solver_stats = SolverStats('deep-cut')
+        solver_stats = SolverStats("deep-cut")
         solver_stats.num_iters = num_iters
         self._solver_stats = solver_stats
 
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ class SolverStats:
         The number of iterations the solver had to go through
         to find a solution.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, solver_name):
         """[summary]
 
diff --git a/src/pycsd/__init__.py b/src/pycsd/__init__.py
index 03c16d3..13ac065 100644
--- a/src/pycsd/__init__.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/__init__.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import sys
+
 if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 7):
     m = "Python 2.7 or later is required for PyCSD (%d.%d detected)."
     raise ImportError(m % sys.version_info[:2])
diff --git a/src/pycsd/csd/csd.py b/src/pycsd/csd/csd.py
index f97aaf1..d3d4913 100755
--- a/src/pycsd/csd/csd.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/csd/csd.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def to_csd(dec_val, places=0, debug=False):
 
 
 def to_decimal(csd_str, debug=False):
-    """ Convert the CSD string to a decimal """
+    """Convert the CSD string to a decimal"""
 
     if debug:
         print("Converting: ", csd_str)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def to_decimal(csd_str, debug=False):
 
 
 def to_csdfixed(dec_val, nnz=4, debug=False):
-    """ Convert the argument to CSD Format. """
+    """Convert the argument to CSD Format."""
 
     if debug:
         print(
diff --git a/src/pycsd/dev/csd_numbers.py b/src/pycsd/dev/csd_numbers.py
index 403b1b4..937f553 100755
--- a/src/pycsd/dev/csd_numbers.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/dev/csd_numbers.py
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 
 import pycsd.csd as csd
 
-sys.path.append('/home/mmcgrana/lib/python/csd')
+sys.path.append("/home/mmcgrana/lib/python/csd")
 
 num_digits = 4
 
 # recursion
-csd_num = ['0'] * num_digits
+csd_num = ["0"] * num_digits
 
 indent_ = 2
 
@@ -18,31 +18,30 @@
 
 
 def is_proper_csd(csd_num):
-    """ Check we've a valid CSD number
+    """Check we've a valid CSD number
     Returns false if the array contains consequitive non-zero terms.
     """
 
     for i in range(1, len(csd_num)):
-        if csd_num[i] != '0' and csd_num[i - 1] != '0':
+        if csd_num[i] != "0" and csd_num[i - 1] != "0":
             return False
 
     return True
 
 
 def cycle_bits(i):
-
     global indent_
 
     indent_ += 2
 
-    for ch in ('0', '-', '+'):
+    for ch in ("0", "-", "+"):
         csd_num[i] = ch
 
-        if (i > 0):
+        if i > 0:
             cycle_bits(i - 1)
         else:
             if is_proper_csd(csd_num):
-                csd_str = ''.join(csd_num)
+                csd_str = "".join(csd_num)
                 num = csd.to_decimal(csd_str)
                 csd_dict[num] = csd_str
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ def cycle_bits(i):
 
 
 def wiki_table():
-    """ A table of CSD numbers for the wiki. """
+    """A table of CSD numbers for the wiki."""
 
     ordered_keys = csd_dict.keys()
     ordered_keys.sort()
@@ -66,7 +65,10 @@ def wiki_table():
         wiki_str += """
 | <tt>%s</tt>
 | %d
-|- """ % (csd_dict[key], key)
+|- """ % (
+            csd_dict[key],
+            key,
+        )
 
     wiki_str += "|}"
     return wiki_str
@@ -82,8 +84,7 @@ def show_csd():
         print(csd_dict[key], key)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     cycle_bits(num_digits - 1)
 
     print(wiki_table())
diff --git a/src/pycsd/run_tests.py b/src/pycsd/run_tests.py
index 756dc4e..bd9c4e7 100755
--- a/src/pycsd/run_tests.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/run_tests.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
 
 # from test import *
 
-sys.path.append('./csd')
+sys.path.append("./csd")
 
 unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_decimals.py b/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_decimals.py
index 2ac2c7c..be72d87 100755
--- a/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_decimals.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_decimals.py
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 import pycsd.csd as csd
 
 good_values_dict = {
-    16.5: '+0000.+',
-    -16.5: '-0000.-',
-    -2.5: '-0.-',
-    0.5: '0.+',
-    -0.5: '0.-'
+    16.5: "+0000.+",
+    -16.5: "-0000.-",
+    -2.5: "-0.-",
+    0.5: "0.+",
+    -0.5: "0.-",
 }
 
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def tmp(self):
         pass
 
     def test__01_to_decimal(self):
-        """ Check the conversion from CSD with a binary point to decimal. """
+        """Check the conversion from CSD with a binary point to decimal."""
 
         for key in good_values_dict.keys():
             csd_str = good_values_dict[key]
@@ -29,30 +29,30 @@ def test__01_to_decimal(self):
             self.assertEqual(value, key)
 
     def test__01a_to_decimal(self):
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_decimal('0.+00-'), 0.5 - (2.0**-4))
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_decimal('0.0+0-'), 0.25 - (2.0**-4))
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_decimal('0.+0-0'), 0.5 - (2.0**-3))
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_decimal("0.+00-"), 0.5 - (2.0**-4))
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_decimal("0.0+0-"), 0.25 - (2.0**-4))
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_decimal("0.+0-0"), 0.5 - (2.0**-3))
 
     def test__02_to_csd_1_place(self):
-        """ Check that decimals are converted to CSD properly. """
+        """Check that decimals are converted to CSD properly."""
 
         for key in good_values_dict.keys():
             csd_str = csd.to_csd(key, places=1)
             self.assertEqual(csd_str, good_values_dict[key])
 
     def test__03_to_csd_4_places(self):
-        """ To four places """
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.0625, 4), '0.000+')
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.0625, 4), '0.000-')
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.25, 4), '0.0+00')
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.25, 4), '0.0-00')
+        """To four places"""
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.0625, 4), "0.000+")
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.0625, 4), "0.000-")
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.25, 4), "0.0+00")
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.25, 4), "0.0-00")
 
     def test__04_to_csd_x_places(self):
-        """ To four places """
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.0625, 4), '0.000+')
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.0625, 4), '0.000-')
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.25, 4), '0.0+00')
-        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.25, 4), '0.0-00')
+        """To four places"""
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.0625, 4), "0.000+")
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.0625, 4), "0.000-")
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(0.25, 4), "0.0+00")
+        self.assertEqual(csd.to_csd(-0.25, 4), "0.0-00")
 
 
 def suite():
@@ -61,5 +61,5 @@ def suite():
     return suite
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_integers.py b/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_integers.py
index 3b8c8a6..ca02f89 100755
--- a/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_integers.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/test/test_csd_integers.py
@@ -7,18 +7,12 @@
 
 import pycsd.csd as csd
 
-good_values_dict = {
-    32: '+00000',
-    -32: '-00000',
-    0: '0',
-    7: '+00-',
-    15: '+000-'
-}
+good_values_dict = {32: "+00000", -32: "-00000", 0: "0", 7: "+00-", 15: "+000-"}
 
 
 class tests__integers(unittest.TestCase):
     def test__01_to_integer(self):
-        """ Check conversion from CSD to integer """
+        """Check conversion from CSD to integer"""
 
         for key in good_values_dict.keys():
             csd_str = good_values_dict[key]
@@ -26,7 +20,7 @@ def test__01_to_integer(self):
             self.assertEqual(value, key)
 
     def test__02_to_csd(self):
-        """ Check that integers are converted to CSD properly. """
+        """Check that integers are converted to CSD properly."""
 
         for key in good_values_dict.keys():
             csd_str = csd.to_csd(key)
@@ -39,5 +33,5 @@ def suite():
     return suite
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/pycsd/test/test_to_and_fro_10bits.py b/src/pycsd/test/test_to_and_fro_10bits.py
index ee52770..2c00586 100644
--- a/src/pycsd/test/test_to_and_fro_10bits.py
+++ b/src/pycsd/test/test_to_and_fro_10bits.py
@@ -9,1377 +9,1377 @@
 
 # generated by recursive alg in ../dev/csd_numbers.py
 good_values_dict = {
-    0.0: '0000000000',
-    1.0: '000000000+',
-    2.0: '00000000+0',
-    3.0: '0000000+0-',
-    4.0: '0000000+00',
-    5.0: '0000000+0+',
-    6.0: '000000+0-0',
-    7.0: '000000+00-',
-    8.0: '000000+000',
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+    -261.0: "0-00000-0-",
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+    -259.0: "0-00000-0+",
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+    -257.0: "0-0000000-",
+    -256.0: "0-00000000",
+    -255.0: "0-0000000+",
+    -254.0: "0-000000+0",
+    -253.0: "0-00000+0-",
+    -252.0: "0-00000+00",
+    -251.0: "0-00000+0+",
+    -250.0: "0-0000+0-0",
+    -249.0: "0-0000+00-",
+    -248.0: "0-0000+000",
+    -247.0: "0-0000+00+",
+    -246.0: "0-0000+0+0",
+    -245.0: "0-000+0-0-",
+    -244.0: "0-000+0-00",
+    -243.0: "0-000+0-0+",
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+    -241.0: "0-000+000-",
+    -240.0: "0-000+0000",
+    -239.0: "0-000+000+",
+    -238.0: "0-000+00+0",
+    -237.0: "0-000+0+0-",
+    -236.0: "0-000+0+00",
+    -235.0: "0-000+0+0+",
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+    -231.0: "0-00+0-00+",
+    -230.0: "0-00+0-0+0",
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+    -228.0: "0-00+00-00",
+    -227.0: "0-00+00-0+",
+    -226.0: "0-00+000-0",
+    -225.0: "0-00+0000-",
+    -224.0: "0-00+00000",
+    -223.0: "0-00+0000+",
+    -222.0: "0-00+000+0",
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+    -219.0: "0-00+00+0+",
+    -218.0: "0-00+0+0-0",
+    -217.0: "0-00+0+00-",
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+    -215.0: "0-00+0+00+",
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+    -209.0: "0-0+0-000-",
+    -208.0: "0-0+0-0000",
+    -207.0: "0-0+0-000+",
+    -206.0: "0-0+0-00+0",
+    -205.0: "0-0+0-0+0-",
+    -204.0: "0-0+0-0+00",
+    -203.0: "0-0+0-0+0+",
+    -202.0: "0-0+00-0-0",
+    -201.0: "0-0+00-00-",
+    -200.0: "0-0+00-000",
+    -199.0: "0-0+00-00+",
+    -198.0: "0-0+00-0+0",
+    -197.0: "0-0+000-0-",
+    -196.0: "0-0+000-00",
+    -195.0: "0-0+000-0+",
+    -194.0: "0-0+0000-0",
+    -193.0: "0-0+00000-",
+    -192.0: "0-0+000000",
+    -191.0: "0-0+00000+",
+    -190.0: "0-0+0000+0",
+    -189.0: "0-0+000+0-",
+    -188.0: "0-0+000+00",
+    -187.0: "0-0+000+0+",
+    -186.0: "0-0+00+0-0",
+    -185.0: "0-0+00+00-",
+    -184.0: "0-0+00+000",
+    -183.0: "0-0+00+00+",
+    -182.0: "0-0+00+0+0",
+    -181.0: "0-0+0+0-0-",
+    -180.0: "0-0+0+0-00",
+    -179.0: "0-0+0+0-0+",
+    -178.0: "0-0+0+00-0",
+    -177.0: "0-0+0+000-",
+    -176.0: "0-0+0+0000",
+    -175.0: "0-0+0+000+",
+    -174.0: "0-0+0+00+0",
+    -173.0: "0-0+0+0+0-",
+    -172.0: "0-0+0+0+00",
+    -171.0: "0-0+0+0+0+",
+    -170.0: "00-0-0-0-0",
+    -169.0: "00-0-0-00-",
+    -168.0: "00-0-0-000",
+    -167.0: "00-0-0-00+",
+    -166.0: "00-0-0-0+0",
+    -165.0: "00-0-00-0-",
+    -164.0: "00-0-00-00",
+    -163.0: "00-0-00-0+",
+    -162.0: "00-0-000-0",
+    -161.0: "00-0-0000-",
+    -160.0: "00-0-00000",
+    -159.0: "00-0-0000+",
+    -158.0: "00-0-000+0",
+    -157.0: "00-0-00+0-",
+    -156.0: "00-0-00+00",
+    -155.0: "00-0-00+0+",
+    -154.0: "00-0-0+0-0",
+    -153.0: "00-0-0+00-",
+    -152.0: "00-0-0+000",
+    -151.0: "00-0-0+00+",
+    -150.0: "00-0-0+0+0",
+    -149.0: "00-00-0-0-",
+    -148.0: "00-00-0-00",
+    -147.0: "00-00-0-0+",
+    -146.0: "00-00-00-0",
+    -145.0: "00-00-000-",
+    -144.0: "00-00-0000",
+    -143.0: "00-00-000+",
+    -142.0: "00-00-00+0",
+    -141.0: "00-00-0+0-",
+    -140.0: "00-00-0+00",
+    -139.0: "00-00-0+0+",
+    -138.0: "00-000-0-0",
+    -137.0: "00-000-00-",
+    -136.0: "00-000-000",
+    -135.0: "00-000-00+",
+    -134.0: "00-000-0+0",
+    -133.0: "00-0000-0-",
+    -132.0: "00-0000-00",
+    -131.0: "00-0000-0+",
+    -130.0: "00-00000-0",
+    -129.0: "00-000000-",
+    -128.0: "00-0000000",
+    -127.0: "00-000000+",
+    -126.0: "00-00000+0",
+    -125.0: "00-0000+0-",
+    -124.0: "00-0000+00",
+    -123.0: "00-0000+0+",
+    -122.0: "00-000+0-0",
+    -121.0: "00-000+00-",
+    -120.0: "00-000+000",
+    -119.0: "00-000+00+",
+    -118.0: "00-000+0+0",
+    -117.0: "00-00+0-0-",
+    -116.0: "00-00+0-00",
+    -115.0: "00-00+0-0+",
+    -114.0: "00-00+00-0",
+    -113.0: "00-00+000-",
+    -112.0: "00-00+0000",
+    -111.0: "00-00+000+",
+    -110.0: "00-00+00+0",
+    -109.0: "00-00+0+0-",
+    -108.0: "00-00+0+00",
+    -107.0: "00-00+0+0+",
+    -106.0: "00-0+0-0-0",
+    -105.0: "00-0+0-00-",
+    -104.0: "00-0+0-000",
+    -103.0: "00-0+0-00+",
+    -102.0: "00-0+0-0+0",
+    -101.0: "00-0+00-0-",
+    -100.0: "00-0+00-00",
+    -99.0: "00-0+00-0+",
+    -98.0: "00-0+000-0",
+    -97.0: "00-0+0000-",
+    -96.0: "00-0+00000",
+    -95.0: "00-0+0000+",
+    -94.0: "00-0+000+0",
+    -93.0: "00-0+00+0-",
+    -92.0: "00-0+00+00",
+    -91.0: "00-0+00+0+",
+    -90.0: "00-0+0+0-0",
+    -89.0: "00-0+0+00-",
+    -88.0: "00-0+0+000",
+    -87.0: "00-0+0+00+",
+    -86.0: "00-0+0+0+0",
+    -85.0: "000-0-0-0-",
+    -84.0: "000-0-0-00",
+    -83.0: "000-0-0-0+",
+    -82.0: "000-0-00-0",
+    -81.0: "000-0-000-",
+    -80.0: "000-0-0000",
+    -79.0: "000-0-000+",
+    -78.0: "000-0-00+0",
+    -77.0: "000-0-0+0-",
+    -76.0: "000-0-0+00",
+    -75.0: "000-0-0+0+",
+    -74.0: "000-00-0-0",
+    -73.0: "000-00-00-",
+    -72.0: "000-00-000",
+    -71.0: "000-00-00+",
+    -70.0: "000-00-0+0",
+    -69.0: "000-000-0-",
+    -68.0: "000-000-00",
+    -67.0: "000-000-0+",
+    -66.0: "000-0000-0",
+    -65.0: "000-00000-",
+    -64.0: "000-000000",
+    -63.0: "000-00000+",
+    -62.0: "000-0000+0",
+    -61.0: "000-000+0-",
+    -60.0: "000-000+00",
+    -59.0: "000-000+0+",
+    -58.0: "000-00+0-0",
+    -57.0: "000-00+00-",
+    -56.0: "000-00+000",
+    -55.0: "000-00+00+",
+    -54.0: "000-00+0+0",
+    -53.0: "000-0+0-0-",
+    -52.0: "000-0+0-00",
+    -51.0: "000-0+0-0+",
+    -50.0: "000-0+00-0",
+    -49.0: "000-0+000-",
+    -48.0: "000-0+0000",
+    -47.0: "000-0+000+",
+    -46.0: "000-0+00+0",
+    -45.0: "000-0+0+0-",
+    -44.0: "000-0+0+00",
+    -43.0: "000-0+0+0+",
+    -42.0: "0000-0-0-0",
+    -41.0: "0000-0-00-",
+    -40.0: "0000-0-000",
+    -39.0: "0000-0-00+",
+    -38.0: "0000-0-0+0",
+    -37.0: "0000-00-0-",
+    -36.0: "0000-00-00",
+    -35.0: "0000-00-0+",
+    -34.0: "0000-000-0",
+    -33.0: "0000-0000-",
+    -32.0: "0000-00000",
+    -31.0: "0000-0000+",
+    -30.0: "0000-000+0",
+    -29.0: "0000-00+0-",
+    -28.0: "0000-00+00",
+    -27.0: "0000-00+0+",
+    -26.0: "0000-0+0-0",
+    -25.0: "0000-0+00-",
+    -24.0: "0000-0+000",
+    -23.0: "0000-0+00+",
+    -22.0: "0000-0+0+0",
+    -21.0: "00000-0-0-",
+    -20.0: "00000-0-00",
+    -19.0: "00000-0-0+",
+    -18.0: "00000-00-0",
+    -17.0: "00000-000-",
+    -16.0: "00000-0000",
+    -15.0: "00000-000+",
+    -14.0: "00000-00+0",
+    -13.0: "00000-0+0-",
+    -12.0: "00000-0+00",
+    -1.0: "000000000-",
+    -10.0: "000000-0-0",
+    -9.0: "000000-00-",
+    -8.0: "000000-000",
+    -7.0: "000000-00+",
+    -6.0: "000000-0+0",
+    -5.0: "0000000-0-",
+    -4.0: "0000000-00",
+    -3.0: "0000000-0+",
+    -2.0: "00000000-0",
 }
 
 
 class tests__to_and_fro_10bits(unittest.TestCase):
     def test__01_to_integer(self):
-        """ Check conversion from CSD to integer """
+        """Check conversion from CSD to integer"""
 
         for key in good_values_dict.keys():
             csd_str = good_values_dict[key]
@@ -1387,12 +1387,12 @@ def test__01_to_integer(self):
             self.assertEqual(value, key)
 
     def test__02_to_csd(self):
-        """ Check that integers are converted to CSD properly. """
+        """Check that integers are converted to CSD properly."""
 
         for key in good_values_dict.keys():
             csd_str = csd.to_csd(key)
 
-            while (len(csd_str) < 10):
+            while len(csd_str) < 10:
                 csd_str = "0" + csd_str
 
             self.assertEqual(csd_str, good_values_dict[key])
@@ -1404,5 +1404,5 @@ def suite():
     return suite
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_chol.py b/tests/test_chol.py
index 60a6383..cbd4b5c 100644
--- a/tests/test_chol.py
+++ b/tests/test_chol.py
@@ -7,19 +7,21 @@
 
 
 def test_chol1():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l1 = [[25., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., 11.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l1 = [[25.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 11.0]]
     m1 = np.array(l1)
     Q1 = chol_ext(len(m1))
     assert Q1.factorize(m1)
 
 
 def test_chol2():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l2 = [[18., 22., 54., 42.], [22., -70., 86., 62.], [54., 86., -174., 134.],
-          [42., 62., 134., -106.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l2 = [
+        [18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0],
+        [22.0, -70.0, 86.0, 62.0],
+        [54.0, 86.0, -174.0, 134.0],
+        [42.0, 62.0, 134.0, -106.0],
+    ]
     m2 = np.array(l2)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m2))
     assert not Q.factorize(m2)
@@ -29,9 +31,8 @@ def test_chol2():
 
 
 def test_chol3():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l3 = [[0., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., 11.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l3 = [[0.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 11.0]]
     m3 = np.array(l3)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m3))
     assert not Q.factorize(m3)
@@ -42,9 +43,8 @@ def test_chol3():
 
 
 def test_chol4():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l1 = [[25., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., 11.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l1 = [[25.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 11.0]]
     m1 = np.array(l1)
     Q1 = chol_ext(len(m1))
     Q1.allow_semidefinite = True
@@ -52,10 +52,13 @@ def test_chol4():
 
 
 def test_chol5():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l2 = [[18., 22., 54., 42.], [22., -70., 86., 62.], [54., 86., -174., 134.],
-          [42., 62., 134., -106.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l2 = [
+        [18.0, 22.0, 54.0, 42.0],
+        [22.0, -70.0, 86.0, 62.0],
+        [54.0, 86.0, -174.0, 134.0],
+        [42.0, 62.0, 134.0, -106.0],
+    ]
     m2 = np.array(l2)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m2))
     Q.allow_semidefinite = True
@@ -66,9 +69,8 @@ def test_chol5():
 
 
 def test_chol6():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l3 = [[0., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., 11.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l3 = [[0.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 11.0]]
     m3 = np.array(l3)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m3))
     Q.allow_semidefinite = True
@@ -82,23 +84,21 @@ def test_chol6():
 
 
 def test_chol7():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l3 = [[0., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., -20.]]
+    """[summary]"""
+    l3 = [[0.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, -20.0]]
     m3 = np.array(l3)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m3))
     Q.allow_semidefinite = True
     assert not Q.factorize(m3)
     ep = Q.witness()
-    assert ep == 20.
+    assert ep == 20.0
 
 
 def test_chol8():
+    """[summary]"""
     """[summary]
     """
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l3 = [[0., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., 20.]]
+    l3 = [[0.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 20.0]]
     m3 = np.array(l3)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m3))
     Q.allow_semidefinite = False
@@ -106,11 +106,10 @@ def test_chol8():
 
 
 def test_chol9():
+    """[summary]"""
     """[summary]
     """
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    l3 = [[0., 15., -5.], [15., 18., 0.], [-5., 0., 20.]]
+    l3 = [[0.0, 15.0, -5.0], [15.0, 18.0, 0.0], [-5.0, 0.0, 20.0]]
     m3 = np.array(l3)
     Q = chol_ext(len(m3))
     Q.allow_semidefinite = True
diff --git a/tests/test_corr_fn.py b/tests/test_corr_fn.py
index 6015b0f..ef86af9 100644
--- a/tests/test_corr_fn.py
+++ b/tests/test_corr_fn.py
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ def lsq_corr_core2(Y, n, P):
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
-    normY = np.linalg.norm(Y, 'fro')
+    normY = np.linalg.norm(Y, "fro")
     normY2 = 32 * normY * normY
     val = 256 * np.ones(n + 1)
     val[-1] = normY2 * normY2
     x = np.zeros(n + 1)  # cannot all zeros
-    x[0] = 1.
+    x[0] = 1.0
     x[-1] = normY2 / 2
     E = ell(val, x)
-    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('inf'))
+    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("inf"))
     return xb[:-1], ell_info.num_iters, ell_info.feasible
 
 
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ def lsq_corr_poly2(Y, s, n):
 
 def lsq_corr_core(Y, n, Q):
     x = np.zeros(n)  # cannot all zeros
-    x[0] = 1.
-    E = ell(256., x)
+    x[0] = 1.0
+    E = ell(256.0, x)
     P = bsearch_adaptor(Q, E)
-    normY = np.linalg.norm(Y, 'fro')
-    _, bs_info = bsearch(P, [0., normY * normY])
+    normY = np.linalg.norm(Y, "fro")
+    _, bs_info = bsearch(P, [0.0, normY * normY])
     return P.x_best, bs_info.num_iters, bs_info.feasible
 
 
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ def mle_corr_core(Y, n, P):
         [type]: [description]
     """
     x = np.zeros(n)
-    x[0] = 1.
-    E = ell(50., x)
+    x[0] = 1.0
+    E = ell(50.0, x)
     # E.use_parallel_cut = False
     # options = Options()
     # options.max_it = 2000
     # options.tol = 1e-8
-    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('inf'))
+    xb, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("inf"))
     # print(num_iters, feasible, status)
     return xb, ell_info.num_iters, ell_info.feasible
 
@@ -114,8 +114,7 @@ def mle_corr_poly(Y, s, n):
 
 
 def test_data():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     # assert Y[2,3] == approx(1.9365965488224368)
     assert s[6, 0] == approx(8.75)
     # D1 = construct_distance_matrix(s)
diff --git a/tests/test_csd.py b/tests/test_csd.py
index 05a1b52..3a689e4 100644
--- a/tests/test_csd.py
+++ b/tests/test_csd.py
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 
 def test_csd1():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     csdstr = "+00-00+"
     csdnumber = to_decimal(csdstr)
     csdnew = to_csd(csdnumber)
@@ -12,8 +11,7 @@ def test_csd1():
 
 
 def test_csd2():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     csdstr = "+00-.000+"
     csdnumber = to_decimal(csdstr)
     csdnew = to_csd(csdnumber, places=4)
@@ -21,8 +19,7 @@ def test_csd2():
 
 
 def test_csd3():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     csdstr = "+00-.000+"
     csdnumber = to_decimal(csdstr)
     csdnew = to_csdfixed(csdnumber, nnz=3)
@@ -30,8 +27,7 @@ def test_csd3():
 
 
 def test_csd4():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     n = 545
     csdstr = to_csd(n)
     n2 = to_decimal(csdstr)
diff --git a/tests/test_cycle_ratio.py b/tests/test_cycle_ratio.py
index 0da4b06..644da76 100644
--- a/tests/test_cycle_ratio.py
+++ b/tests/test_cycle_ratio.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def create_test_case1():
         [type]: [description]
     """
     G = nx.cycle_graph(5, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
-    G[1][2]['weight'] = -5
+    G[1][2]["weight"] = -5
     G.add_edges_from([(5, n) for n in G])
     return G
 
@@ -44,24 +44,26 @@ def create_test_case_timing():
         [type]: [description]
     """
     G = nx.DiGraph()
-    nodelist = ['a1', 'a2', 'a3']
+    nodelist = ["a1", "a2", "a3"]
     G.add_nodes_from(nodelist)
-    G.add_edges_from([
-        ('a1', 'a2', {'weight': 7}),
-        ('a2', 'a1', {'weight': 0}),
-        ('a2', 'a3', {'weight': 3}),
-        ('a3', 'a2', {'weight': 1}),
-        ('a3', 'a1', {'weight': 2}),
-        ('a1', 'a3', {'weight': 5})
-    ])
+    G.add_edges_from(
+        [
+            ("a1", "a2", {"weight": 7}),
+            ("a2", "a1", {"weight": 0}),
+            ("a2", "a3", {"weight": 3}),
+            ("a3", "a2", {"weight": 1}),
+            ("a3", "a1", {"weight": 2}),
+            ("a1", "a3", {"weight": 5}),
+        ]
+    )
     return G
 
 
 def test_cycle_ratio():
     G = create_test_case1()
-    set_default(G, 'time', 1)
-    set_default(G, 'cost', 1)
-    G[1][2]['cost'] = 5
+    set_default(G, "time", 1)
+    set_default(G, "cost", 1)
+    G[1][2]["cost"] = 5
     dist = list(Fraction(0, 1) for _ in G)
 
     E = ell1d([-100, 100])
@@ -70,21 +72,21 @@ def test_cycle_ratio():
     opts = Options()
     opts.tol = 1e-12
     P = cycle_ratio_oracle(G, dist)
-    _, r, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E,  float('-inf'), opts)
+    _, r, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("-inf"), opts)
     print(ell_info.num_iters)
     assert ell_info.feasible
-    assert r == approx(9/5)
+    assert r == approx(9 / 5)
 
 
 def test_cycle_ratio_timing():
     G = create_test_case_timing()
-    set_default(G, 'time',  1)
-    G['a1']['a2']['cost'] = 7
-    G['a2']['a1']['cost'] = -1
-    G['a2']['a3']['cost'] = 3
-    G['a3']['a2']['cost'] = 0
-    G['a3']['a1']['cost'] = 2
-    G['a1']['a3']['cost'] = 4
+    set_default(G, "time", 1)
+    G["a1"]["a2"]["cost"] = 7
+    G["a2"]["a1"]["cost"] = -1
+    G["a2"]["a3"]["cost"] = 3
+    G["a3"]["a2"]["cost"] = 0
+    G["a3"]["a1"]["cost"] = 2
+    G["a1"]["a3"]["cost"] = 4
     # make sure no parallel edges in above!!!
     dist = {v: Fraction(0, 1) for v in G}
 
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ def test_cycle_ratio_timing():
     opts = Options()
     opts.tol = 1e-12
     P = cycle_ratio_oracle(G, dist)
-    _, r, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('-inf'), opts)
+    _, r, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("-inf"), opts)
     print(ell_info.num_iters)
     assert ell_info.feasible
     assert r == approx(1)
diff --git a/tests/test_example1.py b/tests/test_example1.py
index 5c6b1d0..f49c3a9 100644
--- a/tests/test_example1.py
+++ b/tests/test_example1.py
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ def my_oracle2(z):
     # constraint 1: x + y <= 3
     fj = x + y - 3
     if fj > 0:
-        return np.array([1., 1.]), fj
+        return np.array([1.0, 1.0]), fj
 
     # constraint 2: x - y >= 1
     fj = -x + y + 1
     if fj > 0:
-        return np.array([-1., 1.]), fj
+        return np.array([-1.0, 1.0]), fj
 
 
 def my_oracle(z, t: float):
@@ -47,18 +47,17 @@ def my_oracle(z, t: float):
     f0 = x + y
     fj = t - f0
     if fj < 0:
-        fj = 0.
+        fj = 0.0
         t = f0
-    return (-1. * np.array([1., 1.]), fj), t
+    return (-1.0 * np.array([1.0, 1.0]), fj), t
 
 
 def test_case_feasible():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([0., 0.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_oracle
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('-inf'))
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("-inf"))
     assert ell_info.feasible
 
     # fmt = '{:f} {} {} {}'
@@ -67,21 +66,19 @@ def test_case_feasible():
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible1():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([100., 100.])  # wrong initial guess,
-    E = ell(10., x0)  # or ellipsoid is too small
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([100.0, 100.0])  # wrong initial guess,
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)  # or ellipsoid is too small
     P = my_oracle
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('-inf'))
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("-inf"))
     assert not ell_info.feasible
     assert ell_info.status == CUTStatus.nosoln  # no sol'n
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible2():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([0., 0.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_oracle
     _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 100)  # wrong initial best-so-far
     assert not ell_info.feasible
diff --git a/tests/test_example2.py b/tests/test_example2.py
index 073f712..6508628 100644
--- a/tests/test_example2.py
+++ b/tests/test_example2.py
@@ -21,19 +21,18 @@ def my_oracle2(z):
     # constraint 1: x + y <= 3
     fj = x + y - 3
     if fj > 0:
-        return np.array([1., 1.]), fj
+        return np.array([1.0, 1.0]), fj
 
     # constraint 2: x - y >= 1
     fj = -x + y + 1
     if fj > 0:
-        return np.array([-1., 1.]), fj
+        return np.array([-1.0, 1.0]), fj
 
 
 def test_case_feasible():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([0., 0.])  # initial guess
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0])  # initial guess
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_oracle2
     ell_info = cutting_plane_feas(P, E)
     assert ell_info.feasible
@@ -42,10 +41,9 @@ def test_case_feasible():
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([100., 100.])  # wrong initial guess
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([100.0, 100.0])  # wrong initial guess
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_oracle2
     ell_info = cutting_plane_feas(P, E)
     assert ell_info.status == CUTStatus.nosoln  # no sol'n
diff --git a/tests/test_firfilter.py b/tests/test_firfilter.py
index 9ad9f1b..643b0eb 100644
--- a/tests/test_firfilter.py
+++ b/tests/test_firfilter.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 # ********************************************************************
 # Fractional delay.
 D = 8.25  # Delay value.
-Hdes = ne.evaluate('exp(-1j * D * w)')  # Desired frequency response.
+Hdes = ne.evaluate("exp(-1j * D * w)")  # Desired frequency response.
 
 # Gaussian filter with linear phase. (Uncomment lines below for this design.)
 # var = 0.05
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def __call__(self, h, t: float):
         Returns:
             [type]: [description]
         """
-        fmax = float('-Inf')
+        fmax = float("-Inf")
         for i in range(m):
             a_R = A_R[i, :]
             a_I = A_I[i, :]
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def __call__(self, h, t: float):
             if fmax < fj:
                 fmax = fj
                 gmax = 2 * (t_r * a_R + t_i * a_I)
-        return (gmax, 0.), fmax
+        return (gmax, 0.0), fmax
 
 
 def run_firfilter(no_trick, duration=0.000001):
@@ -92,18 +92,18 @@ def run_firfilter(no_trick, duration=0.000001):
         Exception: [description]
     """
     h0 = np.zeros(n)  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., h0)
+    E = ell(10.0, h0)
     E.no_defer_trick = no_trick
     P = my_oracle()
     prob1 = Problem(E, P)
-    prob1.solve(100.)
+    prob1.solve(100.0)
     time.sleep(duration)
 
-    print('Problem status:', prob1.status)
-    if prob1.status != 'optimal':
-        raise Exception('ELL Error')
+    print("Problem status:", prob1.status)
+    if prob1.status != "optimal":
+        raise Exception("ELL Error")
     print("optimal value", prob1.optim_value)
-    assert prob1.status == 'optimal'
+    assert prob1.status == "optimal"
     return prob1._solver_stats.num_iters
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_lmi.py b/tests/test_lmi.py
index 9435751..a8f2baa 100644
--- a/tests/test_lmi.py
+++ b/tests/test_lmi.py
@@ -22,14 +22,23 @@ def __init__(self, oracle):
         Arguments:
             oracle ([type]): [description]
         """
-        self.c = np.array([1., -1., 1.])
-        F1 = np.array([[[-7., -11.], [-11., 3.]], [[7., -18.], [-18., 8.]],
-                       [[-2., -8.], [-8., 1.]]])
-        B1 = np.array([[33., -9.], [-9., 26.]])
-        F2 = np.array([[[-21., -11., 0.], [-11., 10., 8.], [0., 8., 5.]],
-                       [[0., 10., 16.], [10., -10., -10.], [16., -10., 3.]],
-                       [[-5., 2., -17.], [2., -6., 8.], [-17., 8., 6.]]])
-        B2 = np.array([[14., 9., 40.], [9., 91., 10.], [40., 10., 15.]])
+        self.c = np.array([1.0, -1.0, 1.0])
+        F1 = np.array(
+            [
+                [[-7.0, -11.0], [-11.0, 3.0]],
+                [[7.0, -18.0], [-18.0, 8.0]],
+                [[-2.0, -8.0], [-8.0, 1.0]],
+            ]
+        )
+        B1 = np.array([[33.0, -9.0], [-9.0, 26.0]])
+        F2 = np.array(
+            [
+                [[-21.0, -11.0, 0.0], [-11.0, 10.0, 8.0], [0.0, 8.0, 5.0]],
+                [[0.0, 10.0, 16.0], [10.0, -10.0, -10.0], [16.0, -10.0, 3.0]],
+                [[-5.0, 2.0, -17.0], [2.0, -6.0, 8.0], [-17.0, 8.0, 6.0]],
+            ]
+        )
+        B2 = np.array([[14.0, 9.0, 40.0], [9.0, 91.0, 10.0], [40.0, 10.0, 15.0]])
         self.lmi1 = oracle(F1, B1)
         self.lmi2 = oracle(F2, B2)
 
@@ -55,7 +64,7 @@ def __call__(self, x: Arr, t: float) -> Tuple[Cut, Optional[float]]:
         fj = f0 - t
         if fj > 0:
             return (self.c, fj), None
-        return (self.c, 0.), f0
+        return (self.c, 0.0), f0
 
 
 def run_lmi(oracle, duration=0.000001):
@@ -70,10 +79,10 @@ def run_lmi(oracle, duration=0.000001):
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
-    x0 = np.array([0., 0., 0.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    x0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_oracle(oracle)
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('inf'))
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("inf"))
     time.sleep(duration)
 
     # fmt = '{:f} {} {} {}'
diff --git a/tests/test_lowpass.py b/tests/test_lowpass.py
index 70ccf4e..f795602 100644
--- a/tests/test_lowpass.py
+++ b/tests/test_lowpass.py
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ def create_lowpass_case(N=48):
 
     # passband 0 <= w <= w_pass
     ind_p = np.where(w <= wpass)[0]  # passband
-    Lp = 10**(-delta / 20)
-    Up = 10**(+delta / 20)
+    Lp = 10 ** (-delta / 20)
+    Up = 10 ** (+delta / 20)
     Ap = A[ind_p, :]
 
     # stopband (w_stop <= w)
     ind_s = np.where(wstop <= w)[0]  # stopband
-    Sp = 10**(delta2 / 20)
+    Sp = 10 ** (delta2 / 20)
     As = A[ind_s, :]
 
     # remove redundant contraints
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def run_lowpass(use_parallel_cut, duration=0.000001):
 
     r0 = np.zeros(N)  # initial x0
     r0[0] = 0
-    E = ell(4., r0)
+    E = ell(4.0, r0)
     E.use_parallel_cut = use_parallel_cut
     P, Spsq = create_lowpass_case(N)
     options = Options()
@@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ def run_lowpass(use_parallel_cut, duration=0.000001):
 
 
 def test_lowpass():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     result, feasible = run_lowpass(True)
     assert feasible
     assert result >= 1089
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ def run_csdlowpass(use_parallel_cut, duration=0.000001):
 
     r0 = np.zeros(N)  # initial x0
     r0[0] = 0
-    E = ell(4., r0)
+    E = ell(4.0, r0)
     E.use_parallel_cut = use_parallel_cut
     Pcsd, Spsq = create_csdlowpass_case(N, nnz)
     options = Options()
@@ -201,8 +200,7 @@ def run_csdlowpass(use_parallel_cut, duration=0.000001):
 
 
 def test_csdlowpass():
-    """[summary]
-    """
+    """[summary]"""
     result, feasible = run_csdlowpass(True)
     assert feasible
     assert result >= 1000
diff --git a/tests/test_optscaling.py b/tests/test_optscaling.py
index 5c31e0e..699e72a 100644
--- a/tests/test_optscaling.py
+++ b/tests/test_optscaling.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def vdc(n, base=2):
     Returns:
         [type]: [description]
     """
-    vdc, denom = 0., 1.
+    vdc, denom = 0.0, 1.0
     while n:
         denom *= base
         n, remainder = divmod(n, base)
@@ -92,16 +92,16 @@ def formGraph(T, pos, eta, seed=None):
 #     G[u][v]['cost'] = np.sqrt(h @ h)
 
 for u, v in G.edges():
-    h = np.array(G.nodes()[u]['pos']) - np.array(G.nodes()[v]['pos'])
-    G[u][v]['cost'] = np.log(np.sqrt(h @ h))
+    h = np.array(G.nodes()[u]["pos"]) - np.array(G.nodes()[v]["pos"])
+    G[u][v]["cost"] = np.log(np.sqrt(h @ h))
 
-cmax = max(c for _, _, c in G.edges.data('cost'))
-cmin = min(c for _, _, c in G.edges.data('cost'))
+cmax = max(c for _, _, c in G.edges.data("cost"))
+cmin = min(c for _, _, c in G.edges.data("cost"))
 
 
 def get_cost(e):
     u, v = e
-    return G[u][v]['cost']
+    return G[u][v]["cost"]
 
 
 def test_optscaling():
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def test_optscaling():
     E = ell(1.5 * t, x0)
     dist = list(0 for _ in G)
     P = optscaling_oracle(G, dist, get_cost)
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float('inf'))
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, float("inf"))
     # fmt = '{:f} {} {} {}'
     # print(np.exp(xb))
     # print(fmt.format(np.exp(fb), niter, feasible, status))
diff --git a/tests/test_profit.py b/tests/test_profit.py
index 9ad14a3..a551a42 100644
--- a/tests/test_profit.py
+++ b/tests/test_profit.py
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@
 from ellpy.ell import ell
 from ellpy.oracles.profit_oracle import profit_oracle, profit_q_oracle, profit_rb_oracle
 
-p, A, k = 20., 40., 30.5
+p, A, k = 20.0, 40.0, 30.5
 params = p, A, k
 alpha, beta = 0.1, 0.4
-v1, v2 = 10., 35.
+v1, v2 = 10.0, 35.0
 a = np.array([alpha, beta])
 v = np.array([v1, v2])
-r = np.array([100., 100.])  # initial ellipsoid (sphere)
+r = np.array([100.0, 100.0])  # initial ellipsoid (sphere)
 
 
 def test_profit():
-    E = ell(r, np.array([0., 0.]))
+    E = ell(r, np.array([0.0, 0.0]))
     P = profit_oracle(params, a, v)
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.)
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.0)
     assert ell_info.feasible
     assert ell_info.num_iters == 37
 
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ def test_profit():
 def test_profit_rb():
     e1 = 0.003
     e2 = 0.007
-    e3 = e4 = e5 = 1.
-    E = ell(r, np.array([0., 0.]))
+    e3 = e4 = e5 = 1.0
+    E = ell(r, np.array([0.0, 0.0]))
     P = profit_rb_oracle(params, a, v, (e1, e2, e3, e4, e5))
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.)
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.0)
     assert ell_info.feasible
     assert ell_info.num_iters == 42
 
 
 def test_profit_q():
-    E = ell(r, np.array([0., 0.]))
+    E = ell(r, np.array([0.0, 0.0]))
     P = profit_q_oracle(params, a, v)
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_q(P, E, 0.)
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_q(P, E, 0.0)
     assert ell_info.feasible
     assert ell_info.num_iters == 28
     return ell_info.num_iters
diff --git a/tests/test_quasicvx.py b/tests/test_quasicvx.py
index fb6589b..abd6854 100644
--- a/tests/test_quasicvx.py
+++ b/tests/test_quasicvx.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def my_quasicvx_oracle(z, t: float):
     # constraint 1: exp(x) <= y, or sqrtx**2 <= ly
     fj = sqrtx * sqrtx - ly
     if fj > 0:
-        return (np.array([2*sqrtx, -1.]), fj), None
+        return (np.array([2 * sqrtx, -1.0]), fj), None
 
     # constraint 3: x > 0
     # if x <= 0.:
@@ -36,42 +36,39 @@ def my_quasicvx_oracle(z, t: float):
     tmp2 = math.exp(ly)
     tmp3 = t * tmp2
     fj = -sqrtx + tmp3
-    if fj < 0.:  # feasible
+    if fj < 0.0:  # feasible
         t = sqrtx / tmp2
-        return (np.array([-1., sqrtx]), 0), t
+        return (np.array([-1.0, sqrtx]), 0), t
 
-    return (np.array([-1., tmp3]), fj), None
+    return (np.array([-1.0, tmp3]), fj), None
 
 
 def test_case_feasible():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([0., 0.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_quasicvx_oracle
-    xb, fb, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.)
+    xb, fb, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.0)
     assert ell_info.feasible
     assert fb == approx(0.4288673396685956)
-    assert xb[0]*xb[0] == approx(0.5046900657538383)
+    assert xb[0] * xb[0] == approx(0.5046900657538383)
     assert math.exp(xb[1]) == approx(1.6564805414665902)
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible1():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([100., 100.])  # wrong initial guess,
-    E = ell(10., x0)  # or ellipsoid is too small
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([100.0, 100.0])  # wrong initial guess,
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)  # or ellipsoid is too small
     P = my_quasicvx_oracle
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.)
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.0)
     assert not ell_info.feasible
     assert ell_info.status == CUTStatus.nosoln  # no sol'n
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible2():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([0., 0.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_quasicvx_oracle
     _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 100)  # wrong initial best-so-far
     assert not ell_info.feasible
diff --git a/tests/test_quasicvx2.py b/tests/test_quasicvx2.py
index 6f735cc..42dc056 100644
--- a/tests/test_quasicvx2.py
+++ b/tests/test_quasicvx2.py
@@ -27,33 +27,32 @@ def my_quasicvx_oracle(z, t: float):
     tmp = math.exp(x)
     fj = tmp - y
     if fj > 0:
-        return (np.array([tmp, -1.]), fj), None
+        return (np.array([tmp, -1.0]), fj), None
 
     # constraint 2: y > 0
-    if y <= 0.:
-        return (np.array([0., -1.]), -y), None
+    if y <= 0.0:
+        return (np.array([0.0, -1.0]), -y), None
 
     # constraint 3: x > 0
-    if x <= 0.:
-        return (np.array([-1., 0.]), -x), None
+    if x <= 0.0:
+        return (np.array([-1.0, 0.0]), -x), None
 
     # objective: minimize -sqrt(x) / y
     tmp2 = math.sqrt(x)
     fj = -tmp2 - t * y
-    if fj < 0.:  # feasible
+    if fj < 0.0:  # feasible
         t = -tmp2 / y
-        return (np.array([-0.5/tmp2, -t]), 0), t
+        return (np.array([-0.5 / tmp2, -t]), 0), t
 
-    return (np.array([-0.5/tmp2, -t]), fj), None
+    return (np.array([-0.5 / tmp2, -t]), fj), None
 
 
 def test_case_feasible():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([1., 1.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([1.0, 1.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_quasicvx_oracle
-    xb, fb, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.)
+    xb, fb, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.0)
     assert ell_info.feasible
     assert fb == approx(-0.4288673396685956)
     assert xb[0] == approx(0.501315956)
@@ -61,21 +60,19 @@ def test_case_feasible():
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible1():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([100., 100.])  # wrong initial guess,
-    E = ell(10., x0)  # or ellipsoid is too small
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([100.0, 100.0])  # wrong initial guess,
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)  # or ellipsoid is too small
     P = my_quasicvx_oracle
-    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.)
+    _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, 0.0)
     assert not ell_info.feasible
     assert ell_info.status == CUTStatus.nosoln  # no sol'n
 
 
 def test_case_infeasible2():
-    """[summary]
-    """
-    x0 = np.array([1., 1.])  # initial x0
-    E = ell(10., x0)
+    """[summary]"""
+    x0 = np.array([1.0, 1.0])  # initial x0
+    E = ell(10.0, x0)
     P = my_quasicvx_oracle
     _, _, ell_info = cutting_plane_dc(P, E, -100)  # wrong initial best-so-far
     assert not ell_info.feasible